Deck 48: Regulating the Internal Environment: Osmoregulation, Excretion, and Thermoregulation

Question 1

If you were stranded in the Sahara Desert with very little water, you would likely die as a result of ____.

A) dehydration only
B) hyperthermia only
C) hypothermia only
D) dehydration and hyperthermia
E) dehydration, hyperthermia, and hypothermia

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The selective movement of specific small molecules and ions into excretory system tubules is called ____.

A) reabsorption
B) excretion
C) filtration
D) secretion
E) diffusion

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The exiting of wastes from the excretory system is called ____.

A) reabsorption
B) excretion
C) filtration
D) secretion
E) diffusion

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Suppose a cell's membrane is permeable to water, but not to Na⁺or Cl^-or any other solute. The NaCl concentration is higher outside the cell than inside the cell, and the osmolarity of the cell is higher than that of the solution surrounding the cell. What will occur?

A) Overall, the cell will lose water.
B) Overall, the cell will take up water, Na⁺, and Cl^-.
C) Overall, the cell will take up water.
D) Overall, the cell will take up water and lose Na⁺and Cl^-.
E) Overall, the cell will lose water and take up Na⁺and Cl^-.

Question 5

Suppose sugar is removed from an excretory system tubule and returned to the blood. This would be an example of ____.

A) reabsorption
B) excretion
C) filtration
D) secretion
E) diffusion

Question 6

The main form of nitrogenous wastes released by birds to their environment is ____.

A) nitrate
B) ammonia
C) uric acid
D) amino acids
E) urea

Question 7

Which animals are typically osmoconformers?

A) freshwater teleost fishes
B) sharks
C) birds
D) marine teleost fishes
E) freshwater invertebrates

Question 8

The smallest branches of ____ end(s) with a large flame cell.

A) nephrons
B) hepatic tubules
C) metanephridia
D) Malpighian tubules
E) protonephridia

Question 9

Osmolarity is the ____.

A) total solute plus solvent concentration in a solution
B) total solvent concentration in a solution
C) ratio of solvent to solute in a solution
D) total solute concentration in a solution
E) ratio of solute to solvent in a solution

Question 10

The movement of some molecules and ions out of excretory system tubules and back into body fluids is called ____.

A) reabsorption
B) excretion
C) filtration
D) secretion
E) diffusion

Question 11

In all but the simplest animals, osmoregulation and excretion is carried out using tubules that are ____.

A) specialized blood vessels
B) part of the lining of the digestive tract
C) modifications of the respiratory and digestive systems
D) associated with the surface of the skin
E) formed from transport epithelium

Question 12

The typical osmolarity of most body fluids in humans and other mammals is about ____ mOsm/L.

A) 5
B) 225
C) 300
D) 1,000
E) 1,500

Question 13

The main form of nitrogenous wastes released by aquatic invertebrates to their environment is ____.

A) nitrate
B) ammonia
C) uric acid
D) amino acids
E) urea

Question 14

Compared to uric acid, producing urea as the main form of nitrogenous waste requires ____.

A) more energy and water
B) less energy and water
C) more energy and less water
D) the same amount of energy and water
E) less energy and more water

Question 15

Most marine animals have an osmolarity of about ____ mOsm/L.

A) 5
B) 225
C) 300
D) 1,000
E) 1,500

Question 16

The main form of nitrogenous wastes released by mammals to their environment is ____.

A) nitrate
B) ammonia
C) uric acid
D) amino acids
E) urea

Question 17

Osmoregulation is the control of ____.

A) the internal environment
B) temperature
C) metabolic wastes
D) water and ion balance
E) hyperthermia

Question 18

The nonselective movement of water and a number of solutes into excretory system tubules is called ____.

A) reabsorption
B) excretion
C) filtration
D) secretion
E) diffusion

Question 19

The typical osmolarity of body fluids in most freshwater invertebrates is about ____ mOsm/L.

A) 5
B) 225
C) 300
D) 1,000
E) 1,500

Question 20

The relatively simple excretory system used by flatworms consists of tubules called ____.

A) nephrons
B) hepatic tubules
C) metanephridia
D) Malpighian tubules
E) protonephridia

Question 21

As filtrate moves through the ____ in mammals, it generally undergoes a dramatic decrease in osmolarity.

A) distal convoluted tubule
B) Bowman's capsule
C) descending segment of the loop of Henle
D) proximal convoluted tubule
E) ascending segment of the loop of Henle

Question 22

The ____ in mammals allows water to exit but does not allow ions or urea to exit.

A) distal convoluted tubule
B) Bowman's capsule
C) descending segment of the loop of Henle
D) proximal convoluted tubule
E) ascending segment of the loop of Henle

Question 23

The excretory system used by adult mollusks consists of tubules called ____.

A) nephrons
B) hepatic tubules
C) metanephridia
D) Malpighian tubules
E) protonephridia

Question 24

True kidneys have tubules called ____.

A) nephrons
B) hepatic tubules
C) metanephridia
D) Malpighian tubules
E) protonephridia

Question 25

The tube through which urine leaves the urinary bladder is called the ____.

A) collecting duct
B) urethra
C) renal pelvis
D) ureter
E) renal vein

Question 26

Nephrons are found in ____.

A) annelids
B) mammals
C) flatworms
D) insects
E) adult mollusks

Question 27

You examine an animal and find that it has an excretory tubule with a closed proximal end immersed in hemolymph and a distal end that empties into the gut. You correctly identify this tubule as a ____.

A) nephron
B) hepatic tubule
C) metanephridium
D) Malpighian tubule
E) protonephridium

Question 28

Nitrogenous waste is excreted from Malpighian tubules mainly in the form of ____.

A) nitrate
B) ammonia
C) uric acid
D) amino acids
E) urea

Question 29

Molecules and ions reabsorbed from the nephron reenter the blood at the ____.

A) efferent arteriole
B) peritubular capillaries
C) renal artery
D) afferent arteriole
E) glomerulus

Question 30

Where in the mammalian kidney would you expect to find cells with the highest concentration of osmolytes such as sorbitol?

A) renal pelvis
B) renal cortex
C) Bowman's capsule
D) collecting ducts
E) renal medulla

Question 31

Malpighian tubules are found in ____.

A) annelids
B) mammals
C) flatworms
D) insects
E) reptiles

Question 32

Protonephridia are found in ____.

A) annelids
B) mammals
C) flatworms
D) insects
E) reptiles

Question 33

In mammals, urine drains out of the ____ into a collecting duct.

A) distal convoluted tubule
B) Bowman's capsule
C) descending segment of the loop of Henle
D) proximal convoluted tubule
E) ascending segment of the loop of Henle

Question 34

Metanephridia are found in ____.

A) annelids
B) mammals
C) flatworms
D) insects
E) reptiles

Question 35

The ____ of the mammalian nephron receives the filtrate first.

A) distal convoluted tubule
B) Bowman's capsule
C) descending segment of the loop of Henle
D) proximal convoluted tubule
E) ascending segment of the loop of Henle

Question 36

In mammals, the filtrate leaves the blood by exiting from the ____.

A) efferent arteriole
B) peritubular capillaries
C) renal artery
D) afferent arteriole
E) glomerulus

Question 37

In mammals, the glomerulus is located within the ____.

A) distal convoluted tubule
B) Bowman's capsule
C) descending segment of the loop of Henle
D) proximal convoluted tubule
E) ascending segment of the loop of Henle

Question 38

Aquaporins are ____.

A) cells that are specialized for water transport
B) transport channels for water
C) the entry point of filtrate into a nephron
D) transport channels for ions
E) the exit channel for urine out of a nephron

Question 39

The descending segment of the longest loops of Henle descends into the ____.

A) renal pelvis
B) renal cortex
C) Bowman's capsule
D) collecting ducts
E) renal medulla

Question 40

Because it has no aquaporins, water is generally trapped in the ____ in mammals.

A) distal convoluted tubule
B) Bowman's capsule
C) descending segment of the loop of Henle
D) proximal convoluted tubule
E) ascending segment of the loop of Henle

Question 41

Cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete ____ in response to a significant drop in blood pressure or blood volume.

A) atrial natriuretic factor
B) renin
C) aldosterone
D) antidiuretic hormone
E) angiotensin

Question 42

Osmoreceptors help the body deal with dehydration in part by stimulating release of ____.

A) atrial natriuretic factor
B) renin
C) aldosterone
D) antidiuretic hormone
E) angiotensin

Question 43

The osmoreceptors that detect and react to dehydration are located in the ____.

A) hypothalamus
B) adrenal glands
C) efferent arteriole
D) kidneys
E) posterior pituitary

Question 44

Organisms that obtain heat primarily from the external environment are called ____.

A) endotherms
B) isotherms
C) exotherms
D) ectotherms
E) allotherms

Question 45

The ____ is a hormone produced by specialized cells in the heart in response to high blood pressure.

A) atrial natriuretic factor
B) renin
C) aldosterone
D) antidiuretic hormone
E) angiotensin

Question 46

Polycystic kidney disease results in kidney failure due to ____.

A) compression of nephrons
B) compression of the glomerulus
C) swelling of nephrons
D) swelling of the glomerulus
E) blocking aquaporins

Question 47

The kangaroo rat gets the bulk of its water from ____.

A) drinking liquids
B) absorption through its skin
C) ingesting food
D) oxidative reactions in its cells
E) reuptake of water from urine

Question 48

Produced in the posterior pituitary, ____ increases water absorption in the kidneys.

A) atrial natriuretic factor
B) renin
C) aldosterone
D) antidiuretic hormone
E) angiotensin

Question 49

The process of ____ is the flow of heat between atoms or molecules in direct contact.

A) conduction
B) radiation
C) evaporation
D) convection
E) radiative cooling

Question 50

Freshwater fishes deal with the osmotic stress of living in hypoosmotic conditions in part by ____.

A) active transport of ions into the body through the gills
B) excreting nitrogenous wastes through their kidneys as urea
C) active transport of ions out of the body by chloride cells
D) excreting excess salt through the actions of specialized salt glands in their heads
E) maintaining high levels of urea and trimethylamine oxide in body fluids

Question 51

Many birds, such as seagulls (which rarely drink fresh water), deal with the osmotic stress of taking in large quantities of salt in their food mainly by ____.

A) active transport of ions into the body through their feet
B) excreting nitrogenous wastes through their kidneys as urea
C) active transport of ions out of the body by chloride cells
D) excreting excess salt through the actions of specialized salt glands in their heads
E) maintaining high levels of urea and trimethylamine oxide in body fluids

Question 52

As temperature decreases, the metabolic rate of an endotherm typically ____, and the metabolic rate of an ectotherm typically ____.

A) decreases; decreases
B) increases; decreases
C) decreases; increases
D) increases; increases
E) increases; remains the same

Question 53

The urine of marine mammals is ____ when compared to ____.

A) hypoosmotic; seawater
B) hypoosmotic; their body fluids
C) hyperosmotic; seawater
D) isoosmotic; their body fluids
E) isoosmotic; seawater

Question 54

The adrenal cortex produces ____ to trigger increased Na⁺reabsorption in the kidneys.

A) atrial natriuretic factor
B) renin
C) aldosterone
D) antidiuretic hormone
E) angiotensin

Question 55

Organisms that obtain heat primarily from internal physiological sources are called ____.

A) endotherms
B) isotherms
C) exotherms
D) ectotherms
E) allotherms

Question 56

The process of ____ is the transfer of heat from a body to a fluid that passes over its surface.

A) conduction
B) radiation
C) evaporation
D) convection
E) radiative cooling

Question 57

Research has demonstrated that ____ play a role in the pathogenesis of polycystic kidney disease in mice models.

A) hexokinases
B) dsRNAs
C) miRNAs
D) rRNAs
E) sorbitases

Question 58

In response to a significant drop in blood pressure, ____ is produced, which quickly raises blood pressure by constricting many arterioles.

A) atrial natriuretic factor
B) renin
C) aldosterone
D) antidiuretic hormone
E) angiotensin

Question 59

Sharks and rays deal with the osmotic stress of living in seawater mainly by ____.

A) active transport of ions into the body through the gills
B) excreting nitrogenous wastes through their kidneys as urea
C) active transport of ions out of the body by chloride cells
D) excreting excess salt through the actions of specialized salt glands in their heads
E) maintaining high levels of urea and trimethylamine oxide in body fluids

Question 60

Marine teleost fishes deal with the osmotic stress of living in seawater mainly by ____.

A) active transport of ions into the body through the gills
B) excreting nitrogenous wastes through their kidneys as urea
C) active transport of ions out of the body by chloride cells
D) excreting excess salt through the actions of specialized salt glands in their heads
E) maintaining high levels of urea and trimethylamine oxide in body fluids

Question 61

In humans, brown adipose tissue is used for ____.

A) nitrogenous waste processing
B) controlling blood pressure
C) nonshivering thermogenesis
D) digestion of fats
E) cooling the body when exposed

Question 64

Physiological changes that occur in ectotherms in response to seasonal temperature shifts are called ____.

A) estivation
B) hyperthermia
C) thermal acclimatization
D) hypothermia
E) hibernation

Question 65

Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by ____.

A) large amounts of protein in the urine
B) the inability to thermoregulate
C) the inability to urinate
D) large amounts of urea in the urine
E) increased urine production

Question 66

An extended period of torpor entered by an animal during the winter when the environment is too cold and food is scarce is called ____.

A) estivation
B) hyperthermia
C) thermal acclimatization
D) hypothermia
E) hibernation

Question 67

Mammals may ____ as a response to cold in order to limit the amount of heat lost to the surroundings.

A) shiver
B) go off to lay alone so that others do not take their heat
C) press hair shafts close to the body
D) reduce blood flow to the skin
E) lose brown adipose tissue

Question 68

Describe the different types of torpor.

Question 69

Considering solutions on either side of a selectively permeable membrane, a solution of higher osmolarity is said to be hyperosmotic to a solution of lower osmolarity

Question 70

Flatworms and mussels have cellular and extracellular fluids with osmolarity lower than that of the external environment

Question 71

The human temperature set point typically ____.

A) ranges from about 96.0 ° F to about 99.9 ° F
B) stays right at about 98.6 ° F
C) stays right at about 96.8 ° F
D) ranges from about 98.0 ° F to about 99.5 ° F
E) ranges from about 94.0 ° F to about 99.0 ° F

Question 72

If a scientist wants to study kidney disease in humans, why might she use human subjects instead of animal models?

A) She can perform invasive experiments on humans.
B) She can carry out planned matings in humans.
C) Humans have a long generation time.
D) She can examine renal phenotypes in conjunction with genetic analyses.
E) She can genetically manipulate her patients.

Question 73

An example of an ectotherm is a(n) ____.

A) elephant
B) lizard
C) owl
D) bat
E) human

Question 74

How do ectotherms control their body temperature?

Question 75

Elevated blood pressure stimulates specialized cells in the heart to release antidiuretic hormone , a peptide hormone that inhibits renin release.

Question 76

A marine fish's kidney plays little role in nitrogenous-waste removal.

Question 77

An example of an endotherm is a ____.

A) mouse
B) salamander
C) turtle
D) frog
E) snake

Question 78

In humans, an increase of body temperature a few degrees above normal for a prolonged period produces a state called ____.

A) estivation
B) hyperthermia
C) thermal acclimatization
D) hypothermia
E) hibernation

Question 79

Winged arthropods rely solely on behavioral mechanisms for thermoregulation.

Question 80

Many terrestrial ectotherms regulate their temperature by ____.

A) moving into or out of the shade
B) eating more
C) hibernating
D) growing more hair
E) increasing metabolic rate