Deck 3: Victims and Victimization

Question 1

Gender affects victimization risk: ____ are more likely to be victims of violent crime.

Answer 1

men

Question 2

_____________ is a disturbing form of violence, primarily domestic in nature, whereby children, relatives, and others abuse older individuals under their care.

Answer 2

Elder abuse

Question 3

In the _______________________model, elder abuse can be attributed to the characteristics of both the elderly individual and the abuser, who both are embedded in a larger sociocultural context.

Answer 3

biopsychosocial

Question 4

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _   households in less populated areas have a lower victimization risk.

Question 5

Personal economic losses, such as medical care costs, or lost earnings, are examples of _______ costs.

Question 6

Violent victimization is more likely to take place in a(n) _____ area.

Question 7

When a physical weakness or psychological distress renders a victim incapable of resisting or deterring crime, this is referred to as _____________________.

Question 8

According to recent statistics, ________________ is the most expensive crime for society.

Question 9

The ________________ view of elder abuse deals with economics and negotiated exchanges of material and nonmaterial goods.

Question 10

The link between victimization and crime is a _________ relationship.

Question 11

The _______________ view of elder abuse, which addresses the need of the abuser to maintain control through coercive measures, has been used to explain spousal abuse among elderly couples as well.

Question 12

While the number and rate of victimizations have _____, patterns in the victimization survey findings suggest that victimization is not random.

Question 13

A psychological reaction to a highly stressful situation, such as being victimized, in which symptoms may include depression, anxiety, and nightmares, is called _________________.

Question 14

_____________________ costs are indirect losses suffered by crime victims, which include pain and suffering, decreased quality of life, and psychological stress.

Question 15

Hearing about a crime, even if untrue, helps increase __________________ fear among individuals.

Question 16

With regard to marital status, _____ people are victimized most often.

Question 17

The ____________________ model explains human behavior by including a range of potential influences, including the impact of individual, relationship, community, and societal influences.

Question 18

Extreme preoccupation with certain thoughts and neurotic performance of certain behaviors is called ________________.

Question 19

The _______________________ view holds that elder abuse results from the abusive individual learning to use violence to either resolve conflicts or obtain a desired outcome.

Question 20

Criminologists who focus their attention on victims of crime refer to themselves as _________.

Question 21

Target ______________ explains that some characteristics increase risk because they arouse anger, jealousy, or destructive impulses in potential offenders.

Question 22

________ prepare victims and witnesses by explaining court procedures.

Question 23

__________________ theory is the idea that the victim's behavior was the spark that ignited the subsequent offense.

Question 24

Victims suffer stress and anxiety long after an incident is over. What is true about the long-term stress suffered by victims?

A) Any stress experienced by young victims usually diminishes by the time they reach adolescence.
B) Younger victims are less prone to suffer PTSD than are adult victims.
C) Childhood trauma, including rape and molestation, is significantly associated with visual, auditory, and tactile hallucinations.
D) Unlike spouse abuse, child abuse rarely leads to despair, depression, and homelessness.

Question 25

_______________ occurs when the victim acts in a manner to incite violence, such as using threats or fighting words.

Question 26

_____________ theory explains that people become victims of crime because they reside in socially disorganized and high-crime areas.

Question 27

Criminologists who focus their attention on crime victims refer to themselves as:

A) victimologists.
B) sociologists.
C) criminal psychologists.
D) behaviorists.

Question 28

According to routine activities theory, the interaction of these three variables reflect the routine activities of the typical American lifestyle: capable guardians, motivated offenders, and __________________.

Question 29

_______________ occurs when the victim exhibits some personal characteristic that unknowingly either threatens or encourages the attacker.

Question 30

According to routine activities theory, __________________, such as watchful neighbors and police presence, are effective deterrents to crime.

Question 31

In 1984, the federal government created the ______________________, which grants money to state compensation boards derived from fines and penalties imposed on offenders.

Question 32

Government programs that help crime victims and witnesses, such as compensation and court costs, are referred to as __________________________.

Question 33

New York State's Sex Offender Registration Act is commonly known as ________________.

Question 34

Because of the influence of victim rights advocates, ________________ states now have some form of a Victim's Bill of Rights.

Question 35

Aftermath: Violence and Remaking of the Self, by Susan Brison, recounts the difficult times _____victims have recovering from the ordeal.

A) burglary
B) simple assault
C) rape
D) domestic violence

Question 36

College women face the risk of sexual assault at a _____ rate than women in the general population.

Question 37

________ is the notion that repeat victims share some personal characteristic that makes them a magnet for predators.

Question 38

Although it is difficult to estimate, the average cost of one murder to society is about:

A) $500,000
B) $1,000,000
C) $5,000,000
D) $9,000,000

Question 39

What is known about the stress and anxiety suffered by crime victims?

A) The stress and anxiety felt by victims lasts, on average, six months.
B) Stress and anxiety felt by child victims peaks during adolescence and ends by the time they reaches adulthood.
C) The stress and anxiety suffered by both adolescent and adult victims may last long after the incident is over and the justice process has been forgotten.
D) Children are resilient, and the stress and anxiety they experience, as a result of victimization, is short term.

Question 40

Routine activities theory was first articulated in a series of papers by Lawrence Cohen and _____________.

Question 41

In routine activities theory, a large number of unemployed teenagers would be an example of:

A) suitable targets.
B) motivated offenders.
C) capable guardians.
D) protective sentinels.

Question 42

A local program to assist victims and witnesses with applying for compensation, transportation, crisis intervention, and other needs caused by a crime is known as:

A) social services.
B) a victim-witness assistance program.
C) a crime crisis center.
D) a guardian ad litem program.

Question 43

What percentage of rapes and sexual assaults occur at night?

A) 10 percent
B) 33 percent
C) 66 percent
D) 90 percent

Question 44

Some believe that the relationship between victimization and criminality is __________, and that victims and criminals comprise two separate groups.

A) spurious
B) reciprocal
C) radical
D) persistent

Question 45

According to routine activities theory, if a person is intoxicated to the point where s/he is disoriented and walking home alone, s/he may be viewed as a more ________ than a nonintoxicated person walking with a group.

A) suitable target
B) capable guardian
C) motivated offender
D) potential mark

Question 46

Places containing elevated numbers of motivated offenders result in an elevated chance of being victimized. Such places are termed:

A) hot targets.
B) hot spots.
C) suitable targets.
D) chronic spots.

Question 47

In routine activities theory, police and homeowners would be an example of:

A) suitable targets.
B) motivated offenders.
C) capable guardians.
D) protective sentinels.

Question 48

When victims act provocatively, use threats or fighting words, or even attack first, it is known as _____ precipitation.

A) passive
B) active
C) aggressive
D) reactive

Question 49

The NCVS shows that violent crimes are most likely to occur in:

A) open public areas.
B) schools.
C) behind closed doors.
D) wooded areas.

Question 50

Schools are the locals of a great deal of victimization because they are populated by one of the most dangerous segments of society:

A) teenage boys.
B) adult males.
C) teenage girls.
D) teachers.

Question 51

_________ refers to the victims' physical weakness or physiological distress which renders them incapable of resisting or deterring crime and makes them easy targets.

A) Chronic victimization
B) Target vulnerability
C) Target gratifiability
D) Target antagonism

Question 52

The notion that adult victims of violence are quite likely to later become perpetrators is referred to as:

A) the cycle of violence.
B) double marginality.
C) the revolving door.
D) life course persistence theory.

Question 53

Referring to the relationship between marital status and crime victimization, who is least likely to become a crime victim?

A) Someone who is married
B) Someone who has never married
C) Someone who is divorced
D) Someone who is a widow

Question 54

Elderly individuals are more likely than younger individuals to be victims of which type of crime?

A) robbery
B) rape
C) fraud
D) murder

Question 55

The NCVS tells us that which of the following is most vulnerable to crime?

A) The West
B) Large homes
C) Urban homes
D) All of the above are equally vulnerable to crime.

Question 56

According to routine activities theory, homes that contained easily sellable objects such as laptop computers, stereos, and television sets would be classified as:

A) hot targets.
B) hot spots.
C) suitable targets.
D) chronic spots.

Question 57

Cohen and Felson argue that crime rates _______ between 1960 and 1980 because the number of adult caretakers at home during the day decreased as a result of increased female participation in the workforce.

A) decreased
B) skyrocketed
C) remained stable
D) increased

Question 58

Approximately _____ criminal victimizations occur each year.

A) 5 million
B) 10 million
C) 15 million
D) 20 million

Question 59

Not being able to find a job, Nicole List becomes increasingly frustrated as she visits her unemployment office each month. On Nicole's most recent visit, she became verbally abusive and threatening to the unemployment representative. Continuing her abusive tirade, Nicole stood up and leaned over the representative's desk. In fear and frustration, the unemployment representative hit Nicole with a stapler that was on the desk. Nicole's victimization in this case might be termed _____ precipitation.

A) passive
B) active
C) atoned
D) reactive

Question 60

When the victim exhibits some personal characteristic that unknowingly either threatens or encourages the attacker, it is known as _____ precipitation.

A) passive
B) active
C) aggressive
D) reactive

Question 61

There is a clear, direct relationship between victimization and crime.

Question 62

The news reports the escape of a prisoner in Chicago, and several hundred miles away in Pittsburgh, 68-year-old Karen Taylor locks her doors and waits up at night with a loaded shotgun in case the would-be criminal attempts to break into her house. This is an example of vicarious fear.

Question 63

The cycle of violence explains that offenders begin their criminal offending by starting small with simple thefts and progress in violence, finally peaking with sexual assaults and or murders.

Question 64

Sexual assault and rape are the most expensive crimes yearly in the United States.

Question 65

The NCVS indicates that more than 25 million theft and violent victimizations occur each year.

Question 66

Blacks are more likely to be victims of violent crime than whites.

Question 67

Roughly about 160 student and faculty deaths occur each year in schools, including homicides and suicides.

Question 68

Older victims are more prone to suffer stress and PTSD from being victimized.

Question 69

The estimated personal costs of crime are $90 billion per year.

Question 70

Kleck's research on fighting back found that:

A) many more criminals are killed each year by police officers than are killed by victims fighting back.
B) collateral injury is relatively rare, and victims should be encouraged to fight back.
C) collateral injury is relatively high, and victims should be encouraged to not fight back.
D) the more crime in an area, the less fear in the area.

Question 71

According to the NCVS, houses in the Northeast are more vulnerable to crime than other regions.

Question 72

Every state now has a set of legal rights that are primarily referred to as:

A) the Victim's Bill of Rights.
B) Victim Reconciliation Acts.
C) the Constitution of Victim Rights.
D) mediation laws.

Question 73

Most victims are referred to a specific set of services called:

A) crisis intervention.
B) priority programs.
C) victim based initiatives.
D) zero-tolerance interventions.

Question 74

The typical career criminal causes $1.3 to $1.5 million in external costs per year.

Question 75

Which is not typically covered by victim compensation programs?

A) replacement costs for stolen property
B) loss of wages
C) counseling expenses
D) medical expenses

Question 76

The NCVS indicates that rural, white homes in the West are the most likely to contain crime victims or to be the target of theft offenses, such as burglary or larceny.

Question 77

Smaller households in less populated areas have a lower victimization risk.

Question 78

Victim impact information/victim impact statements are part of which act?

A) Federal Crime Act of 1994
B) Federal Lautenberg Act
C) Victims Crime Act of 1991
D) Violence Against Women Act

Question 79

Numerous research efforts show that victims of interpersonal violence experience high rates of psychological problems.

Question 80

Vicarious fear is escalated by lurid news accounts of crime and violence.