Deck 9: The Knowing Mind Memory

Question 1

What is the correct ordering of the processes of memory?

A) Storage, encoding, and retrieval
B) Retrieval, storage, and encoding
C) Encoding, storage, and retrieval
D) Encoding, retrieval, and storage

Answer 1

Encoding, storage, and retrieval

Question 2

Stephen has just finished composing his first poem, entitled Clouded Memories , for his poetry slam class. He is slated to recite the first 10 lines during class tonight and repeats them over and over to himself as he is walking there. This is called

A) rehearsal.
B) retrieval.
C) chunking.
D) consolidation.

Answer 2

rehearsal.

Question 3

The "magic number 7 plus or minus 2" refers to the

A) capacity of short-term memory.
B) duration of short-term memory.
C) duration of semantic memory.
D) capacity of semantic memory.

Answer 3

capacity of short-term memory.

Question 4

Jenna wants to use the vending machine during her lunch break. She reaches to select a quarter from the different sizes of change she is carrying in her pocket. This touch-based sensory input from the different sized coins in her pocket is first translated into

A) echoic memory.
B) acoustic code.
C) iconic memory.
D) haptic code.

Question 5

Jere saves selfies on his phone. How does the phone's memory store these files differently from Jere's memory?

A) The phone's memory storage receives the information and translates it into smaller chunks.
B) The phone's memory storage receives the information and stores an identical copy of the information.
C) The phone's memory storage receives and translates the information into a composite image.
D) The phone's memory storage receives the information and stores it semantically.

Question 6

Will is 10 years old and preparing for a spelling contest. He is starting to memorize the spelling of the word antidisestablishmentarianism . He realizes that he can group the letters into anti , dis , establish , and so forth. This process is called

A) rehearsal.
B) chunking.
C) consolidation.
D) encoding.

Question 7

Both brains and computers have the ability to store memories, with one critical difference. What is this difference?

A) A brain stores exact copies of data, whereas a computer stores bits of data that are reconstructed later for use.
B) A computer's stored information is always retrievable, whereas a brain's stored information is frequently irretrievable.
C) A brain's stored information is always retrievable, whereas a computer's stored information is occasionally irretrievable.
D) A computer stores exact copies of data, whereas a brain stores bits of data that are reconstructed later for use.

Question 8

According to your textbook, which of the following statements is true?

A) memory formation is not an adaptive behavior.
B) for memory systems to flourish within the animal kingdom, the survival advantages needed to outweigh the energy costs.
C) fruit flies that learned to avoid an odor through classical conditioning lived 4 hours longer than fruit flies that did not experience the classical conditioning.
D) animals that form memories react more slowly to the advances of predators and/or food resources.

Question 9

The second stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model holds a small amount of information for a limited time. This is called

A) sensory memory.
B) short-term memory.
C) working memory.
D) iconic memory.

Question 10

The four components of working memory proposed by Baddeley and colleagues are called the central executive, the episodic buffer, the visuospatial sketch pad, and the

A) phonological loop.
B) schematic loop.
C) semantic loop.
D) maintenance loop.

Question 11

After class, Anita and Bev make plans to study for their psychology exam together but cannot decide on a time or location. In addition, Anita realizes that she left her phone in her apartment. Anita and Bev agree that it is easiest to meet at Bev's dorm. Bev gives Anita her room number and passcode. Anita likely will be able to retain this information in short-term memory, without additional processing, for

A) a second or less.
B) no more than 30 seconds.
C) about 2 minutes.
D) a maximum of 5 minutes.

Question 12

After class, Anita and Bev make plans to study for their psychology exam together but cannot decide on a time or location. In addition, Anita realizes that she left her phone in her apartment. Anita and Bev decide to tell one another their e-mails before running off to their next class, but neither stops to write the information down. They will likely retain this information in sensory memory for

A) a second or less.
B) 5 seconds.
C) 10 seconds.
D) 30 seconds.

Question 13

Bob and Tom are debating the true meaning of the term memory . How does your textbook define this process?

A) The acquisition of knowledge through experience
B) The ability to learn from environmental stimuli
C) The ability to retain knowledge
D) The acquisition of sensory information

Question 14

Carlos asks Laura to write down the login and password for the collaboration website they are using to work on a research paper together. He promptly loses the slip of paper. However, he finds that he still remembers them both. This is possible because

A) of the nature of rehearsal within working memory.
B) of the passive nature of storage involved with working memory.
C) working memory can manage more than one type of information at a time.
D) working memory processes information as visuospatial memories.

Question 15

The first stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model involved the retention of large amounts of incoming data for brief amounts of time. This is called

A) declarative memory.
B) short-term memory.
C) sensory memory.
D) explicit memory.

Question 16

What is an adaptation of the short-term memory model that involves the active manipulation of multiple types of information simultaneously?

A) Restorative memory
B) Declarative memory
C) Autobiographical memory
D) Working memory

Question 17

Chunking is the

A) recovery of stored information from long-term memory storage.
B) process of grouping similar or meaningful information together.
C) repetition of information to prevent decay from short-term memory.
D) transformation of information from one form to another.

Question 18

The information processing continuum flows both from the bottom up and the top down. What is the correct order of steps in this process, starting from the bottom up?

A) Thinking, problem solving, memory, learning, perception, sensation, attention
B) Attention, sensation, perception, learning, memory, thinking, problem solving
C) Attention, perception, sensation, problem solving, memory, learning, thinking
D) Problem solving, thinking, learning, memory, attention, sensation, perception

Question 19

The "magic number 7 plus or minus 2" was first identified by psychologist

A) Alan Baddeley.
B) George Sperling.
C) George Miller.
D) Richard Atkinson.

Question 20

As Harry walks out of the supermarket, he sees his parked car get hit by another car. He tries to memorize the make, model, and license plate number of the other car. According to Baddeley's model, he is using his working memory's

A) central executive.
B) visuospatial sketch pad.
C) episodic buffer.
D) phonological loop.

Question 21

The component of working memory that is responsible for verbal and auditory information is the

A) visuospatial sketch pad.
B) episodic buffer.
C) central executive.
D) phonological loop.

Question 22

Matt remembers visiting the Universal theme park and SeaWorld in Florida with his family when he was 8 years old. This is an example of a(n)

A) procedural memory.
B) autobiographical memory.
C) episodic memory.
D) semantic memory.

Question 23

According to the levels of processing theory, the depth (shallow to deep) of processing

A) enhances long-term memory capacity.
B) predicts the duration of information in long-term memory.
C) predicts the ease of retrieval.
D) exemplifies the power of maintenance rehearsal.

Question 24

Sheldon goes to the grocery store to buy a few items, and when he gets there he can remember only the last few things that he wanted to buy. "I knew I should have written everything down," he says to himself. Sheldon has illustrated the _____ effect.

A) recency
B) rehearsal
C) mnemonic
D) primacy

Question 25

A declarative memory that is accessed in a conscious, direct, and effortful manner is also called a(n)

A) implicit memory.
B) personal history memory.
C) procedural memory.
D) explicit memory.

Question 26

Manuel is teaching his 3-year-old son Joey the alphabet song. Joey sings "A B C D H K G." This is an example of

A) the recency effect.
B) elaborative rehearsal.
C) mnemonics.
D) the primacy effect.

Question 27

Doris is memorizing the names of conference attendees she is meeting for the first time. For each name, she repeats the name five times, uses the name when she addresses the new person she just met, and thinks of a connection to a celebrity with the same name. She is engaging in

A) elaborative rehearsal.
B) chunking.
C) explicit learning.
D) maintenance rehearsal.

Question 28

Manuel is teaching his 3-year-old son Joey the alphabet song. Joey sings "A B C D J R P X Y Z." This is an example of

A) the primacy and recency effects.
B) elaborative rehearsal.
C) maintenance rehearsal.
D) encoding specificity.

Question 29

Professor Barber asks one of his graduate students, Seville, to finish his class lecture on memory. Seville begins by explaining that nondeclarative memories (1) are unconsciously and effortlessly retrieved memories; (2) are easy to verbalize; (3) include memories for classical conditioning, procedural learning, and priming; and (4) are also known as implicit memories. Which part of his definition is inaccurate?

A) Nondeclarative memories are unconsciously and effortlessly retrieved.
B) Nondeclarative memories are easy to verbalize.
C) Nondeclarative memories include memories for classical conditioning, procedural learning, and priming.
D) Nondeclarative memories are also known as implicit memories.

Question 30

Which of the following requires the skills of the central executive?

A) Episodic buffering
B) Haptic memory
C) Sensory memory
D) Divided attention

Question 31

In most cases, information moves from short-term or working memory to long-term memory through

A) chunking.
B) mnemonics.
C) the method of loci.
D) rehearsal.

Question 32

Declarative memories are consciously retrieved memories that are easy to verbalize and include

A) semantic, episodic, and autobiographical information.
B) explicit and implicit memories.
C) semantic, procedural, and autobiographical memories.
D) nondeclarative and implicit aspects.

Question 33

Long-term memory is characterized by

A) unlimited duration and unlimited capacity.
B) limited duration and unlimited capacity.
C) limited duration and limited capacity.
D) unlimited duration and limited capacity.

Question 34

Which of the following statements about semantic and episodic memories is true?

A) Semantic memories can result from a single, personal experience.
B) Episodic memories provide us with an objective understanding of the world.
C) Semantic memory contains specific information about events, objects, and people.
D) Episodic memory is organized as a timeline.

Question 35

The final stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model refers to the location of permanent memories, referred to as

A) maintenance memory.
B) eidetic memory.
C) long-term memory.
D) working memory.

Question 36

According to the levels of processing theory, who will be able to remember the most definitions of the vocabulary words in a given chapter?

A) Tommy, who reads through each term and its definition
B) Lillian, who takes turns with her roommate defining and explaining each term
C) Chuckie, who memorizes the definitions by chunking
D) Angelica, who repeats each term and its definition multiple times out loud

Question 37

Dinesh takes a look through his office desk and makes a mental note of the supplies he needs to replenish. On the way to the supply room, he realizes that he can remember only the first three supply items he needs to replenish in his office desk. This illustrates the

A) spreading activation model.
B) primacy effect.
C) recency effect.
D) maintenance model.

Question 38

A graph of the serial position effect, where the likelihood of recall of an item is plotted as a function of the item's position in a list during presentation, takes the shape of a(n)

A) J-shaped curve.
B) line that begins at a low level and slopes upward to the right.
C) line that begins at a high level and slopes downward to the right.
D) U-shaped curve.

Question 39

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following would produce a deeper level of processing?

A) Encoding words in terms of their meaningfulness
B) Encoding words in terms of their appearance
C) Encoding words alphabetically
D) Encoding words using three or more categories

Question 40

Marietta has memorized the capital cities of all 50 states. This is an example of a(n) _____ memory.

A) episodic
B) procedural
C) autobiographical
D) semantic

Question 41

Which of the following is a nondeclarative memory?

A) Mike remembers learning how to ski as a teenager.
B) In a spelling contest, Larry misremembers the spelling of the word mnemonic .
C) Juan picks up a scissors and cuts a piece of thread hanging from the button he just sewed onto his shirt.
D) Ryan remembers how to play chess the way that his grandfather taught him.

Question 42

Professor Giles asks his students to write down the first word that come to mind when they see the word fish . Bob writes down sea , James writes down chips , and Angela writes down net . According to the spreading activation theory, this result

A) is made possible by the connections from the amygdala to the hippocampus.
B) indicates that Professor Giles has not taught the student the correct response.
C) is highly unusual because such different answers would not likely be stimulated by the same probe.
D) makes sense because personal experiences determine how people organize general knowledge.

Question 43

A cue is

A) the transformation of information from one form to another.
B) the process of grouping similar or meaningful information together.
C) a memory aid that links new information to well-known information.
D) any stimulus that helps you access target information.

Question 44

Semantic or episodic memories that reference the self are called _____ memories.

A) autobiographical
B) procedural
C) self-reflective
D) nondeclarative

Question 45

Roger is preparing for his final exam in Bioethics . The most difficult type of question for him on the exam, in terms of memory retrieval, will most likely be

A) essay.
B) true-false.
C) matching.
D) multiple choice.

Question 46

Priming is a change in a response to a stimulus as a result of exposure to a

A) subliminal message.
B) stimulus above the subjective threshold.
C) stimulus below the objective threshold.
D) previous stimulus.

Question 47

The spreading activation model proposes that people organize general knowledge based on

A) their personal experiences.
B) predetermined hierarchies.
C) semantic similarities.
D) existing cultural norms.

Question 48

A set of expectations about objects and situations is called a(n)

A) template.
B) mnemonic.
C) mindset.
D) schema.

Question 49

Which of the following is one of the most important schemas we have for organizing and remembering what we study?

A) Hierarchies from most important to least important
B) The self
C) Alphabetization
D) Categorization by purpose and properties

Question 50

What theory views the mind as an interconnected network made up of simpler units?

A) The constructivist theory
B) The computational theory
C) The connectionist theory
D) The correlational theory

Question 51

An implicit memory is also known as a(n)

A) nondeclarative memory.
B) episodic memory.
C) autobiographical memory.
D) declarative memory.

Question 52

Martin has a very stunning memory of virtually everything that has happened to him since he was 4 years of age. He remembers the weather on his 6th birthday, the baseball card he got when he was 11 years old, and the color of the eyes of the girl who sat next to him in his sixth grade classroom. Martin remembers all of these details despite the fact that he is 53 years of age. Martin has a condition called

A) major neurocognitive disorder.
B) dissociative fugue disorder.
C) pseudomnemonism.
D) highly superior autobiographical memory (HSAM).

Question 53

When Gina was 10, she swam in the ocean for the first time. She remembers the feeling of kicking her feet, slicing her arms through the water, tasting the tangy salt water, floating, and learning from her father that salt water is more dense than fresh water, which makes floating easier. Which element is a semantic memory?

A) The familiar feel of kicking her feet and slicing her arms through the water
B) How tangy the salt water was
C) That salt water is more dense than fresh water
D) The feeling of floating

Question 54

Alex is starting his day. Which of the following represents a procedural memory?

A) He grimaces at the sound of the alarm clock.
B) He brushes his teeth.
C) He reminds himself to pack a lunch for work.
D) He forgets his keys.

Question 55

Ella is a participant in a study using the lexical decision task technique. To which pair of real or nonreal words would she likely have the fastest response time?

A) table-resk
B) dup-loor
C) building-house
D) egg-tree

Question 56

Sam is participating in a study regarding retrieval from short-term memory. He memorizes a list of five items. What is most likely to happen?

A) He is able to retrieve the items simultaneously.
B) He can identify any of the five items in the same amount of time.
C) He remembers the middle item the most quickly.
D) He searches through his short-term memory one item at a time.

Question 57

When Frederic Bartlett's study participants recalled the story he had read to them 20 hours earlier, they

A) recalled it nearly verbatim.
B) added random details to the story.
C) added details that fit with the meaning of the story.
D) added details that were in jarring contrast to the story.

Question 58

An implicit memory for how to carry out a motor skill or action is called

A) procedural memory.
B) eidetic memory.
C) declarative memory.
D) retrograde memory.

Question 59

The spreading activation model accounts for the results of the lexical decision experiments that demonstrate priming by explaining

A) our unconscious daily responses to nonreal words.
B) the quicker decision time with related words.
C) the strong connections between unrelated words.
D) the organization of related words in short-term memory.

Question 60

Under the spreading activation model, which of the following concepts or properties would have the weakest connection with the word rose for most people?

A) Aunt
B) Flower
C) Red
D) Fragrant

Question 61

What is reconstruction?

A) The rebuilding of a memory out of stored elements
B) A set of expectations about objects and situations
C) The incorporation of unique combinations of information in memory
D) A review of newer and older information in memory

Question 62

Mary is visiting the beach close to her childhood home. Which of the following best describes her memories of childhood summers?

A) They are detailed and static images.
B) They blend childhood memories with new content in working memory.
C) They are unreliable.
D) They are similar to reopening an old computer file.

Question 63

Ron is about to leave his apartment. His keys are not on his dresser, where he usually leaves them. He starts to retrace his steps from the night before and realizes that he should look in the bathroom, as this was his first stop upon arrival. This reflects the process of

A) mood congruent memory.
B) encoding specificity.
C) flashbulb memory.
D) decay.

Question 64

Which of the following most accurately describes eyewitness testimony in the courtroom setting?

A) It is considered to be uniformly precise and reliable.
B) Errors in testimony are usually due to the witness's premeditated intent.
C) It can be affected by the words attorneys use when framing questions.
D) Preliminary testimony is considered unreliable; therefore, follow-up questioning is essential.

Question 65

Out of all cases in which an innocent person has been cleared of a crime due to DNA evidence, how many involved mistaken identification of the perpetrator by an eyewitness?

A) 25%
B) 50%
C) 75%
D) 100%

Question 66

The hippocampus plays an essential role in

A) assessing emotional situations.
B) the formation of new memories.
C) the consolidation of procedural memories.
D) assessing analytical situations.

Question 67

Former members of a Girl Scout troop have gotten back in touch on Facebook. Verda reminds the others of their camping trip, where it rained for three days. Others share their memories of that weekend as well. What is most likely to happen to Verda's memories?

A) They remain essentially the same.
B) They are stored in a separate section of long-term memory from the memories of others.
C) They are overwritten by the memories shared by others.
D) They interact with others' memories and are re-encoded as new long-term memories.

Question 68

Recall tasks involve a process known as

A) cue reliance.
B) recognize - recite.
C) generate - recognize.
D) analyze - recognize.

Question 69

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding the relationship between negative emotions and memory?

A) Such emotions can enhance or impair memories.
B) Negative emotions can lead to disruption of retrieval cues.
C) Such emotions are almost guaranteed to lead to source monitoring errors.
D) Negative emotions enhance the encoding specificity effect.

Question 70

Fred is studying vocabulary for his biomedical class while sitting in a busy coffee shop. Fred's recall of the material will likely be best while

A) seated at a desk in a quiet room.
B) seated with background noise.
C) outdoors in fresh air and sunshine.
D) lying down in a silent setting.

Question 71

The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon reflects that retrieval is a(n)

A) all-or-none process.
B) erratic step-by-step process.
C) step-by-step process that moves closer to the target.
D) completely unpredictable process.

Question 72

Jake, a 24-year-old Caucasian man, was caught in a stolen car and taken into the police station for identification. Which of the following lineups would be the fairest for Jake?

A) The witness is shown six photos of suspects simultaneously.
B) The witness is shown six photos of suspects sequentially.
C) In a physical lineup, the police officer asks the witness "Is that the guy?" while pointing to Jake.
D) Jake is the only Caucasian man in a physical lineup.

Question 73

In a study by Loftus and Palmer, participants viewed a short video of an automobile accident. One group was asked "How fast was the white sports car going while traveling along the country road?" A second group was asked, "How fast was the white sports car going when it passed the barn while traveling along the country road?" One week later, both groups were asked if they recalled seeing a barn (there was no barn in the video). Which of the following statements is true?

A) There was no difference in responses among those who heard barn  and the control group.
B) Those who heard barn were almost 15% more likely than those who did not hear barn to report seeing a barn.
C) Those who heard barn were about as likely as the control group to report seeing a barn.
D) Those who did not hear barn were almost three times more likely than those who heard barn to report seeing a barn.

Question 74

Ashley is studying a list of vocabulary words for her psychology exam. Which of the following would be most effective for recalling definitions during the exam?

A) Cues based on her own experiences
B) Cues provided by the textbook
C) Cues suggested by her study partner
D) Cues recommended by her professor

Question 75

Brian cannot remember whether he told his parents that he would be bringing his fiancé over for dinner on Sunday, or if he had just reminded himself to tell them. Which of the following statements best describes processing in this type of scenario?

A) False memories regarding external sources account for the discrepancy.
B) False memories regarding internal sources account for the discrepancy.
C) Source monitoring can serve as a checkpoint for different sources of information.
D) We are largely unable to distinguish between internal and external sources of information.

Question 76

A flashbulb memory is

A) the detailed memory of a milestone event based on photographs.
B) the limited memory of a negative event, as though blinded by the light.
C) the intrusive memory of a traumatic event experienced by someone with PTSD.
D) an especially vivid and detailed memory of an emotional event.

Question 77

Tom often smokes while studying in his apartment. Of course, he cannot smoke during his exams. This may make retrieval of the material more difficult because of

A) reconstruction.
B) episodic memory.
C) context-dependent memory.
D) short-term memory.

Question 78

Michael has a flashbulb memory of when his mother told him the terrible news that his father had died in an automobile accident. What is most likely to be true about this memory?

A) This memory will not fade over time.
B) This memory is comparable in accuracy to less emotional memories at the same time.
C) He will likely lack confidence in the accuracy of this memory.
D) Retrieval of this memory will be more accurate than of everyday events around the same time.

Question 79

Sarah is having a tip-of-the tongue experience with the name of an Indian restaurant that recently received a great review. She suspects that it may start with a "K" sound and consist of two syllables, but all that comes to mind is Canton or Couscous. Which of the following choices would be the most likely name of the restaurant?

A) Curry Palace
B) Kebab Express
C) Chaudhury's
D) Kashmir

Question 80

Paolo is studying for his doctoral qualifying exams in neuropsychology. According to fuzzy trace theory, what would be the best way to study for these exams?

A) To develop verbatim traces by actively engaging with the material
B) To develop as many gist traces as possible
C) To allocate about 25% of his time to verbatim traces and 75% to gist traces
D) To focus on the most essential gist traces of the subject matter