Deck 5: Learning

Question 1

Kurt began taking more and more heroin because the initial dose didn't seem to give him the same high. Eventually, Kurt was addicted to heroin. According to opponent-process theory, __________ may have been the basis of Kurt's dangerous addiction.

A)sensitization
B)learning
C)habituation
D)classical conditioning

Answer 1

habituation

Question 2

When Ken kisses Barbie, his heart races. For a month, Barbie snapped her fingers just before she kissed him. She stopped snapping her fingers, but now whenever Ken hears someone snapping their fingers, his heart begins to race. This is an example of __________ conditioning, and finger snapping is the __________.

A)classical; conditioned stimulus
B)operant; conditioned stimulus
C)classical; primary reinforcer
D)operant; primary reinforcer

Answer 2

classical; conditioned stimulus

Question 3

Bertha became conditioned to cry every time she saw an onion chopper because she associated it with cutting onions, which always made her eyes water. For weeks, the onion cutter sat on the counter with no onions. Eventually, she never cried when she saw the cutter. Then the onion cutter disappeared for two months, and when Bertha saw it again for the first time, she began to cry. This response is known as

A)positive reinforcement.
B)negative reinforcement.
C)spontaneous recovery.
D)reconditioning.

Answer 3

spontaneous recovery.

Question 4

Every time Brandy drops a cricket into the cage of her pet tarantula, Chompers, he begins to salivate. Brandy has gotten in the habit of playing her favorite CD when she feeds Chompers. After several pairings of the cricket and her favorite CD, all Brandy has to do is play the CD and Chompers begins to salivate. In this example, Chompers's salivating to the fresh, wriggling cricket is a(n)

A)unconditioned stimulus.
B)conditioned stimulus.
C)unconditioned response.
D)conditioned response.

Question 5

Lenny can't reach the bathroom shelf where his father keeps the electric toothbrush, but he continues trying, day after day. After seeing his brother use a stool to open the kitchen cupboards, Lenny pushes the stool into the bathroom and uses it to finally get the toothbrush. How would Lenny's behavior be classified by learning theorists?

A)Lenny's new behavior is the result of maturation, not learning.
B)Lenny has learned how to reach the bathroom shelf through associative learning.
C)Lenny has learned an association between his own physical growth and reaching high places.
D)Lenny was classically conditioned to use stools to extend his reach.

Question 6

In an experiment, a flash of light is paired with a mild electric shock to a subject's finger. After several trials, the subject begins to pull the finger away after seeing the flash of light. The experimenter then begins to present just the flash, but no shock. After several presentations of the flash with no shock, the subject will

A)keep pulling his finger away after seeing the light.
B)pull his finger away sometimes but not others.
C)gradually cease pulling his finger away after the flash of light.
D)pull his finger away more quickly on each trial.

Question 7

Psychologists have defined learning as

A)the modification through experience of preexisting behavior and understanding.
B)the systematic organization of information that facilitates later recall and use.
C)a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge due to experience.
D)the adaptation of instinctual responses to new environments.

Question 8

Baby Abbey was playing with her favorite toy rattle when her mom dropped an armful of pots and pans behind her. The loud noise made Baby Abbey startle and cry. Subsequently, on seeing her rattle, she cries. However, mom continues to give Baby Abbey her favorite rattle and doesn't drop any more pots and pans. We would expect that Baby Abbey's crying when seeing the rattle would now

A)extinguish.
B)generalize.
C)continue through intermittent reinforcement.
D)decrease because of spontaneous recovery.

Question 9

Every time Bert slices onions, the onions burn his eyes and tears run down his face. One day he opened the silverware drawer and pulled out the knife that he uses only to peel onions and immediately started to shed tears from the sight of the knife. In this situation, the onion is the __________, and the knife is the __________.

A)conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus
B)unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus
C)conditioned response; unconditioned response
D)unconditioned response; conditioned response

Question 10

Sniffy the rat has been taught to press a bar in a cage to receive food. The behavior disappeared, though, when Sniffy stopped getting food following bar-pressing. Several days later, Sniffy was put in the cage again, and he immediately began to press the bar. The reappearance of this response is called

A)reconditioning.
B)acquisition.
C)instantaneous learning.
D)spontaneous recovery.

Question 11

A relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge due to experience is psychology's definition of

A)maturation.
B)instinct.
C)learning.
D)consciousness.

Question 12

According to Solomon's opponent-process theory, extended heroin use creates a conditioned bodily response that __________ the "high" that the user experiences.

A)intensifies
B)prolongs
C)reduces
D)causes

Question 13

Reginald's camera always makes a clicking noise just before the flash goes off. After taking many pictures of his little brother Devin, he presses the button, the camera clicks, but the flash does not go off. Despite this, Devin blinks just as he did when the flash was working. This is an example of __________ conditioning, and the flash is the __________.

A)classical; unconditioned stimulus
B)classical; unconditioned response
C)operant; positive reinforce
D)operant; negative reinforce

Question 14

Penny recently had a root canal at her dentist's office. The procedure was more painful than she anticipated. She now needs to see a foot doctor in the same building, but when she arrives she feels a bit shaky as a result of the painful root canal. In this example, her fearful response to the pain of the root canal was a(n)

A)conditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned stimulus.
C)conditioned response.
D)unconditioned response.

Question 15

Your friends play a practical joke on you and hook a small battery to your computer keyboard. Every time you hit the backspace key, you get a small electric shock. After a while, you involuntarily jerk just before pressing the backspace key. In this example, the ________ is the conditioned stimulus and the _______ is the conditioned response.

A)backspace key; jerk before pressing the backspace key
B)electric shock; backspace key
C)backspace key; electric shock
D)jerk before pressing the backspace key; backspace key

Question 16

Andre is participating in a psychology study. He is sitting alone in a room, and every few seconds a bright light flashes in front of him. When the light flashes, he blinks. After a while, a phone rings right before the flash of light. Soon, Andre blinks when the phone rings. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is the

A)phone ringing.
B)flash of light.
C)blinking after the flash.
D)blinking after the ringing.

Question 17

Jayden is working with a laboratory rat in the school's psychology lab. He names the rat Nihanch. He begins to giving the rat a fast shock to its paws, and the rat jumps. Then every time he gives the rat a shock, he turns on a red light bulb in the side of the cage. Eventually, Nihanch jumps in response to the light even if the shock is not administered. In this example, the red light bulb was the _______ and the rat's jump when the light came on was the ________.

A)unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response
B)unconditioned stimulus; conditioned response
C)conditioned stimulus; unconditioned response
D)conditioned stimulus; conditioned response

Question 18

Gino is allergic to peanuts, and he gets very nauseated when he eats them. While out at a candy store one day, Gino has a sample of fudge that is offered before realizing that it has peanuts in it. As a result, he gets very sick. The next time Gino is in a candy store, he gets terribly nauseated just at the sight of the fudge counter. In this example, the conditioned response is

A)getting sick from the peanuts.
B)becoming nauseated by the fudge counter.
C)the peanuts.
D)getting sick from the fudge.

Question 19

Dr. Evil presents the sound of a buzzer to his pet rabbit, and he follows it with the delivery of a small electric shock. After repeated pairings of the buzzer and shock, the rabbit learns to fear the sound of buzzers. Dr. Evil then proceeds to extinguish the rabbit's fear of buzzers. Now suppose that, after extinction, Dr. Evil decides to present the buzzer and shock to the rabbit once again. After only one pairing, the rabbit will demonstrate __________ and fear the buzzer again.

A)stimulus generalization
B)spontaneous recovery
C)stimulus discrimination
D)extinction

Question 20

Which of the following is an example of habituation?

A)A cat learns that the sound of the electric can opener means that she will be fed soon.
B)A child learns how to turn on the television by watching his father.
C)At first, the smell of fresh pizza is intoxicating, but after several minutes you barely even notice the scent.
D)A dog learns not to chew on his owner's slippers after he is scolded.

Question 21

Which of the following is true of taste-aversion conditioning?

A)It almost never occurs in the animal kingdom.
B)It can occur even when there is a long delay between the CS (taste)and the UCS (sickness).
C)It requires several pairings between the CS and UCS.
D)It occurs most readily when taste is paired with visual stimuli.

Question 22

Hugo has learned to fear the bell on his phone because every time the phone rings a prank caller starts shouting at him. He now finds himself fearful of other bells, like bicycle bells and doorbells. Hugo is affected by stimulus

A)control.
B)generalization.
C)degradation.
D)discrimination.

Question 23

Talon drank one too many cans of "Jooky" last night. Talon spent the morning vomiting, and now even the smell of Jooky makes Talon nauseous. Talon is experiencing a __________, which can best be explained by __________ conditioning.

A)taste aversion; operant
B)taste aversion; classical
C)learned immune response; operant
D)learned immune response; classical

Question 24

Systematic desensitization, which is used to treat phobias, is based on which learning paradigm?

A)Operant conditioning
B)Classical conditioning
C)Social learning
D)Instrumental learning

Question 25

Betsy wants to train her dog to perform several tricks. She checks out a book on dog training that includes a chapter on how to use classical conditioning. Betsy learns that a dog is least likely to learn a conditioned response when the

A)unconditioned stimulus is strong.
B)conditioned stimulus precedes the unconditioned stimulus.
C)time interval between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus is under one minute.
D)conditioned stimulus predicts many different stimuli.

Question 26

Jon ate a hamburger that was contaminated with nasty bacteria. While eating the burger, Jon was watching an episode of the television show Small Wonder . Jon soon developed an aversion to hamburgers, but not to the television program, because of

A)higher-order conditioning.
B)stimulus generalization.
C)biopreparedness.
D)reconditioning.

Question 27

Keren decides to try cotton candy for the first time. She enjoys it, but unfortunately, later that day Keren comes down with the stomach flu. Now the smell or thought of cotton candy makes her shudder and feel slightly nauseous. This is an example of

A)extinction.
B)taste aversion.
C)cotton candy phobia.
D)learned immune response.

Question 28

Ignoring the attention-getting behavior of hyperactive children can be a helpful tool to classroom teachers because often the frequency of the misbehavior will decrease and even stop. What operant conditioning process does this technique utilize?

A)Negative reinforcement
B)Shaping
C)Stimulus discrimination
D)Extinction

Question 29

Veronica is deathly afraid of pink highlighters. To overcome her highlighter phobia, Veronica saw a therapist who helped her apply progressive relaxation techniques so that she could countercondition her fear into a relaxation response. This technique, which is highly effective in the treatment of phobias, is called

A)systematic desensitization.
B)instrumental conditioning.
C)reconditioning.
D)operant conditioning.

Question 30

Whenever your English teacher is giving a quiz, he carries the copies of the quiz into the room in a black box, and you react with anticipation. If he walks into the room with any other color box, you know that it is not a quiz and feel no anticipation. This illustrates the concept of stimulus

A)control.
B)degradation.
C)discrimination.
D)generalization.

Question 31

Charlie Parker has experienced several pairings of electric shock with the Debbie Gibson song "Reverse Psychology" and has been successfully conditioned to react with anxiety to the song. Now, instead of being paired with the shock, the song is paired with a flashing green light (a previously neutral stimulus). If Charlie still reacts with anxiety when the green light is flashed without the song, he will have

A)been shaped.
B)displayed higher-order conditioning.
C)displayed spontaneous conditioning.
D)successfully discriminated stimuli.

Question 32

Nic is terrified of going to the dentist office because of the discomfort and pain he has experienced before. The last time Nic had a tooth pulled, his eyes were locked onto his dentist's white coat. Now when Nic sees someone in a white coat, he becomes afraid because the white coat predicts the experience of pain. This example demonstrates

A)insight learning.
B)shaping.
C)stimulus generalization.
D)spontaneous discrimination.

Question 33

Young Eli is very afraid of the low rumbling of thunder, but he does not get scared when the treadmill downstairs causes a similar rumbling sound that echoes through the house. His ability to separate his response to different stimuli demonstrates

A)stimulus generalization.
B)partial reinforcement extinction effect.
C)secondary reinforcement.
D)stimulus discrimination.

Question 34

A natural tendency to link certain stimuli with other stimuli (or responses)is called ________.

A)stimulus generalization
B)instinctive drift
C)biopreparedness
D)the law of effect

Question 35

After learning about Pavlov in class, Wendy wanted to condition her own dog, Beelzebub, to salivate at the sound of a bell. Which of the following would be the most effective method for Wendy to use to produce a strong conditioned response in Beelzebub?

A)Present the bell and the food at the same time.
B)Present the bell and then after it stops ringing, present the food.
C)Present the bell first, and then present the food while the bell is still ringing.
D)Present the food and then, after the food is eaten, present the bell.

Question 36

Throughout her childhood, Cheyvonne learned that if someone flushes a toilet while she is in the shower, she will get burned by a burst of hot water. So, when at home, she would always jump back if she heard a toilet while she was showering. As an adult, she does not do this in her own home but does do it when she goes to visit her parents in their house. This demonstrates stimulus

A)generalization.
B)reconditioning.
C)predictability.
D)discrimination.

Question 37

While watching his favorite television show at a friend's house, Chiane is served nachos with jalapeno peppers. Chiane doesn't know that he has already contracted a stomach virus, and later that night, he begins vomiting violently. For several months after this, he cannot eat nachos or anything with jalapeno peppers. This is a demonstration of

A)a taste aversion.
B)the law of effect.
C)vicarious experience.
D)learned immune response.

Question 38

Just before being attacked by a mugger while jogging, David had been listening to a saxophone player, watching a mime artist, and smelling the newly mown grass. According to the textbook, which of these stimuli is most likely to become a conditioned stimulus for fear?

A)Watching the mime artist
B)Smelling the newly mown grass
C)Listening to the saxophone player
D)It depends on where David's attention was focused

Question 39

While out at the shopping mall, Adrienna sees a friend of hers across the food court, waves at her and yells, "Hey Brianna!" When the woman turns around, Adrienna realizes that it is not Brianna, but only looked very much like her. This response to a similar stimulus may remind you of the concept of

A)reconditioning.
B)spontaneous recovery.
C)stimulus generalization.
D)stimulus discrimination.

Question 40

Han is fearful of the powerful Jabba. Han becomes fearful when he hears Jabba's low voice, but lately he becomes fearful when he hears any low rumbling voice. What phenomenon best explains Han's tendency to become fearful when hearing any low voice?

A)Extinction
B)Reconditioning
C)Stimulus generalization
D)Stimulus discrimination

Question 41

The most basic foundation of operant conditioning is the notion that

A)our behaviors can be controlled by the consequences they produce.
B)learning is limited in the extent to which it can change our actions.
C)reflexive responses can be spread from one eliciting stimulus to another.
D)we don't have to engage in a behavior to learn how to do it.

Question 42

Pookie, the dog, quickly learns that when she scratches at the door, her owner will allow her to go outside to play. This is an example of __________ conditioning.

A)operant
B)higher-order
C)avoidance
D)classical

Question 43

Rosie and Ginny decide to eat at a restaurant. When they arrive, they are greeted promptly by the hostess. The waiter is efficient and the food is fantastic! They are likely to return to the restaurant because their decision to eat there was followed by a satisfying experience. This example illustrates

A)the law of effect.
B)the pleasure principle.
C)Michelin's law.
D)the Garcia effect.

Question 44

It's a very hot summer day and Ai is sweating in her apartment. She turns on the air-conditioning and right away her apartment gets cooler. Ai is now more likely to turn on the AC when she is hot to reduce her discomfort; this is an example of

A)positive reinforcement.
B)negative reinforcement.
C)punishment.
D)a penalty.

Question 45

After Nadia spills water all over her painting, her first-grade art teacher gives her some M&Ms to make her feel better. The next time art class meets, Nadia promptly and purposefully spills water. The M&Ms acted as

A)negative reinforcers.
B)an activity preference.
C)positive reinforcers.
D)secondary reinforcers.

Question 46

Whenever Lisa's aunts visit, they kiss her on the cheek. Lisa hates this and eventually learns that they will not kiss her if she is coughing. Now whenever her aunts enter her home, she pretends to cough. This is an example of

A)avoidance conditioning.
B)escape conditioning.
C)latent learning.
D)punishment.

Question 47

Tsvi, a three-month-old baby, stops crying when he hears his parents' OK Computer CD. Now, whenever he begins to cry, his parents play OK Computer. Tsvi's parents' behavior of playing the CD is the result of

A)classical conditioning.
B)habituation.
C)learned helplessness.
D)operant conditioning.

Question 48

Eve breaks stuff when she gets angry. Whenever Eve begins breaking things, her parents stop what they are doing and pay attention to her. Now, Eve breaks things more than ever. Apparently, her parents' attention serves as a __________ for Eve's behavior.

A)positive reinforcer
B)negative reinforcer
C)Penalty
D)punishment

Question 49

Roslyn always used to shop at Penney's because for every purchase over $20, she would get a 10 percent discount. But since Penney's stopped offering this promotion, Roslyn has stopped shopping there. Her shopping behavior (and decrease in such activities)is best explained by

A)operant conditioning.
B)classical conditioning.
C)the principle of generalization.
D)systematic desensitization.

Question 50

One of the most difficult problems for any teacher is a child who consistently disrupts class. Researchers have shown that giving attention in the form of scolding to a disruptive child actually increases the child's misbehavior. In the terms of operant conditioning, the scolding is a

A)punisher.
B)penalty.
C)positive reinforcer.
D)negative reinforcer.

Question 51

While at the grocery store, Jeremy begins to throw a fit because he wants a candy bar. His mom gives him the candy bar so that he will stop screaming. Jeremy's mom experienced __________ conditioning.

A)classical
B)higher-order
C)avoidance
D)escape

Question 52

Chris does not like it when his infant son, Jacob, cries. Chris finds that if he makes goofy faces while Jacob is crying, Jacob will stop. Which learning principle best explains why Chris is more likely to make goofy faces in the future to make Jacob stop crying?

A)Positive reinforcement
B)Classical conditioning
C)Negative reinforcement
D)Stimulus generalization

Question 53

Martina's upstairs neighbors play their stereo loudly. Martina hates loud music and has found that if she bangs on the ceiling with a broom, they turn the volume down. Now, as soon as the loud music starts, Martina bangs on the ceiling and it is muted. This is an example of

A)positive reinforcement.
B)shaping.
C)escape conditioning.
D)avoidance conditioning.

Question 54

Every time the papergirl says to her customers, "I want my two dollars," her customers give her money. In this example, receiving the customer's money is a(n)

A)operant.
B)unconditioned response.
C)insight.
D)reinforcer.

Question 55

Two-year-old Hannah said the word hell in the middle of dinner, and her parents immediately stopped talking to each other and scolded her. They spent the rest of the meal paying close attention to what Hannah said. Later, Hannah says hell repeatedly, and each time her parents spend time talking to her and paying attention to her. In this situation, the parents' attention is a __________, and Hannah's inappropriate language is a(n)__________.

A)positive reinforcer; conditioner
B)negative reinforcer; operant
C)positive reinforcer; operant
D)punishment; operant

Question 56

Egan is unable to swim, and the other kids in his camp troop regularly tease him for this deficit. He finds that when he tries to swim, the kids respect his courage and stop mocking him. In a short amount of time, he is swimming like a champ, and the teasing completely stops. In this case, the cessation of the teasing is an example of

A)positive reinforcement.
B)penalty.
C)negative reinforcement.
D)positive punishment.

Question 57

Whenever Calvin threw his sister's doll in the toilet, his mother would lock Calvin in his room. As soon as Calvin apologized, his mother would let him out. Eventually, Calvin learned to apologize immediately, so that he could get out of his room sooner. Calvin is demonstrating

A)punishment.
B)escape conditioning.
C)avoidance conditioning.
D)positive reinforcement.

Question 58

Lois and Peter want to teach Brian, their dog, to fetch the newspaper. Lois wants to encourage Brian's behavior when he brings in the newspaper. Peter wants to discourage Brian's behavior when he brings in a stick instead. Lois will most likely use __________, and Peter will most likely use __________.

A)operant conditioning; classical conditioning
B)positive reinforcers; negative reinforcers
C)punishment; penalty
D)reinforcers; punishment

Question 59

Any response followed by a pleasant or desirable outcome is likely to be repeated. At the same time, responses followed by unpleasant consequences are less likely to be repeated. According to the textbook, this is the law of

A)diminishing returns.
B)continuity.
C)Pragnanz.
D)effect.

Question 60

Lavonne hates to listen to new age music. Whenever Lavonne refuses to clean her room, her mother makes her stay in her room and plays new age music through the intercom. Her mother tells Lavonne that as soon as she finishes cleaning her room, the music will be stopped. The removal of the unpleasant music is an example of

A)positive reinforcement.
B)negative reinforcement.
C)punishment.
D)shaping.

Question 61

Children are often aware of which conditions are most favorable when asking a parent for an advance on their allowance. Psychologists call such conditions

A)discriminative conditioned stimuli.
B)secondary reinforcers.
C)primary reinforcers.
D)conditioned stimuli.

Question 62

Tim doesn't want to run into his ex-girlfriend on campus, so he changes the route that he used to take to get to class when he did see her. The first day he does this, Tim does not run into his ex-girlfriend. Tim ends up using this route for a month because he fails to run into her. Tim has learned through __________ conditioning.

A)classical
B)vicarious
C)escape
D)avoidance

Question 63

You buy a new car that always starts instantly on cold mornings (continuous reinforcement). It suddenly fails one time, and you immediately call a service station. Suppose, however, that your car often gives you trouble on cold mornings (variable reinforcement). It is likely that you will try to start the car several times before calling a service station due to the __________ effect.

A)partial reinforcement
B)successive approximation
C)secondary reinforcement
D)delayed reinforcement

Question 64

After Ricardo gets an A on his history exam (a class in which he has recently struggled), Ricardo's father takes him to the electronics store and lets him choose a new video game. This is an example of a(n)

A)discriminative conditioned stimulus.
B)operant.
C)primary reinforcer.
D)secondary reinforcer.

Question 65

Which of the following statements best sums up the role of stimulus discrimination and stimulus control in operant conditioning?

A)People will only learn to control the behavior of others.
B)People attempt to control their own behavior.
C)People tend to be biased toward certain types of stimuli.
D)People can learn to distinguish the situations in which a certain behavior will be rewarded.

Question 66

Nelson got an F in his College Calculus class last semester. His professor, Dr. Nwokufor, was from Nigeria. Nelson registers for the same class, and on the first day finds that the teacher is another mathematician from Nigeria. He immediately sighs and assumes that he's going to have a difficult time in the class. This is an example of

A)stimulus discrimination.
B)vicarious conditioning.
C)stimulus generalization.
D)reconditioning.

Question 67

It has been rumored that campus parking enforcement officers receive a $10 bonus for every twenty tickets they write. An unnamed campus parking administrator has remarked off the record, "This __________ schedule of reinforcement keeps our officers diligent and busy."

A)variable-ratio
B)fixed-ratio
C)variable-interval
D)fixed-interval

Question 68

Gabe is trying to get his dog, Trixie, to "sit up." He starts rewarding her first when she lies down. Then he rewards her when she is sitting on her backside. And finally he rewards her only when she sits up with her paws off the ground. Gabe got Trixie to "sit up" by using

A)shaping.
B)secondary reinforcement.
C)backward conditioning.
D)stimulus discrimination.

Question 69

Carolyn knows a couple of tall people who also happen to be arrogant. Because of this, she tends to act negatively toward anyone whom she sees as being tall. Carolyn's behavior is the result of

A)stimulus discrimination.
B)higher-order conditioning.
C)stimulus generalization.
D)avoidance conditioning.

Question 70

Orlando knows that when he is around his guy friends, he can use whatever language he wants, and he tends to use a lot of profanity. When he is around his parents, however, he makes sure to watch his mouth and he never swears. Orlando's knowledge that certain stimuli should be associated with certain actions means that his tendency to curse has been

A)discriminated.
B)classically conditioned.
C)generalized.
D)punished.

Question 71

Tyrell wants to teach his two daughters, Sarah and Mia, to practice their golf swings every day. Each time after Sarah finishes practicing, he gives her $5, and each time after Mia finishes practicing, he gives her a handful of M&Ms. Sarah is receiving a __________ reinforcer, and Mia is receiving a __________ reinforcer.

A)secondary; secondary
B)primary; primary
C)secondary; primary
D)primary; secondary

Question 72

Fed up with his son not cleaning around the house, Jack buys a book called Shape Up , which instructs the reader to implement the operant conditioning technique of shaping. According to the book, Jack will want to

A)reinforce successive approximations of the desired response.
B)utilize a mixture of punishment and reinforcement.
C)pair an unconditioned response with a conditioned one.
D)reward his son only after the final desired response is performed.

Question 73

Krystle is always late for meetings. After many stern looks and being scolded by her coworkers, Krystle learns that if she brings snacks to the meetings, her coworkers will not scold her for being late. This is an example of __________ conditioning.

A)escape
B)avoidance
C)higher-order
D)latent

Question 74

Bart notices that his father, Homer, is usually in an agreeable mood after his mother, Marge, fixes him pork chops. However, Homer is quite grumpy after a meal of three-eyed fish. Bart has learned that it is much in his favor to ask Homer permission to do fun things on pork chop night and to avoid asking such questions when three-eyed fish is served. Bart is using the type of meal served as

A)a discriminative conditioned stimulus.
B)a secondary reinforcer.
C)vicarious experience.
D)negative reinforcement.

Question 75

In order to get his daughter to start putting away her school supplies when she gets home from school, Yancy thanks her when she doesn't just drop her backpack in the kitchen upon getting home. After doing this once or twice, he withholds the praise until she takes the backpack to her bedroom. This type of strategy is known as

A)shaping.
B)stimulus generalization.
C)primary reinforcement.
D)stimulus discrimination.

Question 76

Adia, a psychology instructor, is trying to get her students to discuss more in class. At first, she gives them points for small amounts of class participation, but she keeps making them participate more for the same amount of points until she has them participating a great deal in class. Adia is using the operant conditioning technique of __________ to get her class to behave as she desires.

A)secondary reinforcement
B)punishment
C)negative reinforcement
D)shaping

Question 77

Alex has learned that if his mom is upset and he praises her, she will cook him a great meal. However, if he praises his mom when she is in a good mood, she responds by saying, "Are you trying to butter me up?" and doesn't cook at all. In this example, Alex's mom's mood is

A)a discriminative conditioned stimulus.
B)a reinforcer.
C)under stimulus control.
D)a stimulus predictor.

Question 78

Russell's mom wants him to study for two hours each night, so she gives him treats during the evening. Sometimes she gives him the treats after ten minutes, sometimes after thirty minutes. On an average, Russell is given a treat every twenty minutes. Which reinforcement schedule is Russell's mom utilizing?

A)Fixed-ratio
B)Variable-ratio
C)Fixed-interval
D)Variable-interval

Question 79

What kind of reinforcer is money?

A)Primary
B)Discriminative
C)Negative
D)Secondary

Question 80

Jia is a bear trainer at the circus. She wants to teach Barney the bear to ride a unicycle. To do this, Jia first rewards Barney for sitting up. Then she rewards Barney only if he sits on the unicycle seat. Next, she rewards him only for sitting on the unicycle seat and raising his paws toward the pedals and so on. By show time, Barney can ride the unicycle. This method is called

A)higher-order conditioning.
B)reconditioning.
C)shaping.
D)latent learning.