Deck 5: Entering the Social World: Socioemotional Development in Infancy and Early Childhood 

Question 1

Autonomy is most synonymous with ​

A)independence.
B)guilt.
C)joy.
D)doubt.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which child has most successfully resolved the "basic trust versus mistrust" stage of psychosocial development? ​

A)Cecil, who trusts everyone and everything completely
B)Shane, who mistrusts everyone, including himself
C)Spider, who trusts himself but nobody else
D)Brian, who trusts most people but is still somewhat wary of others

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Lili has begun to play "teacher," "mommy," "doctor," and "pilot." Lili is probably in which of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development? ​

A)Autonomy versus shame and doubt
B)Initiative versus guilt
C)Intimacy versus isolation
D)Basic trust versus mistrust

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Dr. Ginesberg's lecture on attachment concludes that babies express behavior that makes it more likely they will form attachments to adults because, in the past, infants that expressed these behaviors were the infants who survived. Dr. Ginesberg is presenting a(n)____ approach to attachment. ​

A)sociocultural
B)psychological
C)anthropological
D)evolutionary

Question 5

After reading a book on Eriksonian theory, Farah would most likely describe her trusting one-year-old daughter as possessing ​

A)will.
B)generativity.
C)hope.
D)purpose.

Question 6

Which individual is most responsible for today's evolutionary view of attachment? ​

A)Erikson
B)Bowlby
C)Skinner
D)Piaget

Question 7

Which is the last of Bowlby's four phases in the growth of attachment? ​

A)Reciprocal relationships
B)Attachment in the making
C)True attachment
D)Preattachment

Question 8

Tiffany is an infant who has acquired hope. Which crisis of psychosocial development has she successfully resolved? ​

A)Autonomy versus shame and doubt
B)Initiative versus guilt
C)Basic trust versus mistrust
D)Identity

Question 9

According to Erikson, what is the foundation of human development? ​

A)Autonomy
B)Trust in self and others
C)Initiative
D)Identity

Question 10

Who would be most likely to argue that smiling is a common social response because over the history of humanity, individuals who smiled were liked more and allowed to have children? ​

A)A cognitive psychologist
B)A behavioral psychologist
C)An evolutionary psychologist
D)A humanist psychologist

Question 11

As an evolutionary theorist, Dr. Zorba is most likely to believe that ​

A)adaptive behaviors have a hereditary basis.
B)cognitive issues are more important than social issues.
C)an infant can only attach to its biological mother.
D)trust underlies almost all human emotions.

Question 12

Four-year-old Luticia pretends to be a doctor and has begun to realize that she needs to be responsible and cooperate with her parents. According to Erikson, this indicates that she is beginning to achieve a sense of ​

A)trust.
B)will.
C)intimacy.
D)purpose.

Question 13

Baby Hughie has singled out his mother as someone different from all others. When his mother takes him to a new place, Hughie is able to explore but looks back to his mother every once in a while for reassurance. According to Bowlby, Hughie is most likely in the ____ phase of attachment. ​

A)attachment in the making
B)reciprocal relationships
C)preattachment
D)true attachment

Question 14

William has noticed that his daughter Bonnie has recently begun to ask a lot of questions like, "What can I be when I grow up?" and "How come the sky is blue?" This behavior is best associated with the ____ stage of development. ​

A)autonomy versus shame and doubt
B)intimacy versus isolation
C)initiative versus guilt
D)trust versus mistrust

Question 15

Eight-month-old Claire is able to crawl around a room on her own, looking back at her mother only occasionally. This indicates that Claire ​

A)is not attached to her mother.
B)has "purpose."
C)is in the "initiative versus guilt" stage.
D)trusts her mother.

Question 16

Who would Erikson predict to have the greatest sense of will? ​

A)Fiona, who has developed autonomy but experiences some shame and doubt
B)Tara, who has developed autonomy and experiences no shame or doubt
C)Bridget, who has developed autonomy and doubt but experiences no shame
D)Maeve, who has not developed autonomy

Question 17

Although Jamie has an enormous amount of initiative, he does not possess "purpose." According to Erikson, this is probably because Jamie ​

A)has not learned to cooperate with others.
B)was never wary of other people.
C)has no "will."
D)trusts too much.

Question 18

Carmela is struggling in the "autonomy versus shame and doubt" stage of psychosocial development. What aspect of her psychosocial development will result from her successful resolution of this conflict ? ​

A)Hope
B)Wariness
C)Will
D)Purpose

Question 19

According to Erikson, how would parents establish trust in their six-month-old? ​

A)Consistently responding to the child's needs
B)Utilize an authoritarian parenting style
C)Encourage the immediate resolution of the Oedipal complex
D)Avoid excessive displays of affection

Question 20

Dr. Wilson studies how children form lasting social-emotional relationships with adults. Dr. Wilson is most likely interested in studying ​

A)gender roles.
B)basic emotions.
C)parallel play.
D)attachment.

Question 21

Which statement on parent-infant early relationships is true?

A)Mothers tend to spend more time reading to infants.
B)Infants are biologically programmed to attach to mothers.
C)Mothers provide better early childcare than fathers.
D)When in distress, infants prefer to interact with fathers.

Question 22

If two-year-old Kelly had an internal working model, she would

A)believe that inanimate objects have the ability to move and breathe.
B)expect her mom to respond when she is upset.
C)talk to herself out loud.
D)form an insecure attachment to her parents.

Question 23

The fact that infant Ricardo has come to expect that his mother is available when he needs her means that Ricardo has developed ​

A)temperament.
B)parallel play.
C)an internal working model.
D)autonomy.

Question 24

If a parent told you, "My one-year-old and I just participated in a study utilizing a 'Strange Situation,'" you would most accurately respond, ​

A)"I hope your child is securely attached."
B)"I hope that your child does not have any attention problems."
C)"I hope that your child demonstrated autonomy."
D)"I hope that your spouse took part in the study at the same time."

Question 25

How could a parent best encourage attachment in a four-month-old? ​

A)Show continuous interest whenever he or she is around the child
B)Learn to judge when the child is receptive to interactions and when he or she should be left alone.
C)Let the child initiate all social interactions.
D)There are no parental behaviors that would influence an infant that young.

Question 26

Which baby is most likely to be insecurely attached? ​

A)Isabelle, whose parents play with her frequently
B)Maud, whose parents are very affectionate toward her
C)Jessica, whose parents tend to not respond to her crying
D)Holly, whose parents often express happiness toward her

Question 27

What advice should you give to a parent who wants his or her two-month-old to form a secure attachment? ​

A)"Be responsive and caring."
B)"Avoid discipline."
C)"Just be yourself."
D)"Don't bottle-feed."

Question 28

A secure infant attachment predicts ____ during later childhood. ​

A)greater intelligence
B)more capable peer interactions
C)greater independence
D)nothing

Question 29

Securely attached infants tend to show ____ when reunited with a caregiver. ​

A)fear
B)rejection
C)a need for a brief interaction
D)a need for an extended interaction

Question 30

Which type of attachment is characterized by confusion in the infant when the mother leaves and when she returns? ​

A)Secure
B)Avoidant
C)Resistant
D)Disorganized

Question 31

Elise has been playing alone, upset, by herself in her room. When her mother returns, she is not comforted but seems angry with her mother. Elise is most likely exhibiting a(n)____ attachment. ​

A)secure
B)avoidant
C)resistant
D)disoriented

Question 32

When Faith's mother leaves her alone in a room, she does not move and appears a bit dazed. Faith is most likely exhibiting a(n)____ attachment. ​

A)secure
B)avoidant
C)resistant
D)disorganized

Question 33

In the Strange Situation test, a(n)____ remains alone in a room with an infant. ​

A)mother
B)observer
C)stranger
D)second infant

Question 34

Anthony and Martina are the new parents of a new baby named Zoe and are wondering whether Zoe will attach to them. A developmental psychologist explains to them that if Zoe is a typical baby, she will ​

A)attach to both Anthony and Martina.
B)attach only to Martina.
C)attach only to Anthony.
D)not attach to either Anthony or Martina.

Question 35

One-year-old Chatava is not upset when her mother leaves the room, and when her mother returns, Chatava turns away from her. Chatava is exhibiting ____ attachment. ​

A)avoidant
B)disorganized
C)secure
D)resistant

Question 36

Which normally maturing infant would be most likely to have just formed first true attachment? ​

A)Calvin, who is 1 day old
B)Kline, who is 4 months old
C)Hobbs , who is 8 months old
D)Coolidge, who is 18 months old

Question 37

Attachment is most critical to completing which of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development? ​

A)Autonomy versus shame and doubt
B)Trust versus mistrust
C)Intimacy versus isolation
D)Initiative versus guilt

Question 38

You are the infant's "playmate." When distressed, this child does not prefer you, but when the child wants to play, she chooses you. You are probably the child's ​

A)mother.
B)teacher.
C)father.
D)next-door neighbor.

Question 39

Michiko was insecurely attached as an infant. Which behavior is least likely to occur? ​

A)Michiko is usually calm when interacting with other children.
B)Michiko does not have as many friends as most children.
C)Michiko does not display adequate social skills with her peers.
D)Michiko has a difficult time resolving conflicts with others.

Question 40

If Imelda is a typical American infant, you would most likely be correct if you guessed that she exhibits a(n)____ attachment. ​

A)secure
B)avoidant
C)resistant
D)disoriented

Question 41

We would know that two-month-old Brenda is exhibiting a social smile when she smiles in response to ​

A)waking up from a nap.
B)seeing her mother's face.
C)finishing a meal.
D)a cat's tail brushing up against her.

Question 42

Which statement is true regarding basic emotions? ​

A)They are experienced by people in all cultures.
B)They have a self-evaluative component.
C)Most of them begin to develop after 12 months.
D)They are not reflected in facial expressions.

Question 43

What is not be considered a basic emotion? ​

A)Pride
B)Surprise
C)Anger
D)Fear

Question 44

Which action would be the most likely cause of anger in a six-month-old? ​

A)Showing them a picture of a stranger
B)Introducing them to a new loud sound
C)Having them smell a rotten egg
D)Taking a ball out of their hands

Question 45

Research indicates that sending a young child to a high-quality daycare has ____ effects on toddler's attachment to their mothers.

A)slightly negative
B)devastating
C)first adverse and then positive
D)no

Question 46

Seven-month-old Gavin seems very content being held by his mother. When the neighbor from across the street comes over to greet Gavin, he turns his head away from the neighbor and starts to cry. What term best explains Gavin's response to the neighbor? ​

A)Social smile
B)Resistant attachment
C)Social referencing
D)Stranger wariness

Question 47

Which aspect of a local daycare's advertisement would be inconsistent with your text's description of quality daycare? ​

A)Low teacher/student ratios
B)Many educational programs
C)New, energetic staff each day
D)Regular, frequent parent-teacher meetings

Question 48

What is not an element of a basic emotion? ​

A)A subjective feeling
B)A thoughtful consideration
C)A physiological change
D)An overt behavior

Question 49

How does temperament contribute to attachment? ​

A)Infants with easy going temperaments are more likely to form disorganized attachments.
B)Infants with difficult temperaments are less likely to form secure attachments.
C)Infants with moms who have rigid temperaments tend to form secure attachments.
D)Infants with any type of temperament are equally likely to form secure attachments.

Question 50

Which combination best predicts an insecure attachment? ​

A)Insensitive mother and any daycare
B)Insensitive mother and low-quality daycare
C)Sensitive mother and any daycare
D)Sensitive mother and low-quality daycare

Question 51

Which normally developing child would be most likely to have just begun to experience the emotion of anger? ​

A)Brett, who is 5 days old
B)Payton, who is 5 months old
C)Tom, who is 15 months old
D)Carson, who is 5 years old

Question 52

What is the best example of a psychological force in the development of attachment? ​

A)An infant's smiling and crying behavior
B)An infant's internal working model
C)The mother's responsiveness to her infant
D)The infant's temperament

Question 53

Who has most likely just developed stranger wariness? ​

A)Betsy, who just learned to roll over
B)Leon, who just learned to crawl
C)Calvin, who just learned to walk
D)Lisa, who just started school

Question 54

After playing by herself for a while, young Annika smiles when she sees the face of her father. What term best describes this response?

A)Social smile
B)Cooperative play
C)Parallel play
D)Social referencing

Question 55

From an infant's perspective, what is the most critical factor in establishing a secure attachment? ​

A)Having no congenital birth defects
B)Having a dependable caregiver
C)Having few sibling rivals
D)Having a caregiver who loves him or her

Question 56

An increase in heart rate is a ____ manifestation of an emotion. ​

A)sociocultural
B)subjective
C)behavioral
D)physiological

Question 57

You are studying the basic emotions of 11-month-olds from the United States and China. What differences would you expect in how these basic emotions are expressed?

A)Chinese infants will cry and smile less than American infants.
B)American infants will be less expressive than Chinese infants.
C)Chinese infants will be more expressive of pain; American infants will be more expressive of "joy."
D)Chinese infants are more likely to express disgust.

Question 58

Elita is feeling guilty about sending her 18-month-old off to daycare. Assuming Elita is sending her daughter to a quality daycare center, should she be worried? ​

A)Yes. Children younger than two who are in daycare experience far more negative effects than positive effects.
B)Yes, but only because her child is female.
C)No, as long as Elita provides "good mothering" when she's with the child at home.
D)No, because daycare makes children more cooperative.

Question 59

A frown is a ____ manifestation of an emotion. ​

A)physiological
B)subjective
C)behavioral
D)biological

Question 60

Pride, embarrassment, and guilt are all examples of ​

A)insecure attachment.
B)complex emotions.
C)constricting actions.
D)basic emotions.

Question 61

One-year-old Mathieu is afraid of the dog because he saw his father react with fear to the same dog. Which term best explains why Mathieu is afraid? ​

A)Stranger wariness
B)Social referencing
C)Complex emotions
D)Avoidant attachment

Question 62

Franklin and Benjamin are pretending to go to school. Franklin is pretending to be the teacher, and Benjamin is pretending to be the student. What sort of interaction does this exemplify? ​

A)Parallel play
B)Cooperative play
C)Simple social play
D)Constricting actions

Question 63

Bud and Lou are both playing with blocks. Though they are playing, they smile at each other and trade blocks from time to time. It is most likely that Bud and Lou are involved in

A)cooperative play.
B)parallel play.
C)simple social play.
D)prosocial behavior.

Question 64

Jaunita is a typical six-month-old. How is she most likely to regulate her emotions if she sees a scary object? ​

A)She will look away from the object.
B)She will make a sad face.
C)She will stare back and try to frighten the object away.
D)She will make no attempt to regulate her emotions.

Question 65

Which would be the least sophisticated way for a child to deal with fear of a doctor? ​

A)Tell himself that he only has to visit the doctor once a year.
B)Try to see the event in a positive light (i.e., he will be healthier).
C)Hug mommy when the doctor approaches.
D)Think about something pleasant while having a checkup.

Question 66

Walt is a preschooler who has an imaginary friend mouse named Mickey. According to recent research, it is most likely that Walt ​

A)is insecurely attached.
B)has not received enough dispositional praise.
C)has few "real" friends relative to other preschoolers.
D)is a typical preschooler.

Question 67

Children typically begin to exhibit simple social play around ____ months of age.

A)18
B)24
C)30
D)36

Question 68

An example of ____ occurs when a child interprets her parent's facial expression as a cue to determine whether or not to pick up a strange object. ​

A)secure attachment
B)social referencing
C)resistant attachment
D)stranger wariness

Question 69

While the typical 1 1/2-year-old spends the majority of time engaged in ____ play, the typical 4-year-old spends most of his or her time in ____ play. ​

A)cooperative; simple social
B)parallel; cooperative
C)simple social; parallel
D)parallel; simple social

Question 70

Complex emotions differ from basic emotions in that complex emotions require some understanding of ​

A)self.
B)biology.
C)waking states.
D)purpose.

Question 71

One-year-old Kendra looks at her mother before entering a new room in a strange house. When her mother smiles, Kendra proceeds to enter the room. This is an example of ​

A)a social smile.
B)a complex emotion.
C)social referencing.
D)stranger wariness.

Question 72

The phrase, "interest but no interaction," best describes ____ play. ​

A)cooperative
B)simple social
C)parallel
D)make-believe

Question 73

Alexandra and Anders are playing a game where Anders hides a stuffed animal and Alexandra tries to find it. When she does, Alexandra hides the stuffed animal and Anders tries to find it. This is an example of ____ play. ​

A)parallel
B)prosocial
C)cooperative
D)simple social

Question 74

When Adam walks into the dark basement, he feels afraid but is able to calm himself down by saying to himself, "Don't be afraid. There's nothing down here that can hurt you." Apparently, Adam is successfully ​

A)engaging in solitary play.
B)expressing complex emotions.
C)regulating his emotions.
D)utilizing social referencing.

Question 75

Which statement is true regarding make-believe? ​

A)Children make-believe the same things in all cultures.
B)It is a sign of emotional disturbance.
C)It seems to promote cognitive development.
D)It always involves imaginary companions.

Question 76

Stan is playing with his ball, and Olly is playing with his doll, but they are each watching what the other is doing. Stan and Olly are most likely involved in ​

A)cooperative play.
B)parallel play.
C)simple social play.
D)prosocial behavior.

Question 77

Omero is a preschooler who has an imaginary friend. Which best describes Omero relative to his peers without imaginary friends? ​

A)Emotionally disturbed
B)Sociable
C)Few friends
D)Low intelligence

Question 78

Dr. Dundee believes that he has discovered a new childhood emotion that is particular to certain native Australian cultures. If he is accurate, he has most likely discovered a new ​

A)social smile.
B)basic emotion.
C)temperament.
D)complex emotion.

Question 79

Who is most likely exhibiting a complex emotion? ​

A)Fyodor, who expresses joy when being held by his mother
B)Alyosha, who is angry at her mother
C)Dmitri, who is afraid of the neighbor's pet dog
D)Katarina, who is proud of her art project

Question 80

Research results have provided evidence that the ability to distinguish facial features associated with different emotions first develops as early as ____ of age.

A)2 weeks
B)1 month
C)4 months
D)8 months