Deck 10: Later Adolescence 18 to 24 Years

Question 1

Under what conditions are parents most likely to be willing to provide financial support to their child in later adolescence?

A) When a child is taking a year off from college to decide on a major
B) While a child is traveling and exploring new places to start out their adult life
C) After a child is married, but still attending college
D) While a child is single and attending college

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following involves the ability to select and guide one's decisions and actions, without undue control from or dependence on parents?

A) Physical separation
B) Internalization
C) Emotional regulation
D) Autonomy

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The term gender-role expectations refers to

A) cultural and subcultural expectations for the appropriate behavior of males and females.
B) identification with a parent of the same sex.
C) the genital basis of sexuality.
D) words that are used to distinguish between men and women.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The terms mother and father, sister and brother, aunt and uncle refer to __________ roles.

A) public
B) gender-differentiated
C) negative identity
D) conflicting

Question 5

Jeremiah is 20 years old. Compared with his grandparents, who were between 18 and 24 years old in the 1960s, fewer of Jeremiah's friends between 18 and 24

A) are married and living in their own households.
B) are living in their parents' households.
C) want to attend college.
D) expect to marry after college.

Question 6

Carlos is experiencing high levels of testosterone production. Which of the following is MOST LIKELY to be associated with this?

A) Conventional values
B) Low levels of sexual arousal
C) High levels of sexual arousal
D) High levels of empathy

Question 7

The relationship of a secure attachment to parents and identity in later adolescence is that those who have a

A) secure attachment are more likely to have an achieved identity.
B) secure attachment are more rebellious.
C) positive attachment are more likely to be confused about their identity.
D) secure attachment are more likely to require constant reassurance from peers about their self worth.

Question 8

Ray is beginning to take responsibility for his own bills and expenses. He is deciding for himself how he wants to spend the money he earns at his job and how much time he will give to community service on the weekends. Over time, he has begun to feel increasingly confident about his decisions. Ray is developing a sense of

A) attachment.
B) role experimentation.
C) self-sufficiency.
D) exclusivity.

Question 9

Based on research about the relationship of parental attachment and adaptation to college,  ________students had the most difficulty adapting to college during their first year.

A) socially engaged
B) dismissive
C) preoccupied
D) autonomous

Question 10

How is physical appearance related to gender identity? People who are

A) dissatisfied with their appearance try harder to get along with the opposite sex.
B) dissatisfied with their appearance expect to be rejected by the opposite sex.
C) satisfied with their appearance are afraid to assert their opinions.
D) satisfied with their appearance tend to make fun of the opposite sex.

Question 11

In order for later adolescents to be successful in achieving autonomy,

A) secure attachments must be dissolved.
B) there must be a context of mutual caring, emotional support, and differentiation in the family.
C) they must feel that parents do not accept their need to have their opinions and views.
D) they must sense that their parents are no longer committed to their well-being.

Question 12

Jennifer moved out of her parents' home when she was married at 21. Many of Jennifer's friends are also planning their weddings. Maurice is 24 and has never been married. Like many of his friends, he still lives with his parents. It is most likely that Beverly lives in________      and Maurice lives in________      .

A) 2008; 2008
B) 1960; 2008
C) 2008; 1960
D) 1960; 1960

Question 13

What is the relationship between sexual orientation and gender identity?

A) Gay men are androgynous.
B) Lesbians are masculine.
C) Heterosexual men are masculine.
D) Sexual orientation does not predict gender identity.

Question 14

Which of the following is one of the areas of accomplishment that is necessary in order for a person to achieve autonomy from parents?

A) The ability to express views that differ from one's parents' views
B) Living in a separate residence
C) Giving up the sense of closeness and affection for parents
D) Absorption in the parents' identities

Question 15

How is college choice related to attitudes about wanting to be independent from parents?

A) The majority of freshmen say they chose a college as far from home as possible.
B) The majority of college freshmen say they chose a college that would allow them to live near home.
C) College freshmen appear to differ in how much they want autonomy from parents as they begin college.
D) The majority of freshmen go to school in a different state from where their parents live.

Question 16

In what way do parents and adolescent children differ in their views about leaving home?

A) Adolescent children expect to return home and live with parents after college, but parents do not have this pattern in mind.
B) Children say they are ready to live on their own at an earlier age than parents expect.
C) Parents expect their children to leave home at a younger age than the children have in mind.
D) Parents do not believe that children should leave home except to go to college or marry.

Question 17

Gender role preference is based on two main factors: how well one can meet the cultural and social expectations associated with one's gender; and

A) how much flexibility one perceives in the society's gender-role standards.
B) satisfaction with one's physical appearance.
C) how positively one views the social status associated with one's gender.
D) one's temperament and talents.

Question 18

Living away from one's parental home is often considered a symbol of

A) rebelliousness.
B) independence.
C) egocentrism.
D) generativity.

Question 19

Keisha has recently acquired a strong set of beliefs, attitudes, and values about who and what she is as a woman. Which of the following terms BEST explains this?

A) Moratorium
B) Sex-role preference
C) Autonomy
D) Gender identity

Question 20

Parents who want to help their later-adolescent children achieve a comfortable sense of independence should

A) be extremely permissive and let their children do what they want to do.
B) send their children off on their own to sink or swim.
C) support the expression of differences.
D) make sure limits and expectations are unclear so the adolescents will have to make their decisions.

Question 21

How is family income associated with educational achievement?

A) Children from low-income families are more likely to go to college than children from middle-income families.
B) Children from low-income families are more likely to attend college out of state.
C) Children from low-income families are more likely to drop out of high school.
D) Children from low-income families are more likely to complete college in four years or less.

Question 22

Jared is a college freshman. His moral reasoning is dominated by his concerns for maintaining existing rules within the college as well as by his respect for his professors, advisors, and deans. This is called ________ moral reasoning.

A) preconventional
B) post conventional
C) conventional
D) unconventional

Question 23

As a general rule, how would you characterize the kinds of jobs that are available to people who leave high school without a diploma or who do not go to school beyond high school?

A) Low material rewards offset by a nurturing environment and skilled supervisors
B) Routine with good pay and steady employment
C) Require technical skills that can be developed over time and recognized through good pay raises
D) Unstable and supervised by rigid autocratic employers

Question 24

The term goal affordances refers to

A) estimates of the costs of achieving a goal.
B) the goals viewed as likely to be achieved in certain careers.
C) the amount of effort needed to reach a goal.
D) a measure of male-female differences in the perception of a goal.

Question 25

Suppose that you wanted to try to advance a person's moral reasoning. What would you do?

A) Force a person to defend his or her moral judgments to a younger child using all levels of reasoning.
B) Engage the person in thought-provoking discussions to present ideas at a higher level than the person is currently using in moral reasoning.
C) Present moral arguments that are two or more levels higher than the person's current level of reasoning.
D) There is nothing you can do; moral development depends largely on maturation of the central nervous system.

Question 26

Which factors do high school and college students say played the greatest role in career decision-making?

A) Family factors such as mother and father's occupations
B) Socioeconomic factors such as race or religion
C) Situational factors such as chance or unexpected encouragement
D) Individual factors such as abilities and interests

Question 27

How do students typically change during the college years in their gender role attitudes?

A) No changes are likely during this period.
B) They become more traditional.
C) They become more flexible.
D) They become increasingly confused about what is best for them.

Question 28

Which of the following is found to be associated with work experiences that do not involve too many hours and involve valued skilled development?

A) Postconventional moral reasoning
B) Alienation from school
C) Fewer problem behaviors
D) Positive sex-role preference

Question 29

During later adolescence, the loosening of ties to one's family and participation in an expanding set of social roles leads to which of the following?

A) Alienation
B) Re-examination of one's moral code
C) Delinquent behavior
D) New feelings of shame and doubt

Question 30

In a survey of entering college freshmen, which of the following life objectives was more important to women than to men?

A) Helping others who are in difficulty
B) Keeping up to date with political affairs
C) Having administrative responsibilities
D) Writing original works

Question 31

A moral conflict, which requires a choice between doing something helpful for someone else or meeting one's own needs, involves a

A) prohibitive moral judgment.
B) preoperational moral judgment.
C) prosocial moral judgment.
D) conventional moral judgment.

Question 32

College students tend to be more________ than the non-college population regarding gender roles.

A) egalitarian and flexible
B) traditional and fused
C) satisfied and romantic
D) fused and dominating

Question 33

Which of the following statements is most accurate?

A) Mothers' perceptions of their child's ability to succeed in math-oriented careers are a predictor of their college-age child's career choice.
B) In today's world, men and women have the same expectations about their ability to succeed at various career-related skills.
C) Women with a strong sense of their goals, awareness of personal needs, and an ability to cope effectively with stress are more likely to adopt a traditional career choice.
D) Mothers' perceptions of their child's ability to write effectively is a predictor of their adult child's career success.

Question 34

According to Gilligan, women's reasoning about moral situations differs from that of men in which of the following ways?

A) Women are more likely to emphasize justice and upholding the law.
B) Men are more likely to emphasize the impact of a decision on friends and family.
C) Women are more concerned about reward and punishment than men.
D) Women are more sensitive than men to the interpersonal context and one's responsibility for others.

Question 35

The college curriculum can help advance moral reasoning because students experience

A) differing points of view.
B) information overload.
C) support for their beliefs.
D) failure.

Question 36

Which of the following is considered a criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

A) It is based on a "caring" approach to morality.
B) It is based on a prosocial approach to morality.
C) It is sensitive to contextual issues.
D) It is based on a method emphasizing prohibitive moral judgments.

Question 37

Gender role socialization shapes career decisions through

A) inherent differences between the genders.
B) the relative influence of family members.
C) perceptions of ability and career-related values and goals.
D) choices in levels of higher education.

Question 38

Which of the following is associated with spending long hours in stressful employment for adolescents?

A) Jim has experienced better school and work habits.
B) Gary has experienced poor academic performance.
C) Lucy is benefitting from high self-esteem.
D) Gloria is experiencing increased conflict with her parents.

Question 39

Moral judgment changes from early school age to later adolescence in that in later adolescence, there is more emphasis on ___________.

A) generative activities
B) principles of social responsibility
C) rewards and punishments
D) approval from authority figures

Question 40

Of the following four people, who is MOST LIKELY to have the highest median income?

A) Jane, who has graduated from high school
B) Marcia, with one to three years of college but no degree
C) John, who has graduated from high school
D) Steven, who does not have a high school diploma

Question 41

Ignacio's identity serves as his anchor point that allows him an essential sense of ___________ in the social experience of his relationships.

A) empathy
B) morality
C) continuity
D) confusion

Question 42

A person who develops complex decision-making strategies, gains access to career-related information, and archives self-insight about career-related goals is said to have achieved

A) self-sufficiency.
B) post conventional moral reasoning.
C) conscientiousness.
D) career maturity.

Question 43

In many of the measures of identity development, vocational choice, political and religious ideologies, and gender role or interpersonal values comprise the

A) peripheral content areas.
B) foundational content areas.
C) central processes.
D) evaluation techniques.

Question 44

The term private self refers to

A) a sense of being the originator of one's thoughts.
B) the expectations others have for one's behavior.
C) the roles one plays.
D) the self as it is known by family and friends.

Question 45

With respect to identity formation, a person's assessment of the importance of certain content areas in relation to others influences the

A) use of resources.
B) direction of certain decisions.
C) kinds of experiences that may be viewed as personally rewarding.
D) all of these.

Question 46

The term public self refers to

A) a sense of being the originator of one's thoughts.
B) feeling the same from one moment to the next.
C) recognizing the boundaries between oneself and others.
D) the expectations others have for one's role performance.

Question 47

In Tiedeman's model of career decision making, an individual gains increased control over life events ________.

A) with effective problem solving
B) by moving out of the home
C) by getting married
D) with information about career paths in a specific profession

Question 48

Ideals, goals, ideological commitments, roles, and role expectations are all aspects of the________of identity.

A) evaluation
B) resolution
C) content
D) moratorium

Question 49

Tiedeman has created a model for career decision-making in which there are________ phases.

A) nine
B) seven
C) five
D) three

Question 50

In the Tiedeman model of career decision-making, the last three phases involve

A) implementation.
B) planning.
C) clarification.
D) counseling.

Question 51

In the process of achieving _________,  Candice must integrate her private sense of self with her public self.

A) autonomy
B) personal identity
C) self efficacy
D) goal abundances

Question 52

Career choice becomes a central component of a person's emerging

A) impulses.
B) androgyny.
C) identity.
D) alienation.

Question 53

In Tiedeman's crystallization phase, an individual

A) learns the power of natural crystals.
B) realizes a career decision must be made.
C) encounters the new career environment for the first time.
D) becomes more aware of alternatives and consequences.

Question 54

If you were a career counselor working with a college student, which of the following suggestions would you be unlikely to give the student?

A) Engage in work-related tasks or personal experimentation.
B) Avoid being confused by talking to a lot of people.
C) Gather information about various careers or fact finding.
D) Focus on self-evaluation.

Question 55

Which of the following statements best describes a possible difference in point of view between career development professionals and parents?

A) Career development professionals advise making a decision at an early age, while parents say, "Take your time."
B) Career development professionals worry about a child's reputation in the community, while parents just want their child to pick a career that makes the child happy.
C) Career development professionals advise taking time to reach a mature career decision, while parents say, "What are you going to do? Make up your mind."
D) Career development professionals are more focused on childhood fantasies of career goals. Parents are more focused on changing market conditions.

Question 56

The psychosocial crisis of later adolescence is

A) autonomy versus shame and doubt.
B) individual identity versus identity confusion.
C) group identity versus alienation.
D) intimacy versus isolation.

Question 57

In the Tiedeman model of career decision-making, an individual decides which action alternative to follow in the _________ phase.

A) integration
B) crystallization
C) choice
D) exploration

Question 58

What is the basic idea behind Tiedeman's model of career decision-making?

A) People who begin the process of career decision-making at a young age are able to make more progress over time.
B) The process of career decision-making is a one-way street. There is no turning back.
C) There is a continuous interaction between the work context and self-understanding about career goals.
D) Once people experience uncertainty in the world of work, their future success is significantly limited.

Question 59

Which of the following is a characteristic of the contemporary U.S. job market?

A) People stay with one company their whole career, moving steadily up the career ladder.
B) Each employee will need to have several skills to handle a variety of jobs.
C) Most businesses are focused on their local and regional markets only.
D) People take time to train for a job, being confident that the job will be available several years in the future.

Question 60

Yolanda's structure of identity has two components. What are they?

A) Content and evaluation
B) Self esteem and body image
C) Content and function
D) Society and salience

Question 61

Which of the following statements about gender and identity is most accurate?

A) Men emphasize interpersonal commitments more than vocational choice.
B) Few gender differences in identity status have been discovered.
C) Women do not make vocational commitments.
D) Women are more likely to be characterized as identity foreclosed than men.

Question 62

The importance one gives to certain content areas of identity, and the salience of some aspects of identity over others contributes to the________  of identity.

A) evaluation
B) resolution
C) moratorium
D) content

Question 63

The theoretical construct of identity status assumes a developmental progression. According to this view, a person who has been categorized as in a period of moratorium could never accurately be described at a later time as

A) identity achieved.
B) identity foreclosed.
C) having a negative identity.
D) having a confused identity.

Question 64

Many young people come to college ready to engage in a period of questioning and personal experimentation. They suspend the need to make commitments. This is described as

A) negative identity.
B) psychosocial moratorium.
C) foreclosure.
D) androgyny.

Question 65

Of the following identity statuses, which one reflects crisis and questioning but no commitment?

A) Identity confusion
B) Identity achievement
C) Group identity
D) Public identity

Question 66

Janice dating Stan may be viewed as an example of

A) adolescent rebellion.
B) negative identity.
C) role experimentation.
D) identity achievement.

Question 67

Which of the following identity statuses is characterized by a period of questioning and crisis followed by the formation of occupational and ideological commitments?

A) Identity achievement
B) Identity foreclosure
C) Moratorium
D) Identity confusion

Question 68

Berzonsky suggests that not all later adolescents are equally open to identity-related information processing that would help clarify their identity. The types who actively seek this kind of information are called

A) normative.
B) emotion-based.
C) diffuse avoidant.
D) informational.

Question 69

Juana is experiencing a period of experimentation and freedom from daily expectations for role performance. Which of the following terms BEST relates to this?

A) Crystallization
B) Psychosocial moratorium
C) Self-efficacy
D) Commitment

Question 70

Young people who identify with labels such as hood, loser, or druggie are likely to develop a

A) foreclosed identity.
B) moratorium.
C) social conscience.
D) negative identity.

Question 71

Which of the following statements is most accurate about identity?

A) The content of identity may change over the life course, but the evaluation component remains constant.
B) The content of identity remains constant but the evaluation changes.
C) Both content and evaluation of identity remain constant over the life course.
D) Both content and evaluation of identity may change over the life course.

Question 72

Which of the following statements about the relationship of gender and identity achievement is most accurate?

A) For both men and women, identity achievement is associated with positive ego qualities.
B) Identity achievement is associated with positive ego strengths for women but not for men.
C) Identity achievement is associated with a process of crisis and commitment for men but not for women.
D) Identity achievement is associated with positive ego strengths for men but not for women.

Question 73

In later adolescence, work on identity requires ___________ various sources of content and deciding which elements have the greatest importance.

A) compartmentalizing
B) rejecting
C) integrating
D) denying

Question 74

In the case of Houston A. Baker, Jr., what aspect of his identity process is revealed?

A) His commitment to political activism
B) His commitment to a religious identity
C) His commitment to the pursuit of intellectual creativity
D) His commitment to living in Great Britain

Question 75

Paul has changed his major twice. He has had several summer jobs and is considering another type of internship next year. With respect to his occupational identity, we would say he is engaging in

A) role experimentation.
B) identity confusion.
C) occupational integration.
D) crystallization.

Question 76

Of the various identity statuses, which one is most likely to be associated with tendencies toward procrastination, hostility, and disagreeableness?

A) Identity achievement
B) Moratorium
C) Identity confusion
D) Identity foreclosure

Question 77

Considering the fact that most people play many of the same roles, their identities

A) are essentially the same.
B) differ because they place different values on some of these roles.
C) are the same because these roles have the same goal affordances.
D) differ because they have equal levels of commitment to these roles.

Question 78

Bethany has wanted to be a nurse since she was age 13 exclusively because her mother wanted her to be a nurse. Today she is graduating from college with a nursing degree. What is her identity status?

A) Moratorium
B) Identity achieved
C) Identity foreclosed
D) Negative identity

Question 79

In Marcia's model of identity status, ___________ consists of a period of role experimentation and active decision making among alternative choices.

A) crisis
B) commitment
C) salience
D) exploration

Question 80

Blake's identity status, which is characterized by commitment without a period of questioning and exploration, is

A) identity achievement.
B) moratorium.
C) negative identity.
D) foreclosure.