Deck 11: The Power of Stress, Nazi Atrocities, and the Impact of Cell Phones

Question 1

In the first few months of life, babies respond to all adults. They don't much care who feeds them, rocks them, or picks them up. By six months, though, infants are more discriminating. They are likely to withdraw from people they do not know and to gurgle and coo only with those who are familiar to them. At this age, babies are likely to protest or withdraw when approached by an unfamiliar person, a phenomenon known as "stranger anxiety."  When, for instance, seven-month-old Jennifer first met her uncle, Ben, she shrieked loudly and refused to let him hold her. Fortunately, Ben had two children of his own and didn't take Jennifer's rebuff personally. Stranger anxiety typically peaks at about eight months.It usually disappears altogether by fifteen months.At this age, babies have generally gotten used to the idea that unfamiliar people are not necessarily to be feared. From Zick Rubin, Letitia Anne Peplau, and Peter Salovey, Psychology .p.227
Implied Main Idea

A) After the age of six months, babies just don't like strangers.
B) When babies reject strangers, the adults should not take it personally.
C) How babies react to strangers depends a good deal on their age.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

In Kabul, Afghanistan, a young widow, Sukhirya Hassani, earns her living by renting out cell phones. For ten cents a minute, an Afghani customer can call a friend or relative living miles away. The widow is employed by Roshan, Afghanistan's mobile phone network, which has more than 1.2 million customers, who no longer have to walk to the next town to connect with friends, relatives, or business associates. In India, around 7 million people per month sign up for cell phone service.In 2010, the government calculated that India had approximate 500 million users with more to come. No wonder. For years, Indians in rural areas struggled to stay in touch with friends and family because land-line telephones were so hard to get. Often the wait for one was measured in years. Cell phones, however, have changed all that.Even those living in small villages can find a way to maintain contact with the people important to them. Cell phones have had a similar effect in Africa, bringing together people who once struggled to stay in touch because they had no land line, and the post office was miles away. Source of information:  Jessica Williams, 50 Facts That Should Change the World , pp.95-96
Implied Main Idea

A) No matter where you go in the world, you cannot escape cell phones; they are everywhere.
B) All over the developing world, cell phones are bringing people together.
C) In Afghanistan, where years of war have all but destroyed the country, cell phones are making it possible for people to stay in touch.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The American Civil War was an epic struggle that cost millions of lives.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

When you interview for a job, you want to mention as many liabilities as possible.

Question 5

Drawing Inferences and Conclusions Directions:   Read the following passage. Then select the appropriate letter to identify the inference readers need to draw from the text to fully understand the authors' meaning.
¹What makes a young person a potential candidate for suicide?  ²It's hard to say since suicide is a complex behavioral pattern determined by biological, psychological, social, and environmental influences. ³Our knowledge tends to be limited because of the difficulties associated with studying suicidal behavior. ⁴But there are some things that we do know. ⁵Many teenagers who commit suicide do so following acute experiences of  punishment, rejection or humiliation. ⁶Revenge or anger may also play a role. ⁷When young adults commit suicide, the target of their anger is often parents, a romantic partner, or someone else who may have rejected the person contemplating suicide. ⁸Some young people also threaten suicide to manipulate the behavior of those around them. ⁹Others view suicide as a way of atoning for some previous sin.
Adapted from Kathleen D.Mullen et al., Connections for Health , p.327
How do the authors answer their opening question?

A) It's impossible to say what makes a person a candidate for suicide.
B) Although it's not easy to identify those who will attempt suicide, there are some characteristics or experiences that are linked to suicidal behavior.
C) So many factors contribute to suicidal behavior among teenagers, it's hard to determine which factors are particularly important.

Question 6

For over a decade, beta-carotene pills have been promoted as a way to prevent cancer. However, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), several U.S.studies have found that the pills don't have any cancer-fighting properties.A Physician's Health Study carried out in 1994, for instance, indicated that there was no noteworthy decline in the rate of cancer for people taking high doses of beta-carotene supplements .In addition, two later studies suggest that taking high doses of beta-carotene pills in combination with smoking may actually increase the risk of lung cancer. And yet another study published by WHO points to an increase in heart disease for smokers who take beta-carotene pills. Implied Main Idea

A) Those who want to fight cancer would be better off eating high doses of fruits and vegetables than they would swallowing beta-carotene pills.
B) Taking beta-carotene pills may not prevent cancer; in addition, it may actually further damage the health of people who smoke while taking the supplements.
C) Two studies suggest that taking beta-carotene supplements causes lung cancer.

Question 7

Say what you want about Cher, her career has had remarkable longevity, given that her first hit song was on the charts in 1965 and she debuted a new album in 2013.

Question 8

Drawing Inferences and Conclusions Directions:   Read the following passage. Then select the appropriate letter to identify the inference readers need to draw from the text to fully understand the authors' meaning.
¹What makes a young person a potential candidate for suicide?  ²It's hard to say since suicide is a complex behavioral pattern determined by biological, psychological, social, and environmental influences. ³Our knowledge tends to be limited because of the difficulties associated with studying suicidal behavior. ⁴But there are some things that we do know. ⁵Many teenagers who commit suicide do so following acute experiences of  punishment, rejection or humiliation. ⁶Revenge or anger may also play a role. ⁷When young adults commit suicide, the target of their anger is often parents, a romantic partner, or someone else who may have rejected the person contemplating suicide. ⁸Some young people also threaten suicide to manipulate the behavior of those around them. ⁹Others view suicide as a way of atoning for some previous sin.
Adapted from Kathleen D.Mullen et al., Connections for Health , p.327
With which of the following statements would the authors be most likely to agree?

A) Teenagers with a strong religious background are unlikely to consider suicide an option.
B) Teenagers may talk about suicide but the talk is only meant to scare adults; they are not serious about their intentions.
C) Parents of teenagers who commit suicide should not automatically lay blame on themselves.

Question 9

"You're darn tootin" is a very contemporary expression that expresses support for a person's point of view.It started out as the title of a 1928 movie comedy featuring Laurel and Hardy.

Question 10

As literary figures, angels are inclined to be diabolical in nature.

Question 11

Drawing Inferences and Conclusions Directions:   Read the following passage. Then select the appropriate letter to identify the inference readers need to draw from the text to fully understand the authors' meaning.
¹What makes a young person a potential candidate for suicide?  ²It's hard to say since suicide is a complex behavioral pattern determined by biological, psychological, social, and environmental influences. ³Our knowledge tends to be limited because of the difficulties associated with studying suicidal behavior. ⁴But there are some things that we do know. ⁵Many teenagers who commit suicide do so following acute experiences of  punishment, rejection or humiliation. ⁶Revenge or anger may also play a role. ⁷When young adults commit suicide, the target of their anger is often parents, a romantic partner, or someone else who may have rejected the person contemplating suicide. ⁸Some young people also threaten suicide to manipulate the behavior of those around them. ⁹Others view suicide as a way of atoning for some previous sin.
Adapted from Kathleen D.Mullen et al., Connections for Health , p.327
In line 3, the authors expect readers to mentally fill in what phrase after the word knowledge ?

A) of what causes suicide
B) of what makes a young person consider suicide
C) of how parents view suicide

Question 12

I.Vocabulary Review
Directions: The italicized words in each sentence were defined in chapters 5-10.Based on your understanding of what the words mean, select True or False to indicate if the words are used in a way that fits their definition.
If a weasel gets into a hen house, bloody havoc is the likely result.

Question 13

In a quarrel between two groups or organizations, it often helps to work through an intermediary.

Question 14

Inferring Main ideas    Directions:  Read each paragraph. Then select the letter of the main idea implied in the paragraph.
Everyone knows stress has a negative effect on the body. It weakens the immune system and increases the chances of infection and disease. However, an experiment by two scientists at Rockefeller University in New York challenges that traditional wisdom. According to Firdaus S.Dhabhar and Dr.Bruce McEwen, mild forms of stress can act like a call to arms. If, for example, a person has to give a speech or meet a deadline, the body calls up immune cells from the bloodstream and sends them to battle stations throughout the body, thereby increasing rather than diminishing immunity. It may be that the immune system is weakened only when stress is long-term, severe and out of one's control. Mild stress might have an entirely different effect on the body.
Implied Main Idea

A) To combat stress, the body calls up immune cells from the bloodstream and sends them to all parts of the body.
B) According to new research, stress actually strengthens rather than weakens the body's immune system.
C) According to a new study, mild forms of stress may strengthen rather than weaken the body's immune system.

Question 15

Gossip invites message distortion.

Question 16

Drawing Inferences and Conclusions Directions:   Read the following passage. Then select the appropriate letter to identify the inference readers need to draw from the text to fully understand the authors' meaning.
¹What makes a young person a potential candidate for suicide?  ²It's hard to say since suicide is a complex behavioral pattern determined by biological, psychological, social, and environmental influences. ³Our knowledge tends to be limited because of the difficulties associated with studying suicidal behavior. ⁴But there are some things that we do know. ⁵Many teenagers who commit suicide do so following acute experiences of  punishment, rejection or humiliation. ⁶Revenge or anger may also play a role. ⁷When young adults commit suicide, the target of their anger is often parents, a romantic partner, or someone else who may have rejected the person contemplating suicide. ⁸Some young people also threaten suicide to manipulate the behavior of those around them. ⁹Others view suicide as a way of atoning for some previous sin.
Adapted from Kathleen D.Mullen et al., Connections for Health , p.327
Sentences 5-8 appear in the passage in order to further explain which of the following phrases?

A) "biological, psychological, social, and environmental influences" (sentence 2)
B) "difficulties associated with studying suicidal behavior" (sentence 3)
C) "some things we do know" (sentence 4)

Question 17

Drawing Inferences and Conclusions Directions:   Read the following passage. Then select the appropriate letter to identify the inference readers need to draw from the text to fully understand the authors' meaning.
¹What makes a young person a potential candidate for suicide?  ²It's hard to say since suicide is a complex behavioral pattern determined by biological, psychological, social, and environmental influences. ³Our knowledge tends to be limited because of the difficulties associated with studying suicidal behavior. ⁴But there are some things that we do know. ⁵Many teenagers who commit suicide do so following acute experiences of  punishment, rejection or humiliation. ⁶Revenge or anger may also play a role. ⁷When young adults commit suicide, the target of their anger is often parents, a romantic partner, or someone else who may have rejected the person contemplating suicide. ⁸Some young people also threaten suicide to manipulate the behavior of those around them. ⁹Others view suicide as a way of atoning for some previous sin.
Adapted from Kathleen D.Mullen et al.,
Connections for Health , p.327
Is it correct to say that the answer to the question is also the implied main idea of the paragraph?

A) Yes, the implied answer to the opening question is also the main idea of the passage.
B) No, the implied answer to the opening question is not the main idea of the passage.

Question 18

On May 27, 1942, three Czechoslovakian resistance fighters ambushed and fatally wounded the brutal Nazi leader Reinhard Heydrich, also known as "the Hangman."  The Nazis were outraged by the attack on one of their own. In a fury, they rounded up and shot all the men and boys over sixteen in Lidice, a small Czechoslovakian town known to be a center of the resistance. The remaining women and children were shipped to concentration camps with orders that they be treated harshly. The village of Lidice was burned to the ground.The remaining rubble was bulldozed so that no evidence of its existence was left. By the time the Nazis were done, it was as if Lidice had never existed, which was the way the Nazis wanted it. They even went so far as to dig up bodies in the cemetery and burn them before setting fire to the village. Implied Main Idea

A) The destruction of Lidice is a good illustration of how the Nazis tried to hide their horrific cruelty.
B) In retaliation for the murder of Reinhard Heydrich, the Nazis wiped the entire village of Lidice, including its inhabitants, out of existence.
C) Reinhard Heydrich was one of the worst monsters the Nazis ever produced.

Question 19

People who are very stubborn enjoy making concessions .

Question 20

No one expects a plague of locust to be rapacious.

Question 21

I.Vocabulary Review
Directions: The italicized words in each sentence were defined in chapters 1-4.Based on your understanding of what the words mean, select True or False to indicate if the words are used in a way that fits their definition.
The members of an oligarchy are very likely to be huge supporters of democratic reforms.

Question 22

Part V: Analyzing an Argument   Directions : Read the following selection and answer the accompanying questions.
Righting an Old Wrong
"I loved him because of his courage.He faced the world unafraid.There wasn't anybody or anything he feared." (Jack Johnson's 3^rd wife, Irene Pineau)
¹In his 2005 documentary, Unforgivable Blackness , movie maker Ken Burns told the story of Jack Johnson (1878-1946), the first black, heavyweight fighter in American history.Smart, fast, and physically powerful, Johnson ruled in the ring between 1908 and 1913.He beat every fighter, white or black, who got in the ring with him.But in a country still tainted by racism, Johnson's triumphs outraged many white Americans, who longed for a "Great White Hope" to put him in his place. To make matters worse in their eyes, Johnson also openly courted and married white women.For those who wished to believe in the myth of white superiority, the two together were just intolerable, and they found a way to make Johnson pay.He was imprisoned on trumped up charges that ended his career.
² Although Burns's close up of Johnson's life and career produced a good deal of buzz, it wasn't until 2008 that the talk led to action.That was the year the House of Representatives passed a resolution urging then president George W.Bush to grant Johnson a pardon.The resolution claimed that Johnson's conviction had been racially motivated.Therefore, he deserved to be pardoned.
³ The resolution went nowhere.Still, an unlikely group of people forged an alliance to promote the idea that Johnson deserves a pardon. Among those involved are the rapper Chuck D, the Republican Senator John McCain, and the Democratic representative Charles Rangel.So far there's little sign that Johnson will get justice, but his supporters are not giving up.Nor should they.Johnson's conviction is an injustice that needs to be remedied with a full pardon.It doesn't matter if the recipient isn't alive to appreciate it.As Johnson's great-great niece has correctly said, "This is about righting a wrong."
⁴  Johnson after all, did nothing illegal.Although he was convicted of taking Belle Schreiber, a white prostitute, over state lines, he had done so in 1909 when there was no law against it. What Johnson did only became illegal after the fact, when the Mann Act was passed in 1910.The Mann Act officially forbade the transportation of women for immoral purposes.This Johnson had indeed done.But he hadn't done it when it was a crime.
⁵ Johnson was arrested in 1912 and convicted retroactively in 1913, mainly because too many people in powerful places wanted to see him punished for triumphing over white opponents and taking up with white women. Forced to flee the country to avoid imprisonment, Johnson returned to the United States in 1920.He spent close to a year in jail.By the time he got out, he was forty-three years old.His career as a fighter was over.He continued to fight exhibition matches and make guest appearances at small gatherings.But as a boxer, he was finished.A biased justice system had finally managed to take him down.
⁶ Surprisingly, the injustice with which Johnson was treated hasn't carried much weight with the White House.So far at least, no one in the administration appears to have taken up Johnson's cause.In addition, there are those outside the administration who don't think Johnson's pardon is a cause worthy of effort.
⁷ Typical of those who oppose the pardon is P.S.Ruckman, Jr.a political science professor from Rock Valley College in Rockford, Illinois.Ruckman writes a blog on pardons called "Pardon Power." The blogger thinks a pardon for Johnson serves no real purpose, especially since Johnson himself never even attempted to get a pardon on his own.But for Ruckman, there is an even bigger reason why getting Johnson pardoned is a bad idea: So few presidential pardons are given, it would be a waste to grant one to a dead man.As Ruckman puts it, there are plenty of innocent people in prison here and now, and they are the ones who should get a shot at a pardon: They  are alive right now .They are suffering right now .And their suffering is not symbolic.It is real .You want to "right" some "wrongs," do you? And this [pardoning Johnson] is the best you can do?
⁸ What seems to be missing from those who oppose the pardon is a strong sense of the injustice that was done.Johnson's career and, to some degree, his life were destroyed by racism.But for those who don't support the pardon, timing is everything.For them, pardoning Johnson long after his death accomplishes nothing.They don't understand that leaving Johnson's crime on the books gives it a credibility it doesn't deserve.When it is possible-and it is possible in this case-injustice has to be remedied.
Source of quotation http://www.pardonpower.com/2011/02/sports-illustrated-on-jack-johnson.html#more
In which paragraph does the author express the central point or main idea of the argument?

A) paragraph 1
B) paragraph 2
C) paragraph 3

Question 23

For Cayce, Atlantis Was No Myth For the American psychic Edgar Cayce (1877-1945), the story of Atlantis was no myth.For him, the island civilization that  mysteriously sank into the sea in less than a day was not invented by Plato to illustrate some larger, philosophical truth.For  Edgar Cayce, Atlantis was a historical fact, a reality he intended to prove had once existed.Although the psychic claimed  knowledge of many subjects, verifying the reality of Atlantis was one of his pet projects.Cayce regularly used his contacts beyond the grave to tell his followers about the island's history and activities.Over the course of more than twenty years, from 1923 to 1945, Cayce transcribed his chats with the communicative dead.As a result,  a large body of information concerning life on the island was accumulated and stored by the organization Cayce founded, which was called the Association for Research and Enlightenment (A.R.E).Because Cayce, not surprisingly, has  long been the object of skepticism, if not downright ridicule, numerous attempts have been made by Cayce's supporters to verify the information he gathered from  his talks with the deceased. Prominent among the efforts to prove Cayce legitimate  have been attempts to verify the existence of Atlantis.As one might expect, the attempts have failed. The dead it appears are not reliable sources of information, and whatever they told Cayce, they don't seem to be telling anyone else.

A) P
B) I

Question 24

The Search for Atlantis Fuels Underwater Research In early 2009, an Anglo-Greek team of archaeologists and marine biologists diving in the waters off of southern Greece located a sunken settlement dating back to ancient times. The settlement covers  30,000 square meters of ocean floor and is believed to have disappeared beneath the sea some time around 1000 B.C.The site had actually been spotted forty years earlier, but it wasn't until 2009 that the technology existed to properly survey the ruined city.What the underwater researchers found, thanks to the protection provided by shifting sands and calm bay waters, was an entire city with buildings, courtyards, streets, and tombs all intact. The site was also littered with pottery fragments.The fragments suggested that the settlement had been occupied at least 5,000 years ago.Researchers say that their find is the world's oldest submerged city, and discovery has fueled speculation the sunken site might actually be Plato's Atlantis.But Dimitris Sakellariou of the Greek Center for Marine Research, doesn't encourage such speculation except as far as it encourages underwater research.Says Sakellariou, "Atlantis was a myth but it is a myth that keeps underwater exploration going."

A) P
B) I

Question 25

Legal injunctions are issued in order to encourage people to vote.

Question 26

Genetic tests will indicate if the person being tested has inherited the gene for a specific disease.

Question 27

A longitudinal study is likely to last at least six months, but seldom longer.

Question 28

Which statement best paraphrases the argument of those who support a pardon for Jack Johnson?

A) The country needs to atone for the racism in its past by giving Jack Johnson a pardon.
B) Pardoning Johnson would correct a past miscarriage of justice.
C) Pardoning Jack Johnson is a way of showing that the United States is no longer cursed by racism.

Question 29

Would you say that the reasoning in support of the pardon is:

A) a hasty generalization
B) circular
C) sound

Question 30

Companies organized hierarchically don't generally encourage employees to participate in decision-making.

Question 31

Synthesizing Sources and Determining Purpose Directions : Read the following passages. Identify the purpose of each one by selecting either P or I .
Purpose
References to the island of Atlantis-the name means daughter of Atlas--first turn up in the writings of Plato some time in 360 B.C..In Plato's description, Atlantis is an island in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean.As Plato tells it, the island society had grown powerful and ambitious after its navy conquered parts of Africa and Western Europe.But when it tried to conquer the Greeks, Atlantis was defeated and mysteriously sank into the sea within a single day.Ancient scholars who came after Plato kept the story of Atlantis alive, largely by arguing about whether or not it had really existed.Most decided that it had not and the island and its fate were eventually forgotten until the Middle Ages when the story of Atlantis was rediscovered and became the inspiration for Francis Bacon's novel New Atlantis , published in 1624.Since that time, the mystery of Atlantis has been recounted again and again.It has also become a staple of science fiction.

A) P
B) I

Question 32

Subterranean insects, like termites, need plenty of sunlight to thrive.

Question 33

Which statement best paraphrases the reason given by people opposed to granting Jack Johnson a presidential pardon?

A) At the time Johnson was unfairly imprisoned, there were so many incidents of racial injustice, remedying this single one makes no difference to anyone, certainly not to Johnson, who's dead.
B) Talk about righting a wrong by pardoning a dead man is meaningless, given that the man in question has been dead for years.
C) Because so few presidential pardons are given, it's a mistake to squander one on a man who is not even around to see his name cleared and who never requested a pardon while alive.

Question 34

Select the letter of the synthesis statement that, in some way, takes into account or covers the main idea expressed in each of the passages in Part IV. Synthesis Statements

A) Discovery of a sunken settlement off the coast of Southern Greece has finally confirmed what the psychic Edgar Cayce always claimed: Plato did not invent Atlantis to make a point.Atlantis already existed.
B) Ever since Plato described the watery fate of Atlantis, people have argued over it's existence, with some, like the psychic Edgar Cayce, insisting that one day hard evidence of the island's reality would be discovered.And even non-believers don't want to  completely give up the idea of Atlantis's existence.For oceangrapher, Dimitris Sakellariou, belief in the myth of Atlantis has been a boon: the more people believe in Atlantis, the more money available for underwater research.
C) The reality of Atlantis has been much disputed over the course of centuries.Ever since Plato mentioned it some time in 360 B.C.there have been claims and counter claims concerning the island's existence.But now it appears the disputes have been put to rest since underwater researchers have discovered a sunken city off the cost of Southern Greece. Although much derided for his belief in the existence of Atlantis,  the American psychic Edgar Cayce has been proven right.Atlantis was a real civilization that disppeared beneath the sea

Question 35

People who are extremely assertive are almost always too shy to speak up in class.

Question 36

How would you describe the author's tone?

A) neutral about a pardon for Jack Johnson
B) committed to Johnson getting a pardon
C) hostile to the idea of Johnson getting a pardon

Question 37

In non-democratic countries, political dissidents frequently end up in jail.

Question 38

The most circuitous route home is usually the shortest.

Question 39

Which statement accurately describes the author's position on Johnson's pardon?

A) The author is heavily biased in favor of the pardon.
B) The author is  heavily biased against the pardon.
C) The authors feelings are impossible to detect.

Question 40

The facade of a house is what supplies the foundation.

Question 41

RECOGNIZING AN EFFECTIVE SUMMARY    Directions: Choose the appropriate letter to identify the best summary of the original.
Original :  Around the world, there have been several mysterious incidents in which hundreds, sometimes thousands, of dying birds dropped from the sky.The birds were dead upon landing or died shortly afterward. According to ornithologists, who study bird behavior, it's often hard to tell exactly why these tragic events happen. There are any number of reasons, ranging from disease to fireworks.
In Canada, however, there is no mystery as to why large numbers of bald eagles are dropping from the sky in the Canadian province of British Columbia.The birds are starving to death. Too weak to fly, they plummet to the ground. If they don't die on impact, they still lack the strength to get up.With flying no longer an option, they are easy prey for predators.Normally, the starving eagles--which only recently started to make a comeback from near extinction--can rely on salmon as a major source of nourishment. Salmon in the region, however, have markedly diminished due to overfishing, pollution, and habitat destruction.Although eagles once dined on the plentiful salmon that headed back up the rivers where they were born in order to spawn, the birds' chances of finding dinner in a salmon run * are rapidly decreasing.The eagles surviving without salmon in their diet are staying alive by scavenging for food left in Canadian landfills. Often, however, the birds are poisoned by eating rats and toxic scraps that make their way into landfills, a fact that has further diminished the bald eagles' numbers.The hope is that the eagles that manage to stay alive will be able to fatten up again when herring head for the rivers to give birth to the their young. But that hope may be overly optimistic, since herring have also begun to diminish from the same causes currently depleting salmon.
* The term refers to the instinctive behavior of salmon.They go back to where they were born in order to lay their eggs.
Summary

A) For the Canadian bald eagles of British Columbia, salmon were once a diet staple. The birds could pluck their dinner out of the water as the salmon headed for the ocean in what is known as a salmon run. But salmon supplies are rapidly decreasing due to overfishing, polluted waters, and the destruction of their habitat.As a result the eagles are starving to death.
B) The Canadian bald eagles of British Columbia are falling from the sky in huge numbers.They are falling because they have been weakened by starvation and don't have the strength to fly.The eagles used to rely on salmon for food, but salmon have dramatically decreased in number.The eagles that manage to stay alive, despite the reduced food supply, may revive once the herring runs begin.But no one knows for sure if the herring can save the birds since herring are also diminishing in number.
C) Although the event is shocking and unusual, hundreds, sometimes thousands, of birds have been known to drop from the sky, either already dead or dying on impact. Usually these events are mysterious, so much so that even ornithologists can't explain them. In Canada, though, there is no mystery involved.Bald eagles are falling from the sky because they are starving and too weak to fly.       The birds used to make salmon a big part of their diet, but that is no longer possible.Salmon have diminished in numbers.They are the victims of pollution, habitat destruction, and overfishing. Because they can't rely on salmon anymore, the eagles have started joining the seagulls at land fills. However, the toxic chemicals from landfills are killing them faster than starvation.The eagles that are still alive may be able to make it if they can keep going until herring swim from the oceans into Canada's rivers, where they give birth to their young. But even that vaguely happy outcome is doubtful.Like the salmon, herring are also diminishing in numbers from the same three causes. What's particularly tragic about the eagles' demise is that they have just barely survived extinction and their numbers were just beginning to grow.The Canadian disaster will only further diminish an already endangered species.

Question 42

IDENTIFYING AND PARAPHRASING TOPIC SENTENCES
Directions:  For each passage, select the letter of the correct topic and write the number of the topic sentence in the blank. Then select the letter of the best paraphrase.
¹ As far as mysteries of the universe go, the complex phenomena known as black holes rank among the most spectacular. ²Called "black" because its gravitational field is so powerful as to be able to suck in light, a black hole is believed to be formed when a particularly large star runs out of fuel and collapses upon itself. ³Although a black hole can't be seen, it can be detected by the huge emissions of x-ray radiation given off by matter as it falls into the hole. ⁴It is this very property of black holes-the ability to turn matter directly into energy-that might one day make them a vital source of energy. ⁵Some scientists believe that black holes may play an important role in the fate of the universe. ⁶Some also believe that black holes will eventually swallow all the matter in existence.
Topic  
a.gravitational fields
b.black holes
c.radiation
Topic Sentence _____
Paraphrase  
a.The theory is that black holes are formed when a star collapses in on itself.
b.Black holes are truly amazing.
c.It's possible that black holes may one day destroy the universe.

Question 43

Using Context Clues and Word Parts
Directions: Use one of the word parts below to fill in the blanks and create a word that fits the context.
            jec/ject (to throw)                                                       mis/miso (to hate)
            junc/junct (to join)                                                      mono (one)
            gen/gene (production, formation, origin, cause)         
The unconscious patient could not swallow a pill, so the nurse administered the medication via in____________________tion.

Question 44

RECOGNIZING PATTERNS OF ORGANIZATION Directions: Choose the appropriate letter or letters to identify the pattern or patterns of organization.
Common allergies can be divided into four general groups:  (1) indoor, (2) outdoor, (3) skin, (4) food and drug. Indoor allergies are the result of allergens, or allergy-producing substances, commonly found inside buildings. These substances are inhaled through the nose and enter the lungs, causing allergic reactions such as coughing, sneezing, and watery eyes. Airborne cat or dog dander, dust mite feces, and mold spores are all examples of indoor allergens. Outdoor allergies are often called seasonal allergies since many of the substances triggering an allergic response are present only during certain times of the year. Grasses and weeds are common seasonal allergens, causing many of the same symptoms as indoor allergens. Skin allergies , in contrast, produce an altogether different set of symptoms such as rashes and blisters, symptoms that can strike in or out of doors. Products used indoors like laundry detergent, skin cream, and latex gloves can also cause skin allergies. Out of doors, the sting of bees, ants, wasps, and other insects can cause an allergic response ranging from mild to severe. Food and drug allergies afflict only about 6 percent of all allergy sufferers, with food allergies stemming from the consumption of just a few foods:  milk, soy, eggs, wheat, peanuts, nuts and shellfish. While penicillin is probably the most common drug allergy, other drugs, for instance, sulfa, can produce a severe allergic response. Of all the allergies, those caused by food and drugs are probably the most dangerous. An allergic reaction to peanuts or penicillin, for instance, can end in death if not treated quickly.

A) process
B) sequence of dates and events and simple listing
C) classification, comparison and contrast, and cause and effect

Question 45

RECOGNIZING PATTERNS OF ORGANIZATION Directions: Choose the appropriate letter or letters to identify the pattern or patterns of organization.
Memorial Day and Veterans Day are often confused with one another and for good reason:  Both holidays honor soldiers who have gone to war. Memorial Day, however, was strictly an American holiday established to honor those who died in the Civil War, whereas Veterans Day was meant to honor war veterans in the United States and Europe, both the living and the dead. Memorial Day began in the 1860s and was initially called Dedication Day. The first state to officially honor May 30^th as Memorial Day was New York in 1873. The rest of the eastern states followed New York's lead, while the southern states chose several different days for honoring their Civil War dead. Veterans Day, in contrast, has more recent roots. Meant to celebrate the end of World War I, it was initially called Armistice Day in honor of the armistice, or truce, signed on November 11, 1918. After World War II came to an end, the holiday honored all veterans of wars who made sacrifices for their country. In 1954, President Dwight D.Eisenhower changed the name of Armistice Day, in the U.S.at least, to Veterans Day.

A) classification
B) comparison and contrast and sequence of dates and events
C) sequence of dates and events

Question 46

Using Context Clues and Word Parts
Directions: Use one of the word parts below to fill in the blanks and create a word that fits the context.
            jec/ject (to throw)                                                       mis/miso (to hate)
            junc/junct (to join)                                                      mono (one)
            gen/gene (production, formation, origin, cause)         
The philosopher Schopenhauer was famous for his hatred of women, and his ____________________gyny^* was evident in his work.
__________________________
*gyn: Greek root meaning "woman."

Question 47

Effective and Ineffective Paraphrasing Directions: Read each passage.Then select the letter of the best paraphrase.
Jet travel has altered the way Americans lived and thought more than anything else, including the Internet.By enhancing mobility, jets-like railroads in the nineteenth century-advanced a truly national market.They made it possible for Disney World and Las Vegas to become national destinations, and they allowed Harvard to recruit from the West Coast and Stanford from the East.
(Adapted from Robert J.Samuelson, "Requiem for the Jet Age?" Newsweek, November 26, 2001, p.61.)
Paraphrase

A) The airline industry has revolutionized modern American life much more than the Inter-net has.Jets are also superior to railroads, although both increase people's ability to get where they're going much faster.If it weren't for the airlines, places like Disney World and Las Vegas probably wouldn't even exist, and the big universities would be much smaller.
B) Jet travel is much more important than the Internet.Jets, like railroads, enable people to go anywhere they want to go.Without a doubt, they created the whole travel industry and allowed universities to increase their enrollments.
C) The airline industry has changed American life more than any other modern innovation.Because jets, like trains, improved people's ability to go anywhere in the country, they opened up vacation spots like Disney World and Las Vegas to an entire nation of consumers.They also allowed students to attend universities that were far away from their homes.

Question 48

Effective and Ineffective Paraphrasing Directions: Read each passage.Then select the letter of the best paraphrase.
University of Memphis professor David Hildebrand says that the current furor over Harvard University's tendency to inflate students' grades reveals the educational community's unhealthy preoccupation with carrot-and-stick motivators.According to Hildebrand, true excellence is never the result of competition for high grades.Therefore, colleges and universities should abandon their debate about grade inflation and figure out how to inspire students to achieve for achievement's sake.
 
(Adapted from Hildebrand's letter to The New York Times,
December 7, 2001.)
Paraphrase

A) David Hildebrand, a professor at the University of Memphis, is fed up with schools who insist on giving grades.He argues that teachers and students can't learn by being threatened with poor grades since most young people cannot handle high-stakes compe-tition for grades.He recommends that schools abandon grading systems and let everyone achieve according to his or her abilities.
B) University of Memphis professor David Hildebrand has joined the debate over grade inflation at Harvard University by declaring that Harvard crushes true competition by tempting students with high grades.Hildebrand believes that grades don't accurately reflect students' performance because faulty grade distributions reduce the desire to achieve.
C) University of Memphis professor David Hildebrand believes that students and teachers place too much emphasis on grades as motivators.He thinks that people who strive for excellence do not do so for the sake of earning high grades, so arguing about grade inflation is wasted effort.Instead, Hildebrand says, schools should figure out how to motivate students to achieve without the use of grades.

Question 49

RECOGNIZING PATTERNS OF ORGANIZATION Directions: Choose the appropriate letter or letters to identify the pattern or patterns of organization.
"Convenience flagging" is a common practice in the shipping industry. A ship that flies a flag of convenience is registered in a country that has no relationship to the company which actually owns the ship. In other words, a ship owned by a company in New York City may well fly the flag of Malta, Cyprus, or Liberia. Most merchant and cruise ships, for example, fly flags of convenience, with the ships registered far from the shipping company's actual place of business. In 1999, for instance, when a Royal Caribbean cruise ship was brought up on charges of dumping oil and waste into ocean waters, the company argued that it was flying the flag of Liberia and therefore not subject to U.S.laws. At the time Royal Caribbean's headquarters were located in Miami.

A) comparison and contrast
B) cause and effect
C) definition

Question 50

Effective and Ineffective Paraphrasing Directions: Read each passage.Then select the letter of the best paraphrase.The first American flag flown by the patriots of the Revolutionary War was not the Stars and Stripes.It was a banner created by South Carolina Colonel Christopher Gadsden, a bright yellow flag that featured an ominous coiled rattlesnake and the words "Don't Tread On Me." Gadsden's flag symbolized the spirit of the American Revolution and became the banner of the militia* that fought and died for liberty.
* militias: armies composed of ordinary citizens, rather than soldiers
Paraphrase

A) Before the Stars and Stripes existed, soldiers of the Revolutionary War rallied under a banner created by Colonel Christopher Gadsden.The yellow "Don't Tread On Me" flag featured a coiled rattlesnake.The banner captured the country's mood and inspired the minutemen * who fought for freedom.
* minutemen: During the Revolutionary War, these were men who pledged to be ready to fight at a moment's notice.
B) Most Americans have forgotten the yellow "Don't Tread On Me" flag created by Christopher Gadsden.Without this symbolic banner, though, the minutemen may not have been inspired to fight and die for freedom.Therefore, Gadsden's flag is historically more significant than the Stars and Stripes.
C) The Stars and Stripes is not the only powerful symbol of the United States.Before it was created, Christopher Gadsden, a Colonel from South Carolina, came up with a yellow flag that pictured a rattlesnake and the warning "Don't Tread On Me." This catch-phrase of the American Revolution stirred up public opinion against the British and inspired many young men to enlist in the military.

Question 51

IDENTIFYING AND PARAPHRASING TOPIC SENTENCES Directions:  For each passage, select the letter of the correct topic and write the number of the topic sentence in the blank. Then select the letter of the best paraphrase.
¹ The stirrup is not usually considered an invention that revolutionized warfare. ²Nevertheless, the introduction of the stirrup into Europe around the eighth century A.D.greatly enhanced the power of the mounted warrior and had a powerful effect on how war was waged. ³Before the invention of stirrups, a rider could seldom impale * an opponent since he himself might become dislodged from the horse's back in the process. ⁴The stirrup, however, allowed horse and rider to act as a unit, combining their strength as the rider struck opponent.
* impale:  to put a spear or a knife through the body.
Topic  
a.revolutionary warfare
b.the invention of the stirrup
c.riding without stirrups
Topic Sentence _____
Paraphrase  
a.When they think about warfare, most people don't think about stirrups.
b.Invented sometime in the eighth century, the stirrup made a mounted warrior much more deadly.
c.The invention of the stirrup changed the way war was fought.

Question 52

RECOGNIZING PATTERNS OF ORGANIZATION Directions: Choose the appropriate letter or letters to identify the pattern or patterns of organization.
The Telecommunications Act of 1996 included several provisions that had a dramatic impact on the media in the United States. The Act lifted the ban on the number of radio stations one company could own and allowed for the emergence of large companies like Clear Channel, which owns over one thousand stations. Another provision increased the number of local television stations one corporation could own and expanded the reach of those stations from 25 percent to 35 percent of the population. This change, in particular, spurred media concentration so that today, five companies control 75 percent of all prime-time viewing. A third provision deregulated cable rates, allowing them to increase, and a fourth gave broadcasters digital TV licenses for free instead of auctioning them off to increase the public treasury. The 1996 Telecommunications Act further eased rules on the cross-ownership of cable and broadcast channels, allowing broadcast networks to aggressively expand cable ownership.

A) classification
B) comparison and contrast
C) simple listing and cause and effect

Question 53

RECOGNIZING PATTERNS OF ORGANIZATION Directions: Choose the appropriate letter or letters to identify the pattern or patterns of organization.
When it comes to holding down a job , working well with others is extremely important to professional success.Thus it pays to know the four kinds of behavior that can deeply annoy both colleagues and employers. Not being self-reliant is high on the list. In other words, if the copier runs out of paper just as you finish using it, refill it.Don't leave the job for someone else.Avoid as well keeping your cell phone on continuously and talking in a loud voice, particularly during a personal call.Both are guaranteed to drive everyone you work with to distraction.And if you are sick, stay home.You may feel like a martyr when you go to work with a bad cold, but your colleagues will see you as a walking germ factory and won't be pleased.It should be obvious, too, that while cleanliness may not really be next to godliness--as the old saying goes--personal hygiene is important.Absolutely no one likes working next to someone who smells as if he or she just lifted weights for an hour and forgot to shower.

A) simple listing
B) comparison and contrast
C) definition

Question 54

Using Context Clues and Word Parts
Directions: Use one of the word parts below to fill in the blanks and create a word that fits the context.
            jec/ject (to throw)                                                       mis/miso (to hate)
            junc/junct (to join)                                                      mono (one)
            gen/gene (production, formation, origin, cause)         
Once he knew the beginning and end points, the scientist was able to trace the path of the pro^*____________________tile.
___________________________
*pro: Latin prefix meaning "forward."

Question 55

Selection A Copernicus (1473-1543): An Unintentional Heretic *
The first fruit of the new concern with mathematics and experimentation in the sixteenth century was the work of the Polish priest and astronomer Nicholas Copernicus , who in fact had no intention of making an aggressive attack on the received ideas of his day.In his On the Revolution of the Heavenly Bodies , published in 1543 and dedicated to the pope, Copernicus generally accepted the traditional conception of a finite universe characterized by a series of heavens, the moon, the planets, and the fixed stars.Copernicus' innovation was to substitute the sun for the earth at the center of the universe .For him the earth became one of the planets and, like other bodies, circulated around the center .Copernicus' primary reason for switching the position of the sun and earth was that this conception furnished a better explanation of the observed motions of the heavens , reducing the need to ascribe exceptional movements to individual bodies as in the earth-centered theory.According to the deeply religious Copernicus , the ability of his sun-centered theory to explain the appearances and to show heavenly motion to be simple and regular magnified the perfection of the divine creator .Copernicus presented his ideas as a hypothesis ; but over succeeding decades, as new observations were recorded and found to support it, some thinkers came to insist that the theory was proved .The ancient picture of the universe gradually disintegrated .
Adapted from Mary Ann Frese Witt et al., The Humanities.
Vol.II, 5th ed.Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1997, p.131.
* heretic: person who challenges religious law or tradition
Selection B Copernicus (1473-1543): An Unintentional Heretic
The first fruit of the new concern with mathematics and experimentation in the sixteenth century was the work of the Polish priest and astronomer Nicholas Copernicus , who in fact had no intention of making an aggressive attack on the received ideas of his day.In his On the Revolution of the Heavenly Bodies, published in 1543 and dedicated to the pope, Copernicus generally accepted the traditional conception of a finite universe characterized by a series of heavens, the moon, the planets, and the fixed stars.Copernicus' innovation was to substitute the sun for the earth at the center of the universe .For him the earth became one of the planets and, like other bodies, circulated around the center .Copernicus' primary reason for switching the position of the sun and earth was that this conception furnished a better explanation of the observed motions of the heavens, reducing the need to ascribe exceptional movements to individual bodies as in the earth-centered theory.According to the deeply religious Copernicus, the ability of his sun-centered theory to explain the appearances and to show heavenly motion to be simple and regular magnified the perfection of the divine creator .Copernicus presented his ideas as a hypothesis ; but over succeeding decades, as new observations were recorded and found to support it, some thinkers came to insist that the theory was proved.The ancient picture of the universe gradually disintegrated .
Selection C Copernicus (1473-1543): An Unintentional Heretic
The first fruit of the new concern with mathematics and experimentation in the sixteenth century was the work of the Polish priest and astronomer Nicholas Copernicus , who in fact had no intention of making an aggressive attack on the received ideas of his day.In his On the Revolution of the Heavenly Bodies , published in 1543 and dedicated to the pope, Copernicus generally accepted the traditional conception of a finite universe characterized by a series of heavens, the moon, the planets, and the fixed stars.Copernicus' innovation was to substitute the sun for the earth at the center of the universe .For him the earth became one of the planets and, like other bodies, circulated around the center.Copernicus' primary reason for switching the position of the sun and earth was that this conception furnished a better explanation of the observed motions of the heavens , reducing the need to ascribe exceptional movements to individual bodies as in the earth-centered theory.According to the deeply religious Copernicus, the ability of his sun-centered theory to explain the appearances and to show heavenly motion to be simple and regular magnified the perfection of the divine creator .Copernicus presented his ideas as a hypothesis ; but over succeeding decades, as new observations were recorded and found to support it, some thinkers came to insist that the theory was proved.The ancient picture of the universe gradually disintegrated .
Selection _______ _ is effectively underlined.
Selection _______ _ is underlined too much.
Selection _______ _ is not underlined enough.

Question 56

IDENTIFYING AND PARAPHRASING TOPIC SENTENCES
Directions:  For each passage, select the letter of the correct topic and write the number of the topic sentence in the blank. Then select the letter of the best paraphrase.
¹ It was once assumed that the loss of brain cells made older people have trouble learning new facts, theories, or skills.² But thanks to more up-to-date scanning machinery, that model of the aging brain has changed.³ Older brains, it seems, actually have some advantages.⁴One key advantage of the aging brain is greater ease at bilateralization .⁵ In other words, as the years pile up, the human brain gets better at using both sides, or hemispheres.⁷This discovery was made through the use of PET (Positron Emission Tomography) scans.⁸Pet scans measure changes in blood flow as regions of the brain are activated.⁹ In study after study, Pet scans showed that young and middle-aged people reacted differently to new learning experiences.¹⁰ Called upon to learn word pairs, for instance, younger subjects showed activity in the left side of the brain.¹¹For recall later on, they used the right side.¹² Older adults also began by showing activity in their left hemisphere.¹³ But when it came time to recall the word pairs, the older adults switched back and forth between hemispheres.¹⁴ In the end, they learned the lists of words just as quickly as subjects much younger.¹⁵The main difference was they used both sides of their brain to do it.
Topic  
a.the aging brain
b.the brain
c.new brain scan technology
Topic Sentence _____
Paraphrase  
a.In some ways, aging may actually add to, rather than diminish, the brain's capability.
b.New scanning technology has revolutionized the way we view the brain.
c.Pet scans have given us new insight into how people learn most effectively.

Question 57

Effective and Ineffective Paraphrasing Directions: Read each passage.Then select the letter of the best paraphrase.
In 1899, the sociologist Thorstein Veblen took three previously published articles and combined them into a book titled The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions .In doing so , Veblen introduced to the American reading public the now famous term "conspicuous consumption." While many of Veblen's readers at the time prided themselves on having climbed the ladder of financial success and proved it to themselves and others by acquiring clothing, habits, and objects that carried a significant price tag, Veblen did not pat them on the back for it.Instead his book castigated readers, announcing that taking obvious pride in prosperity was nothing more than an indication of personal snobbery and deep insecurity. What Veblen did was make one of the very first arguments against believing that consumerism was the key to happiness.
Paraphrase

A) Many writers have claimed that the key personality trait of an American is his or her patho-logical desire to buy products.With his "The Theory of the Leisure Class," Thorstein Veblen forced Americans to admit that they were guilty of "conspicuous consumption," and he called rich people arrogant savages.People who like to shop, according to Veblen, hope to make their friends and neighbors jealous.
B) In 1899, the sociologist, Thorstein Veblen in his book "The Theory of the Leisure Class" introduced the term "conspicuous consumption," and he stunned his American readers readers by pointing out that the drive to get and spend money reveals deep feelings of inadequacy, insecurity, and cravings for superiority.Veblen said that Americans didn't really need most of the things they bought; they purchased those things in the hope that others would admire and look up to them.
C) The best writing about Americans has been on the topic of their out-of-control consumer-ism.Thorstein Veblen, for instance, who invented the phrase "conspicuous consumption" (in his "The Theory of the Leisure Class") insisted that his countrymen bought things only to compensate for their own lack of character.

Question 58

Using Context Clues and Word Parts
Directions: Use one of the word parts below to fill in the blanks and create a word that fits the context.
            jec/ject (to throw)                                                       mis/miso (to hate)
            junc/junct (to join)                                                      mono (one)
            gen/gene (production, formation, origin, cause)         
NBC's reality television show Fear Factor was one of the most mean-spirited and ____________________anthropic^* programs ever created.Its stunts have included burying players under rats and bugs, daring them to eat sheep's eyeballs, and having them bob for plums in a tank full of snakes.
___________
*anthrop: "man"

Question 59

IDENTIFYING AND PARAPHRASING TOPIC SENTENCES
Directions:  For each passage, select the letter of the correct topic and write the number of the topic sentence in the blank. Then select the letter of the best paraphrase. ¹ In the years following World War II, American financial aid helped Western Europe recover from the war. ²This aid, known formally as the European Recovery Program, and informally as the Marshall Plan, re-energized war-torn Europe. ³Between 1948 and 1952, America channeled over $12 million worth of economic and technical assistance into European countries, and by 1952 those countries receiving aid showed huge growth in industrial production. ⁴In many cases, production was actually higher than it had been before the war. ⁵By 1953 many of the homes, roads, and factories that had been ruined during bombing raids were repaired or rebuilt, and the standard of living was better than it had been in 1939.
Topic  
a.World War II
b.The Marshall Plan
c.Increase in industrial production following World War II
Topic Sentence _____
Paraphrase  
a.By 1953, many of the European homes, roads, and factories destroyed in the war had been rebuilt or at least repaired.
b.The Marshall Plan was the high point of American foreign policy.
c.In the aftermath of World War II, American aid in the form of the Marshall Plan put Western Europe back on its feet.

Question 60

Effective and Ineffective Paraphrasing Directions: Read each passage.Then select the letter of the best paraphrase.
Dean Kamen, award-winning inventor, has created a new battery-powered personal transportation device called the Segway Human Transporter.This device averages eight miles an hour, which is three times faster than walking pace, weighs only sixty-five pounds, and runs about fifteen miles for the cost of about ten cents' worth of electricity.Mr.Kamen says that the Segway could cause cities to be redesigned, help wean the world from oil dependence, compress time and space for pedestrians, and raise productivity for corporations and government agencies.
(Adapted from Amy Harmon, "An Inventor Unveils His Mysterious Personal Transportation Device," The New York Times, Dec.3, 2001, www.nytimes.com.)
Paraphrase

A) Inventor Dean Kamen's latest creation, a personal transportation device called the Segway Human Transporter, has several advantages.It's lightweight, cheap to operate, and it allows people to move three times faster than they can walk.Therefore, Kamen argues, it could revolutionize the world by saving individuals, companies, and govern-ments time and money, and it could reduce our need for gasoline.It might even change the way we build our cities in the future.
B) Inventor Dean Kamen has come up with an amazing new transportation device called the Segway Human Transporter.It's inexpensive and easy to operate, so it will probably require us to change how cities are laid out.Everyone will want one of these devices because they go three times faster than we can walk, and companies won't need to hire as many people because workers will be able to get around more quickly.
C) Inventor Dean Kamen wants everyone to buy his latest invention, a transportation device called the Segway Human Transporter.He thinks people walk too slowly and pay too much for fossil fuel energy.He invented the Segway in hopes of changing the problems plaguing big cities.He thinks his invention will make walking unnecessary, allowing companies and governments to save money.

Question 61

Write the topic sentence of each paragraph.
The famous Rorschach inkblot test asks people to look at a series of ten inkblots and describe what they see.Since the 1920s, psychologists have used the Rorschach test to identify mental illness in hundreds of thousands of people.Yet research now indicates that as a diagnostic instrument, the Rorschach test has serious flaws.For one thing, the scoring is not reliable.Some traits or disorders revealed by Rorschach tests are verified by other types of tests only 50 percent of the time.For example, a person's interpretation of the inkblots might suggest a diagnosis of schizophrenia.But other tests often don't confirm that diagnosis.Secondly, the Rorschach test does not effectively detect several mental disorders.It's useless for diagnosing depression, a tendency toward violent behavior, or the after effects of sexual abuse.The test sometimes mistakenly suggests that people are mentally ill when they aren't.Culturally biased, the test often produces misleading results for minorities because it does not take cultural differences into account.

Question 62

Using Context Clues and Word Parts
Directions: Use one of the word parts below to fill in the blanks and create a word that fits the context.
            jec/ject (to throw)                                                       mis/miso (to hate)
            junc/junct (to join)                                                      mono (one)
            gen/gene (production, formation, origin, cause)         
The airplane crash resulted from a weak ____________________ture point where the craft's tail attached to the fuselage.

Question 63

Choose the appropriate letter or letters to identify the pattern or patterns of each reading. Research on adolescents in junior and senior high school indicates five different levels of popularity.The first group includes the popular adolescents, young people who tend to be physically attractive, well groomed, fashionable, social, self-confident, and able to com-mand others' attention.The individuals in this group receive many favorable ratings from other adolescents.The second group contains the controversial adolescents.They are the young people who receive very favorable or very unfavorable ratings from other adolescents.Average adolescents, the third group, are generally accepted by other adolescents, but they receive few extreme ratings.The final two groups include the rejected adolescents and the neglected adolescents, both of whom receive negative ratings from their peers.Rejected adolescents engage in antisocial and aggressive behaviors that cause them to be unpopular and rejected by many other teens.Most display poor attitudes and have discipline problems.Neglected adolescents, the other group of unpopular teens, often have poor social skills and engage in fewer positive interactions with their peers.Many have interests that are very different from their peers'.
(Source: Paul S.Kaplan, Adolescence , Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2004, p.192.)

A) definition
B) classification
C) time order: process
D) time order: sequence of dates and events
E) comparison and contrast
F) cause and effect
G) simple listing

Question 64

Write the topic sentence of each paragraph.
Located at the front of the neck, the thyroid gland produces hormones that control metabolism.If the thyroid becomes under or overactive, it can cause some serious problems.Should the thyroid become overactive, the body responds with a number of symptoms.Diarrhea, heat intolerance, anxiety, palpitations, and weight loss are just a few of the symptoms resulting from an overactive thyroid gland.However, an underactive thyroid also causes unpleasant and sometimes serious side effects.Fatigue, depression, dry skin, unusual sensitivity to cold, and hair loss are some of the symptoms that can occur when the thyroid is underactive.

Question 65

Write the topic sentence of each paragraph.
In the last century, the nature of work, along with Americans' attitudes toward work, has changed significantly.For one thing, work is now more mental, less physical, and a lot less dangerous than it used to be.According to economic historian Stuart Bruchey, from 1880 to 1900, about 35,000 workers a year were killed on the job, and 500,000 were injured in work-related accidents.Today, there are fewer dangerous jobs; even factories now use automated machines that have greatly reduced the risk of injury.In 1998, for example, only 5,100 workers were killed on the job.A second change has occurred in the number of hours worked.In the late nineteenth century, low-wage factory workers averaged about sixty hours a week on the job and worked six days a week, resting only on Sundays.At the same time, according to economist Dora Costa of MIT, the highest-paid 10 percent of workers worked about two hours less per day.Now, those numbers are almost reversed.Today's highest-paid 10 percent of employees work about 8.5 hours per day, and the lowest-paid work about 7.5 hours per day.One final change concerns workers' expectations about their jobs.In the late 1800s, most people expected work to give them little more than the means to feed their families.As a matter of fact, the typical 1888 worker spent 45 percent of his income on food.Today's workers, who spend only 14 percent of their income on food, have increased their expectations of their work.Now, workers want positions that do more than pay the bills.They also want work that is interesting, satisfying, and meaningful.

Question 66

Write the topic sentence of each paragraph.
Planting a tree benefits both individuals and communities in a number of different ways.But without a doubt, trees' most important benefits are environmental.Their leaves improve the quality of the air we breathe by filtering dust and other particles.They give off oxygen, too, which humans need to breathe.Leaves also absorb air pollutants, including ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and carbon dioxide.The absorption of carbon dioxide is particularly important because the build-up of this gas contributes to global warming.Trees also absorb and store water.This reduces storm run-off and flooding.Trees recycle water, breathing it back into the atmosphere, where it forms into clouds and returns again as rainfall.Shade trees help to cool buildings and reduce the amount of energy needed for air condition-ing.In the winter, trees act as windbreaks, reducing heating costs.Consequently, trees lower the amount of fossil fuels needed to produce energy.Reduced use of fossil fuels results in a lower rate of global warming.

Question 67

Choose the appropriate letter or letters to identify the pattern or patterns in each reading. Most businesses can be classified according to one of three main legal structures: sole proprietorship, partnership, or corporation.Almost three-fourths of American businesses are sole proprietorships, very small companies with only one owner and few employees.Many retail, service, and agricultural businesses, for example, are sole proprietorships.About 7 percent of businesses are partnerships.These tend to be relatively small companies with two or more owners.Many accounting, law, and advertising firms are organized as partnerships.Corporations comprise about 19 percent of all businesses.A corporation is usually a mid- to large-sized company that sells shares of ownership to stockholders, or investors.General Motors, Walmart stores, and Procter & Gamble are among some of America's largest corporations.

A) definition
B) classification
C) time order: process
D) time order: sequence of dates and events
E) comparison and contrast
F) cause and effect
G) simple listing

Question 68

Choose the appropriate letter or letters to identify the pattern or patterns in each reading. If you want to reduce the anxiety caused by negative thinking, you should try cognitive therapy, which involves three general steps.Start by paying close attention to how you respond to bad news.For example, if you make a mistake at work, is your first thought, "I'll be fired"? Step two follows closely upon the heels of step one.Once you recognize the pattern of your reactions, see if you can identify errors in your thought process.For example, do you tend to ignore any more positive alternatives and focus instead on the most disastrous ones? After you have studied and analyzed your automatic responses, you can move on to the third step: changing the underlying beliefs that produce anxiety.For instance, if you realize that you have no self-confidence, start identifying those areas where you have had success.As soon as you start to think about failure, call up a successful event and tell yourself that you have succeeded before and will succeed again.In this way, you will change your opinion of yourself and thereby eliminate your automatic and negative reactions.At this point, you will be able to deal more productively with problems and setbacks.

A) definition
B) classification
C) time order: process
D) time order: sequence of dates and events
E) comparison and contrast
F) cause and effect
G) simple listing

Question 69

Write the topic sentence of each paragraph.
In 2001, Johnny Michael Spann and John Walker Lindh were two Americans fighting in the war between the United States and the pro-terrorist Taliban leaders of Afghanistan.The two men, however, had chosen very different sides.Spann was a Central Intelligence Agency officer working for his country.Lindh, who had joined the Taliban, was fighting against his country.In December 2001, both Spann and Lindh found themselves in the Qala Jangi prison in northern Afghanistan.Lindh was one of the prisoners, and Spann was interrogating him and other Taliban members.Soon after Spann's questioning of Lindh, another prisoner hit a guard with a rock and took the guard's rifle.Minutes later, the prisoners overcame and killed several guards.Like lightning, the uprising spread throughout the prison, and Spann was either shot or killed in a grenade explosion.Lindh, who was wounded, ran and hid in the prison basement.After a week of hiding, he was taken into custody by Marines.Both Johnny Michael Spann and John Walker Lindh were men of action and conviction, but they chose opposing paths that turned them into enemies in battle.

Question 70

Choose the appropriate letter or letters to identify the pattern or patterns in each reading. Football and rugby both involve two teams who try to score points by carrying a ball into an area at the end of the field.However, the two games differ in many ways.In football, each team has eleven players on the field.In rugby, there are fifteen players on the field.Foot-ball players wear protective helmets and pads.Rugby players wear no padding, although they can choose to wear a soft leather cap.In football, players can throw the ball to each other.In rugby, passes are illegal, and players must move the ball down the field by running with it or kicking it.When a football player is tackled, the game stops.Rugby, however, is a continuous game.A tackled player must immediately release the ball, and play continues.Rugby allows no time-outs either.

A) definition
B) classification
C) time order: process
D) time order: sequence of dates and events
E) comparison and contrast
F) cause and effect
G) simple listing

Question 71

Choose the appropriate letter or letters to identify the pattern or patterns in each reading. On June 5, 1981, the federal Centers for Disease Control issued its first warning about a rare disease that had struck five young homosexual men.In 1984, scientists identified the virus that causes AIDS, naming it the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).By the mid-1980s, the number of people newly infected peaked at 150,000 a year.At the same time, the government began campaigning to teach the public about the methods of transmitting the disease and preventing its spread.However, in 1994, the number of AIDS deaths peaked at 80,000.That year, AIDS was the leading cause of death for all Americans twenty-five to forty-four years old.By 2001, the worldwide AIDS death toll was over 20 million.

A) definition
B) classification
C) time order: process
D) time order: sequence of dates and events
E) comparison and contrast
F) cause and effect
G) simple listing

Question 72

Choose the appropriate letter or letters to identify the pattern or patterns in each reading. Some medical myths just will not die no matter how often they are debunked.Take, for instance, the claim that hair and fingernails continue to grow after death.There is absolutely no truth to it, but the belief survives nonetheless.As the body shrivels after death, the hair and fingernails start to look longer by comparison.Another medical myth is that getting wet in cold weather causes colds.But weather doesn't cause colds.Viruses do.You can go out in the freezing cold with your hair wet or get caught in an icy rain storm and still stay healthy as long as you don't make contact with a cold virus while outside.Yet another medical myth is that eating sweets causes diabetes.It doesn't, at least not directly.Eating sugar often leads to weight gain, and it's being overweight that is a high risk factor for Diabetes 2 (adult onset in contrast to diabetes that occurs in childhood).It's also not true that eating chocolate causes acne.Most acne is hormone-related.What you eat doesn't affect it.Another myth that won't die is that touching a frog will produce warts on your hand.Warts, however, are caused by the papilloma virus, which is passed from person to person and enters the body through small cuts or cracks in the skin of the hand.

A) definition
B) classification
C) time order: process
D) time order: sequence of dates and events
E) comparison and contrast
F) cause and effect
G) simple listing

Question 73

Using Context Clues and Word Parts
Directions: Use one of the word parts below to fill in the blanks and create a word that fits the context.
            jec/ject (to throw)                                                       mis/miso (to hate)
            junc/junct (to join)                                                      mono (one)
            gen/gene (production, formation, origin, cause)         
The grammatical part of speech known as a con____________________tion includes the words for , and , nor , but , or , yet , and so , all of which join equal words, phrases, or sentence parts together.

Question 74

Using Context Clues and Word Parts
Directions: Use one of the word parts below to fill in the blanks and create a word that fits the context.
            jec/ject (to throw)                                                       mis/miso (to hate)
            junc/junct (to join)                                                      mono (one)
            gen/gene (production, formation, origin, cause)         
In colonies of social insects such as honeybees and ants, a form of reproduction known as partheno____________________sis allows unfertilized eggs to hatch into male workers, or drones.

Question 75

Using Context Clues and Word Parts
Directions: Use one of the word parts below to fill in the blanks and create a word that fits the context.
            jec/ject (to throw)                                                       mis/miso (to hate)
            junc/junct (to join)                                                      mono (one)
            gen/gene (production, formation, origin, cause)         
Although some men in the United States freely take more than one wife because their religion encourages it, most can't handle anything more complicated than  ____________________gamy.^*
____________________________
*gam: Greek root meaning "marriage."

Question 76

Choose the appropriate letter or letters to identify the pattern or patterns of each reading. The term "product downsizing" describes manufacturers' decision to combat rising costs by charging the same price for a product while reducing the product's quantity by amounts consumers might not notice.For example, Coca-Cola Enterprises began selling Coke in a new 1.5-liter, hourglass-shaped bottle.Although the amount of product in the new bottle is 25 percent less than the amount in a 2-liter bottle, the price is only slightly less than that of the 2-liter size.Brawny has cut the size of its paper-towel rolls by almost 40 percent without changing its price.Dannon has shrunk its single servings of yogurt from eight ounces to six ounces.Breyers reduced its standard half-gallon ice cream container to 1.75 quarts, advertis-ing the new container as a "space saver," while not reducing the price.Consequently, smart shoppers are paying more attention to unit pricing, which reveals not only the total price of an item but also its price per unit, such as cost per ounce or cost per roll.Unit pricing makes it easier to recognize a change in quantity.It also helps shoppers compare two different brands to see which one is the more economical.
(Source: Kelly K.Spors, "Paying the Same ...But Getting Less," The Wall Street Journal, August 1, 2004.)

A) definition
B) classification
C) time order: process
D) time order: sequence of dates and events
E) comparison and contrast
F) cause and effect
G) simple listing

Question 77

Choose the appropriate letter or letters to identify the pattern or patterns of each reading. In the fifteenth century, a Portuguese prince known as Henry the Navigator was determined to find a sea route to Ethiopia, from where he hoped to launch a crusade against the non-Christian world.Dismissing popular superstitions about giant sea serpents waiting to ensnare ships, Henry began, in 1424, to order his ships to sail down the western shore of Africa and round the bottom of Africa.Over the next ten years, fifteen different ships' crews would head south, take one look at the turbulent tides of Africa's cape, and turn back.The sailors believed that they were at the edge of the "Sea of Darkness," the most fearsome place on Earth, home to a watery cave filled with huge snakes that would swallow their ship.In 1434, Henry ordered explorer Gil Eannes to "strain every nerve to pass that cape." Despite mariners' fear that they might sail off the edge of the world, Eannes stayed farther out in the ocean as he rounded the cape.When he returned home that same year and described his calm and uneventful voyage, people began to realize that their fears were unfounded.Thanks to Prince Henry and explorer Gill Eannes, the Age of Discovery was unofficially launched.
(Source: Lewis Lord, "What Lurked Below," U.S.News & World Report , August 16, 2004,  www.usnews.com/usnews/issue/040816/misc/16ender.htm.)

A) definition
B) classification
C) time order: process
D) time order: sequence of dates and events
E) comparison and contrast
F) cause and effect
G) simple listing

Question 78

Using Context Clues and Word Parts
Directions: Use one of the word parts below to fill in the blanks and create a word that fits the context.
            jec/ject (to throw)                                                       mis/miso (to hate)
            junc/junct (to join)                                                      mono (one)
            gen/gene (production, formation, origin, cause)         
No one really knows the ____________________sis of the legend; its origins are lost in the dim past.

Question 79

Using Context Clues and Word Parts
Directions: Use one of the word parts below to fill in the blanks and create a word that fits the context.
            jec/ject (to throw)                                                       mis/miso (to hate)
            junc/junct (to join)                                                      mono (one)
            gen/gene (production, formation, origin, cause)         
My husband's ____________________mania about his former employer is ruining his life; he seems to think of nothing else except his humiliation at the hands of a woman he despises.

Question 80

Choose the appropriate letter or letters to identify the pattern or patterns in each reading. Nortec is a style of electronic music popular among young people who frequent Tijuana nightspots.The world is derived from norte, northern Mexico, and techno, or electronic music.Nortec blends complex electronic rhythms with traditional Mexican variations of the polka and waltz.The sounds of accordions, drums, and tubas dominate the music, which is said to capture the unique cultural flavor of Tijuana.Nortec contains few lyrics.Instead the emphasis is on a high-volume, pulsating beat that inspires energetic dancing.

A) definition
B) classification
C) time order: process
D) time order: sequence of dates and events
E) comparison and contrast
F) cause and effect
G) simple listing