Exam 11: The Power of Stress, Nazi Atrocities, and the Impact of Cell Phones

The most circuitous route home is usually the shortest.

Choose the appropriate letter to identify the main idea implied by the paragraph. A recent survey revealed that 63 percent of Americans took a vitamin, mineral, or herbal supplement over a three-month period.Another survey showed that people decided to take these products based on information they got from their friends or family members, from magazines and advertisements, or from the products' labels themselves.These people rarely consulted their doctor.Instead, they relied on the accuracy of product labels to help them make purchasing decisions.Labels, however, can be deceptive.They do not always accurately reflect the ingredients in a bottle's contents.Furthermore, the Food and Drug Administration does not require scientific studies to prove the safety or effectiveness of supplements.This means that the medical community cannot verify that the supplements actually work.Even worse, physicians are treating more and more patients who experience adverse reactions from taking these products.St.John's wort, an herbal anti-depressant, can cause nerve damage.Ginseng, which is supposed to increase energy, can cause dangerous reductions in the blood sugar levels of diabetics.Ephedra, a popular diet aid, may cause strokes and heart attacks.Strong doses of chaparral, a therapeutic tea, can prove toxic and damage the liver. Implied Main Idea

Choose the appropriate letter or letters to identify the pattern or patterns in each reading. Football and rugby both involve two teams who try to score points by carrying a ball into an area at the end of the field.However, the two games differ in many ways.In football, each team has eleven players on the field.In rugby, there are fifteen players on the field.Foot-ball players wear protective helmets and pads.Rugby players wear no padding, although they can choose to wear a soft leather cap.In football, players can throw the ball to each other.In rugby, passes are illegal, and players must move the ball down the field by running with it or kicking it.When a football player is tackled, the game stops.Rugby, however, is a continuous game.A tackled player must immediately release the ball, and play continues.Rugby allows no time-outs either.

Choose the appropriate letter or letters to identify the organizational pattern or patterns of each reading. England made three initial attempts at colonizing America with the 1587 Roanoke colony, 1607 Jamestown colony, and 1620 Plymouth colony.The French and Spanish colonies, how-ever, predated the English by several decades.In the 1500s, France began to actively colonize North America, and in 1513 and 1521, Juan Ponce de Leon led expeditions to Florida, claiming the territory for Spain.In the 1560s, French Protestants tried to establish two colonies on the Atlantic coast.The first one, in present-day South Carolina, was unsuccessful; its starving inhabitants had to be rescued by a passing ship.The second, which was established near present-day Jacksonville, Florida, was destroyed in 1564 by a Spanish army.The next year, in 1565, Spain sent Pedro Menendez de Aviles to build the city of St.Augustine, which today remains the oldest continuously inhabited European city in the United States.Afterward, the French concentrated their efforts further north.By the early 1600s, a large area that included not only Canada but also what is now America's Great Lakes region and Mississippi River Valley was under French rule and named New France. (Sources of information: Carol Berkin et al., Making America , 3rd ed., Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003, pp.34 - 40; Mary Beth Norton et al., A People and a Nation , 6th ed., Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2001, pp.28-29, 34.)

Write the topic sentence of each paragraph. Planting a tree benefits both individuals and communities in a number of different ways.But without a doubt, trees' most important benefits are environmental.Their leaves improve the quality of the air we breathe by filtering dust and other particles.They give off oxygen, too, which humans need to breathe.Leaves also absorb air pollutants, including ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and carbon dioxide.The absorption of carbon dioxide is particularly important because the build-up of this gas contributes to global warming.Trees also absorb and store water.This reduces storm run-off and flooding.Trees recycle water, breathing it back into the atmosphere, where it forms into clouds and returns again as rainfall.Shade trees help to cool buildings and reduce the amount of energy needed for air condition-ing.In the winter, trees act as windbreaks, reducing heating costs.Consequently, trees lower the amount of fossil fuels needed to produce energy.Reduced use of fossil fuels results in a lower rate of global warming.

The American Civil War was an epic struggle that cost millions of lives.

Choose the appropriate letter to indicate the conclusion that can be drawn from each passage. In July of 2010, Courtney Purvin was stunned by a suggestion on her Facebook page.The site was suggesting that she get back in touch with an old family friend.What shocked Ms.Purvin was the total impossibility of following up on this idea.The friend mentioned had died almost three months before. When Facebook first made its debut, such depressing surprises rarely occurred.Users were in their teens and twenties.Death was an infrequent visitor.But when the site was opened up to people of all ages, it became all too possible that someone who signed up could pass away.Meanwhile Facebook's software would keep churning out suggestions that former friends might like to get in touch with the deceased.As Meredith Chin, a Facebook spokeswoman put it, the site is huge "and with people passing away every day, we're never going to be perfect at catching it [the suggestion about connecting with someone deceased]." This is a problem that is not likely to go away anytime soon since people over the age of 65 are signing up for Facebook at a faster rate than any other age group. (Source: Jenna Wortham."As More Facebook Users Die, Ghosts Reach Out to Reconnect, The New York Times , July 18, 2010, p.1) From this passage, a reader might logically draw which conclusion?

Effective and Ineffective Paraphrasing Directions: Read each passage.Then select the letter of the best paraphrase.The first American flag flown by the patriots of the Revolutionary War was not the Stars and Stripes.It was a banner created by South Carolina Colonel Christopher Gadsden, a bright yellow flag that featured an ominous coiled rattlesnake and the words "Don't Tread On Me." Gadsden's flag symbolized the spirit of the American Revolution and became the banner of the militia* that fought and died for liberty. * militias: armies composed of ordinary citizens, rather than soldiers Paraphrase

Legal injunctions are issued in order to encourage people to vote.

Write the appropriate letters to identify the author's purpose and tone. On December 12, 1990, John Joseph ("Johnnie Boy") Gotti was indicted for racketeering and murder.He had previously been acquitted at three separate trials in five years, earning him the sobriquet * "the Teflon Don." Gotti's ability to avoid conviction appears to have been aided by several factors: competition between Justice Department officials; a detective on the New York City Police Department's Intelligence Unit, who in 1993 pled guilty to selling secrets; and jury tampering-one juror was convicted of selling his vote.On April 2, 1992, Gotti was found guilty of forty-three federal charges, including six murders, one being that of mob boss Paul Castellano.Gorri's acting underboss, Frank Locascio, age fifty-nine, was found guilty of racketeering and murder conspiracy charges.On June 23, 1992, both were sentenced to life imprisonment. (Howard Abadinsky, Organized Crime. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Learning, 2000, p.124.) _______________ *sobriquet: nickname The author's point is as follows: a.Because of the incompetence of the FBI, John Gotti was able to avoid imprisonment for over a decade. b.For years, Mafia boss John Gotti managed to avoid being convicted, but the federal government finally made its case against him in 1992. c. Several factors contributed to John Gotti's ability to escape conviction for his crimes, but by 1992 none of those factors was working in Gotti's favor anymore, and he went to prison for life. The author's purpose is a.to inform readers about the conviction of John Joseph Gotti in 1992. b.to persuade readers that John Joseph Gotti is a despicable gangster. The author's tone is a.disgusted. b.cool. c.surprised. d.emotionally neutral.

Which statement accurately describes the author's position on Johnson's pardon?

Some researchers are convinced that the landscape we look at influences how we think: country landscapes encourage us to ponder the future while looking at cityscapes encourage speedy decision making about immediate issues.

Companies organized hierarchically don't generally encourage employees to participate in decision-making.

Choose the appropriate letter to indicate the conclusion that can be drawn from each passage. Up until the 1960s, elementary school teachers believed that beginning reading instruction should include intensive focus on phonics; therefore, children were taught generalizations that would help them know how to sound out words.For example, they memorized rules like "When two vowels go walking, the first does the talking" in order to help them know how to say words like fear and boat, in which the first vowel is spoken and the second is not.However, in 1963, Dr.Theodore Clymer conducted a study of the methods used by elementary teachers to teach phonics.He looked at four popular reading programs for children and chose 45 commonly taught phonics generalizations.Then, he compared these generalizations to actual words appearing in the stories the children read as part of the program.Dr.Clymer found that only 18 of the generalizations were accurate more than 75 percent of the time.Of the 30 vowel generalizations he tested, only half of them worked at least 60 percent of the time.His study pointed out that there were many exceptions to the so-called rules; for example, bear and earn are just two of many words that do not conform to the rule about the pronunciation of two vowels.Therefore, Dr.Clymer concluded that "many of the generalizations that are commonly taught are of limited value." Following this study, which shattered several common myths about early reading education, Dr.Clymer spent the remainder of his career submitting the established theories of educators to rigorous scientific testing and then finding ways to improve teaching methods. (Source of information: Lia Miller, "Theodore Clymer, 77, Expert on Early Reading Education, Dies," The New York Times , August 15, 2004, www.nytimes.com.) From this passage, a reader might logically draw which conclusion?

Which statement best paraphrases the reason given by people opposed to granting Jack Johnson a presidential pardon?

Choose the appropriate letter or letters to identify the pattern or patterns of each reading. Research on adolescents in junior and senior high school indicates five different levels of popularity.The first group includes the popular adolescents, young people who tend to be physically attractive, well groomed, fashionable, social, self-confident, and able to com-mand others' attention.The individuals in this group receive many favorable ratings from other adolescents.The second group contains the controversial adolescents.They are the young people who receive very favorable or very unfavorable ratings from other adolescents.Average adolescents, the third group, are generally accepted by other adolescents, but they receive few extreme ratings.The final two groups include the rejected adolescents and the neglected adolescents, both of whom receive negative ratings from their peers.Rejected adolescents engage in antisocial and aggressive behaviors that cause them to be unpopular and rejected by many other teens.Most display poor attitudes and have discipline problems.Neglected adolescents, the other group of unpopular teens, often have poor social skills and engage in fewer positive interactions with their peers.Many have interests that are very different from their peers'. (Source: Paul S.Kaplan, Adolescence , Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2004, p.192.)

I.Vocabulary Review Directions: The italicized words in each sentence were defined in chapters 5-10.Based on your understanding of what the words mean, select True or False to indicate if the words are used in a way that fits their definition. If a weasel gets into a hen house, bloody havoc is the likely result.

When you interview for a job, you want to mention as many liabilities as possible.

People who are very stubborn enjoy making concessions .

Choose the appropriate letter or letters to identify the organizational pattern or patterns of each reading. It's often been noted that Daphne du Maurier's 1938 novel Rebecca shares many similarities with Charlotte Brönte's classic novel Jane Eyre , published in 1847.The novels' heroines, in particular, share a resemblance.Both women are young (21 and 19).Both are plain and shy, plagued by a lack of self-esteem.Each falls for moody, mysterious older men.The unnamed narrator of Rebecca marries the sad Maxim de Winter not long after meeting him, and Jane, who works as a governess, falls in love with her employer, the wealthy but eccentric Edward Rochester.Each of the women finds out that her husband or husband-to-be is hiding a terri-ble secret.Maxim de Winter actually shot and killed his adulterous first wife, and Edward Rochester has been concealing his insane first wife in the attic of his house.Both men, though, manage to extricate themselves from their legal entanglements.Maxim de Winter is able to hide his crime by making it seem as though his terminally-ill wife committed suicide, and Edward Rochester's wife starts a fire that kills her.Indeed, in yet another parallel, the magnificent country estates of both men burn to the ground, leaving the men physically or psychologically wounded and in the determined care of their young second wives.Is there a difference between the two? Well, yes, Rebecca is a well written, suspenseful potboiler that few read anymore, whereas Jane Eyre still has the emotional power to win a modern audience. (Source of information: Jonathan Yardley, "Du Maurier's Rebecca , A Worthy 'Eyre' Apparent,"  Washington Post , March 16, 2004, p.C01.)