Deck 12: Law

Question 1

One criticism of scientific jury selection is that it

A) focuses jury selection on the question of whether or not a juror will be able to be impartial in evaluating the case.
B) does not make use of empirical data.
C) can only be afforded by the wealthiest of defendants and plaintiffs.
D) is used in civil trials, but not in criminal cases.

Answer 1

can only be afforded by the wealthiest of defendants and plaintiffs.

Question 2

The defense attorney asks Melinda, a prospective juror, if she has ever been the victim of a violent crime or if she knows the prosecuting attorney personally. This illustrates

A) the voir dire process.
B) sentencing disparity.
C) informational influence.
D) jury nullification.

Answer 2

the voir dire process.

Question 3

Which of the following is not a component of jury selection?

A) Compiling a list of potential jurors from sources such as voter registration lists
B) Using random selection to obtain a representative sample of community members who will be summoned for jury duty
C) Making sure that every single 12-person jury is representative of the community from which it is drawn
D) Subjecting those individuals who appear for jury duty to a pretrial interview to exclude those who might be biased

Answer 3

Making sure that every single 12-person jury is representative of the community from which it is drawn

Question 4

Jonnie is a defense attorney representing a client charged with drug offenses. He conducts a survey in the community and discovers that residents with conservative politics are particularly unsympathetic to defendants in drug cases. He therefore decides to use his peremptory challenges during jury selection to remove from the panel prospective jurors with a history of voting for conservative political candidates. Jonnie is making use of

A) scientific jury selection.
B) an implicit personality theory.
C) trial attorney intuition.
D) jury consultants.

Question 5

Research by Sommers and Norton (2007) on the impact of race on the use of peremptory challenges indicates that attorneys

A) are equally likely to remove from the jury Black and White individuals.
B) do not always give accurate explanations when asked to justify a peremptory challenge.
C) are impacted by prospective jurors' gender more so than their race.
D) are influenced by race moreso in civil trials as opposed to criminal trials.

Question 6

Claire, a district attorney, believes that elderly women are likely to be sympathetic to criminal defendants. She, therefore, summarily dismisses elderly prospective jurors during voir dire. This exemplifies the

A) use of peremptory challenges.
B) advantages of scientific jury selection.
C) process of jury nullification.
D) power of informational influence.

Question 7

Miguel will be using scientific jury selection in an upcoming trial. The first step of this process will be to

A) ask prospective jurors personal questions during the voir dire.
B) assess demographic characteristics and trial-relevant attitudes of the community in which the trial will take place.
C) submit a motion to the judge to allow an independent consulting firm to interview prospective jurors.
D) meet with the judge and opposing counsel to discuss the range of questions that will be permitted during the voir dire.

Question 8

Waleska is a social psychologist who studies the legal system. Which of the following objectives would she be least likely to pursue in her research?

A) Improving the ability of police officers to determine when a criminal suspect is lying
B) Determining under what circumstances jurors are best able to understand and follow a judge's instructions
C) Assessing how judges apply sentencing guidelines to complex cases
D) Identifying the types of psychological disorders most likely to lead people to engage in criminal behavior

Question 9

Litigants at trial may remove prospective jurors from their jury through the use of peremptory challenges. Traditionally, no explanation has to be given for the use of a peremptory, but within the past few decades the U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that peremptories may not be based on a juror's...

A) education level.
B) race.
C) physical appearance.
D) All of these

Question 10

Sommers and Ellsworth (2001) found that when a crime involves race, White jurors

A) discriminated against a Black defendant.
B) avoided discrimination against a Black defendant.
C) were particularly motivated to be elected foreperson of the jury.
D) processed trial evidence less carefully than when the crime was race-neutral.

Question 11

The pretrial interview of prospective jurors conducted by the judge and lawyers is called

A) decision control.
B) jury nullification.
C) scientific jury selection.
D) voir dire.

Question 12

Lawyers may dismiss prospective jurors without having to justify their dismissal by using

A) jury nullification.
B) sentencing disparity.
C) peremptory challenges.
D) normative influence.

Question 13

From the court's perspective, the voir dire process is intended to

A) allow the lawyers to present evidence to the judge without the jurors present.
B) identify and dismiss prospective jurors who may be biased.
C) familiarize prospective jurors with one another before they begin deliberation.
D) familiarize prospective jurors with the facts of the case prior to the actual trial.

Question 14

As described in your book, Sommers's (2006) study examining the influence of a jury's racial composition indicates that

A) White and Black jurors are often equally likely to vote to convict a Black defendant.
B) Black jurors often successfully convince White jurors to change their votes during deliberations, particularly when they offer multiple arguments for doing so.
C) White jurors often evaluate a trial differently when their jury is diverse versus all-White.
D) diverse juries have a harder time coming to a unanimous decision than do all-White juries.

Question 15

Research on race and jury decision making indicates that jurors are

A) always more lenient towards defendants of their same race.
B) more likely to discriminate by race when race is a prominent issue during the trial.
C) not influenced by race when evidence in a case is strong.
D) None of these.

Question 16

Research by Sommers and Norton (2007) found that a prospective juror's race influenced the jury selection judgments of

A) college students.
B) law students.
C) practicing attorneys.
D) All of these

Question 17

Henry is a White male and the foreman of a criminal jury. The defendant in the trial is also a White male, and the evidence against him is quite strong. Research suggests that Henry is likely to be

A) harsher in his judgments than he would have been if the defendant were not White.
B) more lenient in his judgments than he would have been if the defendant were not White.
C) more forceful than the other jurors in making his arguments about the case.
D) less concerned with procedural aspects of the deliberations than other jurors.

Question 18

An attorney would like to identify potential jurors who are likely to vote for conviction. The attorney should look for jurors who

A) are highly educated.
B) are of low socioeconomic status.
C) have an extroverted personality.
D) have an authoritarian personality.

Question 19

Franklin, a Black male, is on trial for attempted murder. The study conducted by Sommers (2006) regarding jury racial composition suggests which of the following jurors would be most likely to vote to convict Franklin?

A) Jerry, a White male on an all-White jury
B) Robin, a White male on a racially-diverse jury
C) Eddie, a Black male on an all-Black jury
D) Dave, a Black male on a racially-diverse jury

Question 20

The use of community surveys to identify correlations between demographics and attitudes relevant to the trial is called

A) scientific jury selection.
B) implicit personality theories.
C) jury nullification.
D) the leniency bias.

Question 21

Tyson sits on a jury. Tyson is more likely to believe the defendant is guilty if

A) Tyson has an authoritarian personality.
B) the defendant is of the same race as Tyson and the evidence is weak.
C) Tyson has principled objections to the death penalty.
D) Tyson is a young adult.

Question 22

Prospective jurors who indicate a willingness to vote for the death penalty typically exhibit all of the following except

A) a greater concern with crime.
B) more negative attitudes toward defense attorneys.
C) a greater suspiciousness of police officers.
D) a greater tendency to convict.

Question 23

Harwin is hooked up to a mechanical instrument that records his heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, and sweat gland activity. Harwin is being subjected to

A) a polygraph test.
B) an internalized interrogation.
C) the voir dire process.
D) a show up.

Question 24

A police officer testifies that the defendant in a murder trial confessed to the crime. Under cross-examination, the officer reveals details of the interrogation that suggest it is likely that the defendant was coerced into confessing. How are jurors likely to react to the confession evidence?

A) Jurors will discount the confession because it was coerced.
B) Jurors will accept the confession because as a general rule jurors don't believe that people would confess to a crime that they did not commit.
C) Jurors will believe that they have discounted the confession, but will vote to convict anyway.
D) If the judge instructs jurors to disregard the confession evidence, then they will discount it, but otherwise, they will not.

Question 25

Which of the following conclusions is not consistent with the results of Kassin and Kiechel's (1996) study?

A) Suspects are more likely to make a false confession when they are led to believe that evidence links them to the crime, even if this so-called evidence does not really exist.
B) People often make false confessions to crimes, but they rarely come to internalize the belief that they are actually guilty.
C) You are more likely to falsely confess to a crime if you were under the influence of alcohol or drugs at the time of the event.
D) Beyond individual difference predictors, there are numerous situational factors that increase the likelihood of a suspect making a false confession.

Question 26

Which of the following best describes the conclusions reached by Kassin and Kiechel (1996) concerning false confessions?

A) People are highly unlikely to confess to crimes they did not commit.
B) Internalized false confessions are most likely to occur when a suspect is intimidated with bright lights and physical threats.
C) Compliant false confessions are most likely to occur when a friendly interrogator offers sympathy and advice to a suspect.
D) Internalized false confessions are most likely to occur when false evidence of guilt is presented.

Question 27

After a 36-hour interrogation, Liz just wanted to make it end so she confessed to the kidnapping even though she knew she had not committed the crime. Liz's confession would be labeled as

A) internalized.
B) compliant.
C) reactive.
D) misinformed.

Question 28

Police interrogators often use minimizing techniques to secure confessions. One such tactic is to

A) express certainty in the suspect's guilt.
B) claim to have an eyewitness to the crime.
C) blame the victim of the crime.
D) use physical force.

Question 29

Saul is a prospective juror in a mass murder case who, when asked by an attorney, says that he opposes the death penalty. The presiding judge then excludes him from the jury. This is an example of

A) leniency bias.
B) death qualification.
C) scientific jury selection.
D) jury nullification.

Question 30

When a police interrogator lies and tells a suspect that they have fingerprint evidence that ties him to the scene of a crime, this is an example of the strategy known as

A) maximization.
B) learned helplessness.
C) minimization.
D) internalization.

Question 31

According to research findings, which of the following individuals is most likely to be an opponent of the death penalty?

A) Michael, who scores low on a self-report measure of authoritarianism.
B) Buster, who holds fundamentalist religious beliefs.
C) Lindsey, who believes that the world is a fair place in which you get what you deserve.
D) Gob, who believes in the deterrent potential of capital punishment.

Question 32

With respect to social influence processes in interrogations, internalization refers to the process in which

A) innocent suspects come to believe that they have committed the crimes for which they are being interrogated.
B) suspects confess to crimes that they did not commit in order to escape aversive interrogations.
C) accused suspects are offered lighter sentences in exchange for important information.
D) juries are able to disregard confession testimony that was extracted through coercion.

Question 33

Jurors often fail to adequately discount coerced confessions because of

A) the positive coercion bias.
B) the fundamental attribution error.
C) a sentencing disparity.
D) reconstructive memory.

Question 34

Death qualification has been criticized on all but one of the following grounds. Which is the exception ?

A) Death-qualified juries are overly skeptical of prosecutorial procedures.
B) Death-qualified jurors are more likely to vote for conviction.
C) The questions used to assess death qualification bias jurors.
D) Death qualification excludes jurors who would be willing to vote for the death penalty in some situations but not others.

Question 35

In a murder trial, Eugenia was selected to serve on a death-qualified jury. Given her attitude toward the death penalty, she is probably ______ than the average U.S. citizen.

A) more likely to vote for acquittal
B) less likely to recommend the death penalty
C) less sympathetic toward victims of violence
D) less tolerant of procedures that protect the accused

Question 36

Polygraph tests

A) are extremely effective in detecting guilt in those who are guilty, and innocence in those who are innocent.
B) are difficult to fake.
C) can be fairly accurate when the suspect is naive and the examiner is competent.
D) can be admitted into evidence in all district courts throughout the United States.

Question 37

Among the following, which conclusion is not consistent with research on confessions?

A) Confessions are discounted more by jurors who see a videotape that focuses on the interrogator instead of the defendant.
B) When false evidence is presented by an interrogator, suspects are not only more likely to confess to a crime they did not commit but also to believe this confession.
C) Jurors often fully discount a defendant's confession if they learn that the confession was obtained while the defendant was being physically threatened by police.
D) Police detectives use an average of five to six tactics when trying to obtain a confession.

Question 38

Death qualification refers to

A) pretrial hearings that are conducted to determine whether a defendant should receive the death penalty.
B) a procedure used during voir dire to ensure that jurors are prepared for potentially graphic testimony concerning violence, usually involving murder.
C) a jury selection procedure that permits judges to exclude from capital cases all prospective jurors who say they would refuse to vote for the death penalty under any circumstance.
D) jurors' decision to recommend the death penalty even if the prosecution has not asked for it.

Question 39

Jurors in criminal trials often fail to fully discount coerced confessions. In what sense can the fundamental attribution error explain this tendency?

A) People often overlook the situational factors that lead others to commit criminal acts.
B) We tend to think that no situational influences could be strong enough to lead someone to confess to something they did not do.
C) Jurors usually think that false confessions result from certain personality characteristics, such as passivity or lack of education.
D) Few people think that they themselves would ever admit to a crime they did not commit.

Question 40

Police interrogations are often conducted in small, bare, soundproof rooms so that

A) distractions will be minimized and the suspect will be better able to focus on the interrogation.
B) suspects feel socially isolated and powerless.
C) police operating costs will be kept to a minimum.
D) other police officers will not become biased against particular suspects.

Question 41

Loftus and Palmer (1974) manipulated the wording of questions posed to participants who witness a filmed traffic accident. Their findings suggest that

A) post-event information becomes integrated into a witness's actual memory for an event.
B) once a memory enters into storage, it will emerge unchanged at retrieval.
C) witnesses often store multiple, contradictory memories for a single event.
D) most eyewitness errors have to do with problems that arise during acquisition.

Question 42

Prida has witnessed a violent crime involving a knife. Research suggests that he will be less likely to identify the culprit than in a situation where no knife was present because Prida will

A) be less aroused.
B) focus more on the victim.
C) spend more time looking at the knife.
D) be too afraid to remember anything accurately.

Question 43

A major problem with using the polygraph as a lie detector is that

A) truthful persons often fail the test.
B) arousal cannot be measured with the polygraph.
C) it measures only the vocal channel, ignoring all other channels.
D) control questions do not evoke arousal in innocent people.

Question 44

Intentional efforts to "beat" a lie polygraph exam are known as

A) countermeasures.
B) counterbalances.
C) bogus pipeline.
D) manipulation.

Question 45

Tony, Silvio, Paulie, and Christopher were all in the convenience store when it was robbed. Who is likely to be the most reliable eyewitness?

A) Tony, who was the only one to notice that the thief was brandishing a gun
B) Silvio, who was extremely aroused by the whole incident
C) Paulie, who was drunk at the time of the crime
D) Christopher, who is the same race as the thief

Question 46

Recent DNA exoneration cases have revealed the most common cause of mistaken convictions to be

A) a coerced confession.
B) false alibis.
C) racially biased juries.
D) inaccurate eyewitnesses.

Question 47

In theory, when innocent suspects are subjected to a polygraph test, they

A) are more aroused by crime-relevant questions than control questions.
B) are more aroused by control questions than crime-relevant questions.
C) exhibit overall lower levels of arousal than guilty suspects.
D) exhibit overall higher levels of arousal than guilty suspects.

Question 48

Eyewitnesses' reports of crime details can be altered by exposure to post-event information. This results from

A) the reliance on peremptory challenges.
B) the reconstructive nature of memory.
C) normative influence pressures.
D) the positive coercion bias.

Question 49

Martha is accused of insider trading. During a polygraph test, she is asked if she ever littered as a child. This question is an example of a

A) control question.
B) crime-relevant question.
C) peremptory challenge.
D) reconstructive memory.

Question 50

After Natalie testifies in court that she witnessed the defendant committing the crime in question, a memory expert is called to testify on behalf of the defense. The expert testifies that Natalie's ability to acquire the information accurately was probably impaired. Which of the following circumstances did the expert most likely have in mind when he questioned Natalie's ability to acquire the information accurately?

A) The weapon-focus effect
B) Reconstructive memory
C) Misleading questions
D) Leniency bias

Question 51

The cross-racial identification bias

A) results primarily from problems with the retrieval stage of memory.
B) is consistent in many ways with the concept of outgroup homogeneity.
C) has been observed among White, but not non-White eyewitnesses.
D) is alleviated by the presence of a weapon during the crime in question.

Question 52

The tendency for false post-event information to become integrated into a person's memory for the event is called the

A) misinformation effect.
B) familiarity induced bias.
C) leniency bias.
D) positive coercion bias.

Question 53

Jesse has just witnessed a brutal assault. In his highly aroused state, Jesse is likely to focus on all of the following except the

A) weapon.
B) culprit.
C) setting.
D) victim.

Question 54

Which of the following seems to be true when an eyewitness positively identifies a defendant?

A) The defendant is more likely to be found guilty and, in almost all cases, this is the correct verdict.
B) The defendant is less likely to be found guilty, though he or she usually is.
C) The defendant is more likely to be found guilty, though in many cases he or she has been misidentified.
D) The defendant is less likely to be found guilty and, in most cases, this is the correct verdict.

Question 55

Guilty suspects can fool a polygraph test if they

A) simply deny any and all involvement in the crime for which they are being questioned.
B) meditate prior to the administration of the test.
C) lie in response to any crime-relevant questions, but tell the truth in response to the control questions.
D) artificially inflate their arousal to control questions by tensing their muscles.

Question 56

The presence of a weapon reduces eyewitness accuracy because

A) weapons interfere with the retrieval of events.
B) witnesses have less sympathy for someone holding a weapon.
C) the sight of a weapon causes witnesses to become more self-aware.
D) witnesses tend to focus attention on the weapon to the exclusion of other cues.

Question 57

A witness's consumption of alcohol is most likely to pose problems for the _____ of memory.

A) acquisition
B) storage
C) retrieval
D) All of these are equally likely.

Question 58

Which of the following is not currently being investigated by researchers as a potential alternative to traditional polygraph tests?

A) Hypnosis
B) fMRI assessment of blood oxygen in the brain
C) Examination of involuntary facial muscle movement
D) Pupil dilation

Question 59

Which of the following best illustrates the acquisition stage of memory?

A) When the terrorists entered the building, Petra noticed that they were heavily armed.
B) After witnessing a hit and run, Vera repeats the license plate of the car over and over so that she can give it to the police.
C) When interviewed by the police, Marlon told them everything he could remember about the bar brawl.
D) When asked to identify her attacker from a lineup, Coral wasn't sure which suspect had attacked her.

Question 60

Research concerning eyewitness testimony has demonstrated that

A) confident eyewitnesses are more accurate.
B) while some eyewitnesses are better than others, eyewitness identifications are generally not susceptible to situational biases.
C) juries are not well-informed about many of the factors that influence eyewitness accuracy.
D) judges and lawyers are well aware of the limitations of eyewitness testimony.

Question 61

An eyewitness identified Ashtok from a lineup as the man who robbed the bookstore. As an employee of the store, Ashtok was present during the crime but was not the person who committed the crime. The eyewitness's false identification was most likely the result of

A) the leniency bias.
B) the misinformation effect.
C) a familiarity induced bias.
D) the fundamental attribution error.

Question 62

With respect to lineup identification, eyewitnesses tend to be less accurate when

A) there are six foils present in the lineup.
B) the suspect is of the same race as the witness.
C) the witness is informed that the suspect may be in the lineup.
D) the suspect and the foils are viewed one at a time.

Question 63

Kirk is going to be called to the witness stand to give his eyewitness testimony regarding a murder. It is likely that if Kirk first hears other eyewitness accounts it will

A) make his testimony less accurate.
B) counteract the misinformation effect.
C) encourage him to be more accurate if the other eyewitnesses agree among themselves as to who the assailant was.
D) encourage him to be less accurate if the other eyewitnesses disagree among themselves as to who the assailant was.

Question 64

Which of the following statements concerning eyewitness testimony is false ?

A) Eyewitnesses who remember trivial details of a crime scene are more likely to correctly identify the culprit.
B) After suggestive questioning, witnesses may believe that a red light was green or that a yield sign was a stop sign.
C) Eyewitness confidence is not related to eyewitness accuracy.
D) Retelling events commits people to their recollections, regardless of whether or not those recollections are accurate.

Question 65

Research on children's memory for events demonstrates that

A) they may be especially susceptible to the effects of repetitive questions.
B) they are particularly resistant to the effects of suggestive questions and misinformation.
C) children witnesses often completely fabricate events in order to deceive adults.
D) children usually make better witnesses because they are more honest than adults.

Question 66

Research on pretrial publicity has demonstrated that it typically produces a bias

A) in favor of the defendant, and people will be well aware of this bias.
B) in favor of the defendant, though people will not realize they are biased.
C) against the defendant, and people will be well aware of this bias.
D) against the defendant, though people will not realize they are biased.

Question 67

Wells and Bradfield found that eyewitnesses who were told "good, you identified the suspect" tended to

A) show an increase in subsequent identification accuracy.
B) be more accurate in sequential but not simultaneous lineup presentations.
C) overestimate how good a view they were able to get of the culprit during the incident in question.
D) be particularly susceptible to familiarity induced biases.

Question 68

One way in which expert testimony may increase the competence of jurors is by

A) facilitating judges' use of scientific jury selection.
B) leading jurors to be more critical of eyewitness testimony.
C) eliciting sentencing disparity.
D) modeling confidence, thus providing the jurors with a standard against which they can assess the confidence of non-expert witnesses.

Question 69

Kobayashi describes to police the man who attacked him as follows: 6' tall, White, gray hair, close to 200 pounds. The lineup that the police put together to present to Kobayashi includes 8 individuals, 4 with brown hair and 2 who are bald. In this instance the police have done a poor job

A) selecting the foils for the lineup.
B) guarding against the misinformation effect.
C) avoiding bias in their lineup instructions to the witness.
D) All of these

Question 70

Manisha witnesses a crime and is brought to the police station for an interview about what she saw. She is given a face construction booklet and asked to pick which of the 100 hairstyles looks most like the culprit's. Then she does the same for eyes, nose, mouth, ears, etc. Research suggests that this process is likely to lead Manisha to

A) perform more accurately if she is shown a lineup including the culprit several days later.
B) perform less accurately if she is shown a lineup including the culprit several days later.
C) become more confident in her ability to identify the culprit.
D) become less confident in her ability to identify the culprit.

Question 71

Pretrial publicity tends to produce a bias against defendants because

A) people assume that defendants are guilty until proven innocent.
B) information in news reports usually comes from police or district attorneys.
C) most people charged with crimes really are guilty.
D) the publicity makes the defendant seem more familiar, resulting in a familiarity induced bias.

Question 72

Maxwell witnesses a man assault a woman with a silver hammer. A few days later, he is called to the police station to identify the culprit from a lineup. Maxwell is most likely to be accurate if

A) the police tell him that the culprit is in the lineup.
B) one of the men in the lineup resembles the description that Maxwell had given the police, while the other men in the lineup look very different from that description.
C) he is first presented with some mug shots and then views a lineup containing one of the men whose mug shot he has seen.
D) he observes the suspects and foils one at a time rather than together in a single lineup.

Question 73

Which of the following is an example of a source of nonevidentiary influence?

A) Pre-trial publicity
B) The testimony of expert witnesses
C) Fingerprint evidence
D) Eyewitness testimony

Question 74

Research on lineup administration by Greathouse and Kovera (2009) suggests that the police officer who conducts a lineup

A) can affect the actual identification that a witness makes.
B) can impact how confident an eyewitness is.
C) will not unduly bias an eyewitness as s/he makes a conscious effort not to.
D) None of these

Question 75

Among the following, which most accurately summarizes an important point of controversy that has been debated among researchers who study reconstructive memory?

A) Some believe that post-event information actually alters a witness's real memory, whereas others believe it affects only the reporting of the memory.
B) Some believe that post-event information can bias an eyewitness's reporting of an event, whereas others believe that only information that is learned during acquisition can bias an eyewitness's reporting.
C) Some believe that scientific jury selection is an effective way to reduce the chances that jurors will be biased by reconstructive memory, whereas others believe that this strategy is unethical.
D) Some believe that the use of peremptory challenges leads to false memories, whereas others believe it helps ensure accurate memories.

Question 76

Brandon is a juror in a murder trial in which both the prosecution and defense are relying on eyewitnesses. It is likely that Brandon will

A) be able to distinguish those eyewitnesses who are accurate from those who are not.
B) judge eyewitnesses who appear confident to be more accurate than those who appear less confident.
C) underestimate the accuracy of all of the eyewitnesses.
D) understand the factors that influence eyewitness accuracy enough to determine whether an eyewitness is biased.

Question 77

Kwame, a noted psychologist, has been called as an expert witness in a trial. Kwame is likely to provide testimony concerning all of the following except

A) alcoholic intoxication can impair ability to recall events.
B) police instructions can influence an eyewitness's confidence.
C) eyewitness confidence is not a good predictor of accuracy.
D) hypnosis increases the accuracy of eyewitness memory.

Question 78

Research by Wells and Bradfield suggests that feedback can influence an eyewitness's confidence and memory only when

A) they make an accurate identification.
B) the feedback is positive.
C) when the suspect is of a different race.
D) None of these.

Question 79

Being repeatedly questioned about their observations is likely to

A) increase eyewitness accuracy as well as confidence.
B) increase eyewitness accuracy, but not confidence.
C) increase eyewitness confidence, but not accuracy.
D) neither increase eyewitness accuracy nor confidence.

Question 80

Research on eyewitness accuracy has demonstrated that eyewitness confidence

A) predicts accuracy for adults, but not for children.
B) predicts accuracy for children, but not for adults.
C) predicts accuracy for both adults and children.
D) does not predict accuracy for either adults or children.