Deck 9: The Heirs of Rome: Byzantium, Islam, and Latin Christendom

Question 1

Within little more than a century since its founding, Islam

A)united all the tribes of Arabia.
B)developed its holy books.
C)spread as far as Spain in the west and India in the east.
D)entered its golden age.
E)all of the above

Answer 1

all of the above

Question 2

The Mongol advance into Muslim lands during the thirteenth century

A)concluded with the death of Genghis Khan.
B)fell short of advancing into Baghdad.
C)devastated the cultural capital of the Islamic world.
D)came to a halt with a counterattack by Spanish forces.
E)was immediately followed by the creation of the Ottoman Empire.

Answer 2

devastated the cultural capital of the Islamic world.

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the relationship between religion and philosophy during the height of Muslim civilization?

A)Muhammad was the final prophet, therefore, there was no need for classical philosophy.
B)Muslim philosophy and science secularized society and marginalized religion.
C)Scholars such as Al-Farabi and Ibn-Rushd argued that Greek philosophy could be used to explain Islamic beliefs.
D)Muslim philosophy transformed Islam into hundreds of small sects.
E)By encouraging rationalism, classical philosophy undermines religion and needs to be banned.

Answer 3

Scholars such as Al-Farabi and Ibn-Rushd argued that Greek philosophy could be used to explain Islamic beliefs.

Question 4

The Hagia Sophia

A)was built in Rome.
B)was constructed by Justinian.
C)is considered the last example of the Golden Age of Roman art.
D)had little connection to the emperors and symbolized a division between church and state.
E)all of the above

Question 5

In an Islamic state

A)there was no separation between secular and spiritual authority.
B)rule was rarely theocratic.
C)the Koran regulated spiritual life, but not government and society.
D)the caliph was the source of all law.
E)checks and balances developed similar to the consul-Senate-Assemblies system in Rome.

Question 6

The founder of Islam was ​

A)a wealthy merchant.
B)a monotheist.
C)familiar with either Judaism or Christianity.
D)convinced that he was chosen as the prophet of God's revelation.
E)all of the above

Question 7

Shiites believed

A)religious practices are defined by the majority.
B)martyrdom is sinful and a form of self-murder.
C)the imams are holy men and descendants of Muhammad; they are innocent of sin and selected by God.
D)the proper rulers of the Islamic community were the existing caliphs after Ali. ​
E)in creating harmony with Sunnis. ​

Question 8

Which of the following statements about the Middle Ages is INACCURATE?

A)The Middle Ages lasted roughly one thousand years.
B)Three heirs to Greco-Roman civilization emerged: Byzantium, Islam, and Latin Christendom.
C)In the Early Middle Ages, Latin Christendom spread to areas that Greco-Roman civilization had barely penetrated.
D)The heartland of Latin Christendom shifted from the Mediterranean to the north.
E)The Middle Ages constituted the end of the ancient world.

Question 9

Emperor Justinian's most lasting achievement was

A)recovering territories in the western Mediterranean including Rome.
B)the codification of Roman law in the Corpus Juris Civilis .
C)the Ravenna mosaics.
D)repulsing the Arab attack on Constantinople.
E)the final break between Catholic and Orthodox churches.

Question 10

Though the Byzantine Empire lasted till 1453, it lost

A)Spain to the Visigoths.
B)Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and North Africa to the Arabs.
C)territories in the Balkans to Slavs and Bulgars.
D)territories in Italy to the Ostrogoths, Lombards, and Normans.
E)all of the above

Question 11

The Byzantines exercised all the following influences EXCEPT

A)stimulating learning in both the Islamic world and Latin Christendom.
B)providing all Slavs with their religion, literate culture, and alphabet.
C)creating and spreading the Cyrillic alphabet.
D)strongly influencing the Latin Romanians.
E)bequeathing civilization to much of Eastern Europe.

Question 12

The Hegira refers to

A)the faith tax paid by non-Muslims living under Muslim power.
B)a pilgrimage to the city of Mecca.
C)the title of the military leader of the Islamic state.
D)the flight of Muhammad and his followers to Medina.
E)the acts of charity required by Islamic law.

Question 13

The text notes that the most significant historical consequence of the successful defenses of Constantinople against direct Arab attacks was the

A)demonstrated superiority of Greek fire.
B)deflection of Arab expansion away from Latin Christendom.
C)cessation of Arab expansion for nearly three centuries.
D)recovery of Syria, Palestine, and Egypt by the Byzantines.
E)permanent move of the Byzantine capital to Ravenna.

Question 14

In the Early Middle Ages, as learning was at a low point in Western Europe, the Muslims

A)built on ancient knowledge to produce the best-trained and most skillful doctors of the time.
B)combined Arabic, Byzantine, Persian, and Indian learning along with their original thinking and experimentation.
C)acquired the Greco-Roman intellectual legacy from the Byzantines.
D)pushed the frontiers of knowledge forward, particularly in mathematics.
E)all of the above

Question 15

Muslims believe

A)their faith is the completion and perfection of Judaism and Christianity.
B)Jesus was divine.
C)prophets after Muhammad would continue to provide God's revelation.
D)Hebrew ideas about the oneness of humanity are erroneous.
E)Muhammad was divine.

Question 16

The Byzantine ruler who initiated the iconoclastic struggle by ordering the destruction of Christian images was

A)Irene.
B)Leo III.
C)Justinian.
D)Theodora.
E)Heraclius.

Question 17

Compared to the western half of the Roman Empire, the eastern half

A)was less populous and less urban.
B)bore the brunt of the Germanic invasions.
C)possessed a capital perfectly suited to resist attack.
D)was economically and culturally less advanced.
E)all of the above

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT one of Islam's Five Pillars of Faith?

A)"There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his Prophet."
B)At least five times a day, a Muslim must pray facing Mecca.
C)At least once in a life, Muslims must engage in a jihad.
D)Muslims must be generous to the poor.
E)Ramadan is a holy month to be observed by a dawn to dusk fast.

Question 19

Shortly after the Seljuk Turks defeated the Byzantines in 1071, Latin Christians

A)officially broke with the Orthodox Church.
B)sent their sympathy but did nothing.
C)launched a series of Crusades against Islam, one of which included the looting of Constantinople and the occupation of the city by the Latin Christians for six decades.
D)launched a series of Crusades against Islam, which revived the Byzantine Empire and freed the Holy Land until the nineteenth century.
E)believed that this proved God disapproved of Orthodox Christianity.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT true of the traditional relationship of the Muslims to the Jews?

A)Muslims generally demonized the Jews as a hateful and cursed people.
B)Muslims believed that God had sent prophets to the ancient Hebrews to bring his message of compassion and submission.
C)Muslims believed that Jews were "people of the book" and should not be persecuted.
D)Muslims required that Jews living in their lands should pay a special tax and wear a distinguishing mark on their clothing.
E)Muslims forbid Jews living in their land from bearing arms and, at times, testifying in court.

Question 21

Government under the Germanic peoples differed from the Roman rule in that

A)German king regarded the land he controlled as his private property.
B)citizenship and the concept of loyalty to an impersonal state were foreign to the Germans.
C)the Germanic people lacked the education to effectively run an administration.
D)the Germanic concept of law was quite different and included such legal procedures as trial by ordeal.
E)all of the above

Question 22

Pope Gregory I tried to counterbalance the power of Lombard invaders in Italy by seeking support from the

A)Byzantines.
B)Abbassid caliphate.
C)Magyars.
D)Franks.
E)Visigoths.

Question 23

Under Germanic rulers, the urban centers of the former Roman Empire continued

A)to engage in substantial commerce.
B)as episcopal seats of bishops.
C)as lively centers of culture and intellectual life.
D)as instruments of local government.
E)to control the surrounding countryside.

Question 24

To people in medieval Europe, the most important role of the Church was

A)opening Germanic minds to new ideas.
B)saving people from damnation.
C)assuming some of the functions formerly performed by the Roman state.
D)taming warrior habits.
E)encouraging critical independent thinking.

Question 25

In his The  Consolation of Philosophy, Boethius stated a basic tenet of classical humanism when he said

A)no tyrant can "ever disturb the peculiar restfulness which is the property of a mind that hangs together upon the firm basis of its reason."
B)"For with much wisdom comes much sorrow; the more knowledge the more grief."
C)"When I surveyed all I my hands had done, everything was meaningless, a chasing after the wind."
D)"Man is formed of dust, slimes, and ashes; what is even more vile, of the filthiest seed."
E)"In the City of God, there is no merely human wisdom, but there is the piety which worships true God as He should be worshipped."

Question 26

As Germanic peoples came to control the western half of the Roman Empire, they intended to

A)replace Catholic Christianity with Arianism.
B)Germanize the population.
C)perpetuate the advantages of Greco-Roman civilization.
D)forge a new hybrid society based on Germanic customs.
E)raid the empire and move on.

Question 27

During the Early Middle Ages, the Latin Christians

A)experienced economic dynamism as a result of the expansion of Muslim power.
B)saw trade dominated by Byzantine merchants after the seventh century.
C)strengthened the bonds between East and West by engaging in Mediterranean trade.
D)produced for themselves what they needed, exchanging few goods.
E)reversed the commercial patterns exhibited during the decline of the western Roman Empire.

Question 28

The new European civilization that emerged in Europe during the Early Middle Ages

A)had Christianity as its center.
B)was predominantly Roman in its social and legal relationships.
C)used Greek for its intellectual life.
D)is considered to be culturally equal with Byzantine and Islamic civilization.
E)all of the above

Question 29

Under the leadership of Theodoric the Great (474-536)

A)powerful aristocratic Roman families still held government offices.
B)the Roman Senate was eliminated.
C)those schools that still existed were destroyed.
D)the Roman civil service was dismissed.
E)Latin ceased to be the official language of administration.

Question 30

The pope credited with dramatically expanding the power of the papacy by allying it with monasteries, using Roman administrative methods, and making it a leading financial institution was

A)Leo III.
B)Stephen II.
C)Gregory I.
D)Zacharias.
E)Pius.

Question 31

Which of the following received a classical education at the Platonic Academy at Athens?

A)Isidore of Seville
B)Boethius
C)Cassiodorus
D)Saint Boniface
E)Alcuin of York

Question 32

According to the text, the culture of Latin Christendom did not catch up to that of the Byzantines and Islam until the

A)ninth century.
B)twelfth century.
C)thirteenth century.
D)fifteenth century.
E)seventeenth century.

Question 33

Charlemagne governed his expanded empire

A)by restoring the late Roman diocese-province-prefecture-empire structure.
B)through Roman law and taxes from newly revitalized towns.
C)through about 250 counts monitored by missi dominici .
D)through a complex vassalage system.
E)through a trained administrator imported from Byzantium.

Question 34

Where did Roman urban institutions prove to be the most durable?

A)Britain
B)Gaul (France)
C)Germany
D)Italy
E)Spain

Question 35

Which strategic move did Clovis make that helped the fortunes of the newly united Franks?

A)Clovis converted to Catholic Christianity rather than the Arian variety other Germanic leaders adopted.
B)Clovis adopted Roman manners and attire to win the loyalty of his Roman subjects.
C)Clovis managed to play the pope and the Byzantine emperor off against each other.
D)Clovis helped the pope create the Papal States.
E)Clovis repulsed the Muslim attack at Tours.

Question 36

More than anything else, which of the following gave form and direction to the new civilization in the West that would arise on the ruins of Rome?

A)the translations and compilations of Boethius, Cassiodorus, and Isidore
B)kings
C)the church
D)the intermarriage of Germanic and Roman people
E)the influence of Byzantium and Islam

Question 37

The Ottoman Turks achieved all the following EXCEPT

A)the conquest of Constantinople in 1453.
B)the conquest of Syria, North Africa, and the Arabian coast.
C)effective administration of an empire.
D)renewed cultural brilliance within the Muslim world.
E)the conquest of Hungary up to the gates of Vienna.

Question 38

The term double monasteries referred to

A)houses where some monks led contemplative lives and some taught.
B)institutions where monks lived under extremely strict regimens.
C)religious establishments where both monks and nuns followed a common rule.
D)those monasteries with libraries containing both theological works and ancient Latin classics.
E)institutions devoted both to prayer and to work.

Question 39

In the development of the church in Ireland

A)Christian conversions dated back to the late seventh century.
B)the vernacular was used in religious documents rather than Latin.
C)scholars rejected biblical analysis in favor of mystical experiences.
D)scholars copied and decorated manuscripts with exquisite detail.
E)monks were disinterested in undertaking missionary activity in continental Europe.

Question 40

In the Early Middle Ages, the highest expression of the Christian life was considered to be the life of

A)good Christian parents.
B)a successful business man.
C)the independent person who lived according to reason and fulfilled his potential.
D)a monk.
E)the knight who fulfilled his duty.

Question 41

In the nunneries of the Middle Ages

A)one rarely found peasants because they could not afford a dowry and were needed on the farm.
B)abbots were placed in charge because women were considered lacking in the ability to organize.
C)education of nuns was forbidden because women might misuse knowledge.
D)few aristocratic women could be found because they would not wish to associate with the lower-class women.
E)everyone with a vocation or calling was accepted.

Question 42

The Carolingian Renaissance

A)recaptured the worldly spirit of Greece and Rome.
B)raised the level of literacy among the clergy and administrators.
C)achieved the great medieval synthesis of faith and reason.
D)was followed by an intellectual collapse similar to that following the decline of Rome.
E)revived independent philosophic thinking and the search for new knowledge.

Question 43

Vassalage includes all the following EXCEPT

A)​an oath of loyalty originating in the ancient German custom of swearing allegiance to the head of war-band.
B)​the vassal pledges military service, among other things, in exchange for a fief.
C)​unlimited power of the lord over the vassal.
D)​obligations such as raising ransom for the lord and protection of the vassal.
E)​a reciprocal relationship between lord and vassal.

Question 44

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Allah

Question 45

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Hagia Sophia

Question 46

In feudalism, kings

A)were considered to be the chief lords.
B)often were less powerful than other nobles.
C)were part of a complex hierarchy of oaths and power.
D)were theoretically the highest political authorities.
E)all of the above

Question 47

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Byzantium

Question 48

Feudalism can best be described as

A)nobles exercising power formerly held by kings.
B)endemic warfare.
C)the struggle among nobles, clergy, and peasants.
D)monarchy.
E)rational law.

Question 49

Which of the following statements concerning medieval serfs is NOT accurate?

A)Serfs received protection from their lords from roving brigands and warring nobles.
B)Serfs were bound to the land and could not leave without the lords' permission.
C)Dismal conditions frequently led to open rebellion by the serfs against their lord.
D)Serfs could pay a fine to marry someone of their choice if their lord had selected an alternate partner.
E)Serfs worked in their lord's land and paid their lord a variety of dues.

Question 50

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Koran

Question 51

The effects of the Viking onslaught on Europe included

A)economic collapse.
B)disappearance of royal authority.
C)the withering of culture.
D)renewal of the decentralization process begun with the decline of Rome.
E)all of the above

Question 52

The achievements of Charlemagne include

A)the expansion of the Frankish kingdom into Spain, Saxony, and Bavaria.
B)creating a lasting combination of the Roman ideal of world empire, Christian otherworldliness, Greco-Roman intellectual achievements, and Germanic customs.
C)engendering the ideal of a unified Latin Christendom.
D)aiding in the creation of a distinct European civilization.
E)all of the above

Question 53

Feudal law was markedly different from Roman law because Roman law was

A)universal.
B)rational.
C)systematic.
D)based on an obligation of citizen to the state rather than vassal to lord.
E)all of the above

Question 54

The empire of Charlemagne disintegrated for each of the following reasons EXCEPT that it

A)was too large and diverse.
B)had depended on the charismatic power of Charlemagne.
C)was deliberately divided among his sons.
D)lacked economic cohesiveness.
E)was attacked by Viking, Magyars, and Muslims.

Question 55

Which of the following did the Bishop of Laon NOT state in his description of society?

A)"The serfs claim that they feed the nobles. In fact, it is the warriors and protectors of the Church who feed the luckless serfs."
B)"The community of the faithful is a single body but the condition of society is threefold in order."
C)"They [the warriors] are the defenders of the people...and at the same time they ensure their own safety."
D)"[N]o free man could exist without serfs."
E)"The three groups ... cannot bear to be separated; the services rendered by one are a precondition for the labor of the two others."

Question 56

Which of the following set of terms is mismatched?

A)Feudalism and political system
B)Manorialism and economic system
C)Serf and peasant bound to the land
D)Vassal and knight subordinated to a lord
E)Merchant and liege homage.

Question 57

The biography of Saint Boniface indicates all the following EXCEPT

A)the work of clergymen in the Middle Ages could mean extensive travel and relocation.
B)deacons and priests did violate the church's moral code.
C)there were serious instances of church property being plundered by the laity.
D)the work of the church was exclusively a man's job.
E)pagans still practiced human sacrifice.

Question 58

After their defeat in Germany in 955, the Magyars

A)disappeared from history.
B)assimilated into the German population and founded the town of Magdeburg.
C)withdrew into what is now Hungary and adopted Christianity.
D)turned against Byzantium.
E)joined the Vikings in their attacks.

Question 59

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Cyrillic

Question 60

Medieval warfare

A)was considered only a part-time endeavor by feudal lords.
B)was universally condemned by the church.
C)was regulated through the Truce of God and the Peace of God.
D)had little to do with the values of chivalry.
E)was only between kings prior to the eleventh century.

Question 61

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Merovingian dynasty

Question 62

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
liege homage

Question 63

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Donation of Pepin

Question 64

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Shia

Question 65

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
fief

Question 66

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Five Pillars of Islam

Question 67

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
chivalry

Question 68

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
caliph

Question 69

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Hadith

Question 70

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Franks

Question 71

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Theodoric the Great

Question 72

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Truce of God and Peace of God

Question 73

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
manorialism

Question 74

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Immaculate Conception

Question 75

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Vikings

Question 76

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
vassal

Question 77

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
feudalism

Question 78

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
double monasteries

Question 79

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Hegira

Question 80

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Magyars