Deck 15: The Logic of Multivariate Analysis

Question 1

Caitlin studied the relationship between gender and adjustment to retirement. She controlled for type of job before retirement and set up tables relating gender to retirement adjustment for each of her three categories of job type before retirement. The relationships displayed in these tables are known as:

A)test relationships.
B)zero-order relationships.
C)primary relationships.
D)partial relationships.
E)extensive relationships.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Forrester found a strong positive relationship between participation in high school extracurricular activities and community involvement as adults. He controlled for amount of college and the relationship between high school extracurricular activities and community involvement was negative for low college attainment, nonexistent for medium college attainment, and positive for high college attainment. Which type of elaboration analysis is this?

A)replication
B)explanation
C)interpretation
D)specification
E)extension

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Forrester found a strong positive relationship between participation in high school extracurricular activities and community involvement as adults. He controlled for amount of college and the relationship between high school extracurricular activities and community involvement was nonexistent for all three categories of college attainment. Which type of elaboration analysis is this?

A)replication
B)explanation
C)interpretation
D)specification
E)extension

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which one of the following is the term used to describe a spurious relationship?

A)replication
B)explanation
C)interpretation
D)specification
E)extension

Question 5

When using the elaboration paradigm, you should always begin with an observed relationship.

Question 6

Forrester found a strong positive relationship between participation in high school extracurricular activities and community involvement as adults. He controlled for gender, and the relationship between high school extracurricular activities and community involvement appeared among the men but not at all among the women. Which type of elaboration analysis is this?

A)replication
B)explanation
C)interpretation
D)specification
E)extension

Question 7

To begin the elaboration paradigm, we must know whether the test variable

A)is operationalized.
B)is continuous or discrete.
C)fits with our theory.
D)is antecedent or intervening to the other two variables.
E)is the independent or dependent variable.

Question 8

Walter discovered a strong positive relationship between parental engagement with their children and subsequent college success. He controlled for the educational level of parents and found the same relationship in all three partial tables for parental education level. Which type of elaboration analysis did he perform?

A)explanation
B)replication
C)interpretation
D)extension
E)specification

Question 9

When partial relationships and original relationships are essentially the same, it is an example of:

A)explanation.
B)replication.
C)interpretation.
D)specification.
E)refinement.

Question 10

Professor Smith found a relationship between education and occupation. However, when age was introduced as a test factor, the relationship between education and occupation disappeared in the partials. In Professor Smith's study, age was introduced as a(n):

A)control variable.
B)spurious variable.
C)distorter variable.
D)antecedent control variable.
E)intervening control variable.

Question 11

The elaboration model can only be used on dichotomous variables.

Question 12

In conducting a project to study the relationship between number of criminal offenses committed and education, a researcher introduces the variable of age. When this was done, the relationship between education and crime disappeared. What type of research was conducted?

A)replication
B)spurious relationship
C)explanation
D)interpretation
E)descriptive

Question 13

Stephen found a strong positive relationship between participation in high school extracurricular activities and community involvement as adults. He controlled for gender and got the same relationship between high school extracurricular activities and community involvement for both partial tables showing men and women. Which type of elaboration analysis is this?

A)replication
B)explanation
C)interpretation
D)specification
E)extension

Question 14

The acceptance of a hypothesis is really a function of the extent to which it has been tested and not disconfirmed.

Question 15

The key to making ex post facto hypothesizing legitimate is that:

A)a large enough sample must be used.
B)enough variables are used.
C)the researcher is up-front about saying so.
D)such hypotheses are themselves subject to testing.
E)the research must be replicable.

Question 16

The elaboration model examines the impact of other variables on the:

A)frequency distribution of the dependent variable.
B)frequency distribution of the independent variable.
C)measure of central tendency.
D)relationship first observed.
E)the dependent variable.

Question 17

Naoko performed a research project on community perceptions of police officer discretion, and after observing the empirical relationship, she created a hypothesis that explained the relationship between the variables. She engaged in:

A)elaboration.
B)sample reconstruction.
C)distorter variable construction.
D)deductive reasoning.
E)ex post facto hypothesizing.

Question 18

Mabel did a study on regional differences in Christmas gift-giving and, after observing the empirical relationship, she developed a hypothesis to explain the relationship. Mabel was engaging in:

A)ex post facto hypothesizing.
B)elaboration.
C)distorter variable construction.
D)sample reconstruction.
E)deductive reasoning.

Question 19

Forrester found a strong positive relationship between participation in high school extracurricular activities and community involvement as adults. He controlled for gender and the relationship between high school extracurricular activities and community involvement was nonexistent for both men and women. Which type of elaboration analysis is this?

A)replication
B)explanation
C)interpretation
D)specification
E)extension

Question 20

Studying the relationship between parental supervision and juvenile delinquency, Maria found a strong relationship between the two. She then introduced a third variable, education, and the partials still showed a strong relationship between supervision and delinquency. What may she conclude?

A)That replication took place.
B)That the relationship between supervision and delinquency is spurious.
C)That the relationship between supervision and delinquency is nonspurious.
D)That the relationship between supervision and delinquency is spurious and replication took place.
E)That the relationship between supervision and delinquency is nonspurious and replication took place.

Question 21

Whenever partial relationships are essentially the same as the original relationship, the term assigned to the result, regardless of whether the test variable is antecedent or intervening, is a(n):

A)spurious relationship.
B)explanation.
C)specification.
D)replication.
E)interpretation.

Question 22

Interpretation differs from explanation when it comes to:

A)level of measurement of test variable.
B)time placement of test variable.
C)level of measurement of experimental variables.
D)number of test variables used.
E)interpretation and explanation are synonymous.

Question 23

Explanation is the term used to describe a spurious relationship.

Question 24

The particular value of the elaboration model is to show

A)the logic of causal analysis.
B)the origins of causal analysis.
C)the limitations of causal analysis.
D)the ethical implications of causal analysis.
E)the extension of causal analysis.

Question 25

When the partial relationship is essentially the same as the original relationship, the term "specification" is applied to the result.

Question 26

The purpose of the elaboration model is to provide a way to examine relationships that may be causal.

Question 27

The relationship between IQ and shoe size, with no other variables measured, is an example of a(n):

A)elaborated relationship.
B)partial relationship.
C)zero-order relationship.
D)first-order relationship.
E)perfect relationship.

Question 28

Interpretation only differs from explanation when it comes to the level of measurement used.

Question 29

Compare and contrast explanation and interpretation. Give examples of both.

Question 30

What is a replication in the elaboration model? What does it tell you about the relationships uncovered in the original analysis?

Question 31

Suppose we observed that the more firefighters there were at a fire site, the greater the amount of fire damage. Suppose we also observed that the size of the fire was related to both the amount of damage and the number of firefighters present. The relationship between numbers of firefighters and the amount of fire damage illustrates that:

A)the relationship between the two variables is causal.
B)the number of firefighters causes the damage.
C)the relationship between firefighters and the amount of damage is spurious.
D)the number of firefighters at a fire may cause the amount of damage.
E)the amount of damage at a fire causes firefighters to appear at the fire.

Question 32

Good researchers always avoid ex post facto hypothesizing.

Question 33

Ex post facto hypothesizing refers to the development of hypotheses "predicting" relationships that have already been observed in the data.

Question 34

Which elaboration paradigm is used to describe the situation when an elaboration test identifies partial relationships that are different from each other? Give an example and interpret the results.

Question 35

Having observed an empirical relationship between two variables, we seek to understand the nature of that relationship through the effects produced by introducing other variables. In view of this, what is the basic form of the elaboration model?

Question 36

A zero-order relationship means that:

A)there is no relationship between the variables.
B)the partials have been reduced.
C)no test factors have been controlled for.
D)the partials have remained the same as the original relationship.
E)there is one independent variable.

Question 37

A relationship was found between education and income. Tables A and B are the partials controlling for sex. What do these tables indicate? ​ ​

A)replication
B)specification
C)explanation
D)distorter
E)interpretation

Question 38

What is meant by ex post facto hypothesizing? Why does it sometimes mislead inexperienced researchers?

Question 39

The term "specification" is used in the elaboration model regardless of whether the test variable is antecedent or intervening.

Question 40

The variable held constant in the elaboration model to determine the relationship between others is a(n):

A)test variable.
B)experimental variable.
C)multivariate variable.
D)elaboration variable.
E)regression variable.