Deck 11: Liquids and Solids

Question 1

Which of the following phase transitions are considered exothermic ?
I. Freezing
II. Condensation
III. Deposition

A) I only
B) I and II
C) I and III
D) II and III
E) All of these

Answer 1

All of these

Question 2

Which phase transition listed below would represent the transition from the solid state to gaseous vapor?

A) Condensation
B) Melting
C) Deposition
D) Sublimation
E) Evaporation

Answer 2

Sublimation

Question 3

Consider liquid state molecules on the submicroscopic scale. Which statement below is true regarding the relative magnitudes of the forces of attraction and forces of disruption among liquid molecules?

A) The forces of attraction are much greater than the kinetic energy for liquid molecules.
B) The forces of attraction and kinetic energy are comparable for liquid molecules.
C) The kinetic energy dominates over the forces of attraction for liquid molecules.
D) A direct comparison between these relative forces cannot be made.

Answer 3

The forces of attraction and kinetic energy are comparable for liquid molecules.

Question 4

Exhibit 11-1 The heating curve below is needed for the following question(s).
Refer to Exhibit 11-1. For the heating curve shown, which letter labels the line segment that corresponds to the heat of fusion?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 5

Exhibit 11-1 The heating curve below is needed for the following question(s).
Refer to Exhibit 11-1. For the heating curve shown, which letter labels the line segment that corresponds to the heat of vaporization?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 6

If the energy of intermolecular attractions are much less than the average kinetic energy of the molecules, what is the physical state of the substance?

A) solid
B) liquid
C) gas
D) plasma
E) Its state cannot be predicted

Question 7

A slush of liquid water and ice crystals is at equilibrium at 0 ° C. If a small amount of heat is removed so that more ice is formed, the system will experience:

A) a temperature rise since crystallization of ice is an exothermic process.
B) a change in vapor pressure over the mixture.
C) a temperature lowering since more ice produces a colder system.
D) a change in pressure that is proportional to the heat.
E) no temperature change.

Question 8

Which of the following phase changes is an exothermic event?
I. Sublimation
II. Condensing
III. Melting

A) I only
B) II only
C) III only
D) I and II
E) All of these

Question 9

Which phase change listed below represents the transition from the gaseous state to the liquid state?

A) Condensation
B) Deposition
C) Evaporation
D) Freezing
E) Sublimation

Question 10

Exhibit 11-2 The phase diagram below is needed for the following question(s).
Refer to Exhibit 11-2. If one is at position A and the pressure is increased, which statement below is true?

A) One moves from a position of gas-liquid equilibrium to one in the liquid phase.
B) One moves from the gas phase to the liquid phase.
C) One moves from a position of gas-solid equilibrium to one in the liquid phase.
D) One moves from a position of gas-liquid equilibrium to one in the gas phase.
E) One moves from a position of gas-solid equilibrium to one in the solid phase.

Question 11

Given the three statements below, pick the best answer.
I. The normal boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is 1 atm.
II. Water always boils at 100 ° C.
III. The vapor pressure of a liquid increases with increasing temperature.

A) I and II are true, III is false
B) I and III are true, II is false
C) II and III are true, I is false
D) all three are true
E) only III is true

Question 12

Exhibit 11-1 The heating curve below is needed for the following question(s).
Refer to Exhibit 11-1. For the heating curve shown, which letter labels the line segment where liquid and gas may be present?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 13

At room temperature chlorine is a gas, bromine is a liquid, and iodine is a solid. All three exist as diatomic molecules at this temperature. The intermolecular attractions in these substances increase in the order:

A) I₂ < Br₂ < Cl₂
B) Br₂ < I₂ < Cl₂
C) Cl₂ < Br₂ < I₂
D) I₂ < Cl₂ < Br₂
E) none of these

Question 14

Exhibit 11-1 The heating curve below is needed for the following question(s).
Refer to Exhibit 11-1. For the heating curve shown, which letter labels the line segment where only solid is present?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 15

Exhibit 11-1 The heating curve below is needed for the following question(s).
Refer to Exhibit 11-1. For the heating curve shown, which letter labels the line segment where only liquid is present?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 16

Which of the following phase changes listed below would be considered endothermic ?
I. Sublimation
II. Deposition
III. Condensation

A) I only
B) II only
C) I and II
D) I and III
E) All of these

Question 17

What is the transition from the gaseous phase to the solid phase?

A) Condensing
B) Deposition
C) Evaporation
D) Melting
E) Sublimation

Question 18

For most substances, the enthalpy of the phase changes, D H _sublimation, D H _fusion, and D H _vaporization, increase in the order:

A) D H _sublimation D H _fusion D H _vaporization
B) D H _fusion D H _sublimation D H _vaporization
C) D H _fusion D H _vaporization D H _sublimation
D) D H _vaporization D H _fusion D H _sublimation
E) D H _vaporization D H _sublimation D H _fusion

Question 19

Which of the three states of matter have much greater kinetic energy than their forces of attraction?
I. Solids
II. Liquids
III. Gases

A) I only
B) II only
C) III only
D) I and II
E) All of these

Question 20

The temperature at which solid is in equilibrium with its vapor is called

A) the melting point
B) the freezing point
C) the boiling point
D) the sublimation point
E) none of these

Question 21

Exhibit 11-2 The phase diagram below is needed for the following question(s).
Refer to Exhibit 11-2. If one is at position F and the pressure is increased, which statement below is true?

A) One moves from a position of gas-liquid equilibrium to one in the liquid phase.
B) One moves from a position of gas-solid equilibrium to one in the liquid phase.
C) One moves from the gas phase to the liquid phase.
D) One moves from a position of gas-liquid equilibrium to one in the gas phase.
E) none of these

Question 22

Exhibit 11-2 The phase diagram below is needed for the following question(s).
Refer to Exhibit 11-2. At which of the lettered points on the phase diagram is more than one phase present?

A) C only
B) A, D, and F only
C) D and F only
D) A, C, D, and F only
E) none of these

Question 23

What intermolecular force(s) of interaction is(are) possible for a molecule of NH₃shown below?

A) London dispersion
B) Dipole-dipole
C) Hydrogen bonding
D) a and b
E) all of these

Question 24

Exhibit 11-2 The phase diagram below is needed for the following question(s).
Refer to Exhibit 11-2. If the temperature and pressure are such that the substance is at point D in the diagram, a slight increase in temperature would cause what type of change?

A) change a solid into a liquid
B) change a liquid into a solid
C) go from a solid-liquid equilibrium to a liquid
D) go from a solid-liquid equilibrium to a solid
E) go from a liquid-gas equilibrium to a gas

Question 25

What intermolecular force(s) of attraction is(are) present between two molecules of ethanol shown below?

I. London dispersion
II. Dipole-dipole
III. Hydrogen bonding

A) I only
B) II only
C) III only
D) I and II
E) All of these

Question 26

What intermolecular force(s) of interaction is(are) present between two molecules of dimethyl ether, CH₃OCH₃?
I. London dispersion forces
II. Dipole-dipole forces
III. Hydrogen bonding

A) I only
B) II only
C) III only
D) I and II
E) All of these

Question 27

Formaldehyde is a colorless gas but when dissolved in water can be used in embalming fluids. Which intermolecular force(s) is(are) present among formaldehyde molecules shown below?

A) London dispersion
B) Dipole-dipole
C) Hydrogen bonding
D) a and b
E) all of these

Question 28

What intermolecular force(s) of attraction is(are) present between two molecules of ethane shown below?

I. London dispersion
II. Dipole-dipole
III. Hydrogen bonding

A) I only
B) II only
C) III only
D) I and II
E) All of these

Question 29

Exhibit 11-3 Consider the General Phase Diagram shown below to answer the following problem(s).
Refer to Exhibit 11-3. What phase transition would occur upon moving from point B to point C in the phase diagram above?

A) Condensation
B) Evaporation
C) Freezing
D) Melting
E) Sublimation

Question 30

Which of the following molecules can form hydrogen bonds ?
I. CH₃NH₂
II. CH₃OH
III. CH₃F

A) I only
B) II only
C) III only
D) I and II
E) All of these

Question 31

Exhibit 11-3 Consider the General Phase Diagram shown below to answer the following problem(s).
Refer to Exhibit 11-3. Which temperature-pressure point on this diagram represents conditions in which the solid phase is present in equilibrium with the liquid phase?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) F
E) G

Question 32

Which intermolecular forces of attraction represents an interaction between two molecules resulting from opposites charges (partial positive and partial negative interactions)?
I. London dispersion
II. Dipole-dipole
III. Hydrogen bonding

A) I only
B) II only
C) III only
D) I and II
E) All of these

Question 33

What intermolecular force(s) of attraction is(are) present between two molecules of CH₂F₂?
I. London dispersion
II. Dipole-dipole
III. Hydrogen bonding

A) I only
B) II only
C) III only
D) I and II
E) All of these

Question 34

Exhibit 11-3 Consider the General Phase Diagram shown below to answer the following problem(s).
Refer to Exhibit 11-3. What phase transition would occur upon moving from point B to point A on the phase diagram above?

A) Condensation
B) Evaporation
C) Freezing
D) Melting
E) Sublimation

Question 35

Exhibit 11-3 Consider the General Phase Diagram shown below to answer the following problem(s).
Refer to Exhibit 11-3. Which transition is related to sublimation in the phase diagram above?

A) Moving from point A to point B
B) Moving from point B to point A
C) Moving from point B to point C
D) Moving from point C to point B
E) None of these.

Question 36

What intermolecular force(s) is(are) present among molecules of HBr?
I. London dispersion
II. Dipole-dipole
III. Hydrogen bonding

A) I only
B) II only
C) III only
D) I and II
E) All of these

Question 37

Which of the following molecules can form hydrogen bonds as a pure liquid?

A)
B)
C)
D) a and b
E) all of these

Question 38

Exhibit 11-3 Consider the General Phase Diagram shown below to answer the following problem(s).
Refer to Exhibit 11-3. What temperature-pressure point on the General Phase Diagram above represents the Critical Point ?

A) D
B) E
C) F
D) G
E) H

Question 39

Exhibit 11-2 The phase diagram below is needed for the following question(s).
Refer to Exhibit 11-2. Which point denotes the place where all the three phases are in equilibrium at the same time?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 40

Which of the following substances have London Dispersion Forces of attraction?
I. He
II. CH₄
III. H₂O

A) I only
B) II only
C) III only
D) I and II
E) All of these

Question 41

Which of the following forces between atoms or ions or molecules is the strongest on a per mole basis?

A) Force holding one sheet of graphite to another
B) Covalent bond
C) Dipole-dipole force
D) Hydrogen bond
E) Dispersion force

Question 42

Arrange the following molecules in order of increasing boiling point. H₂O₂, HCl and O₂

A) (lowest bp) H₂O₂ < HCl < O₂ (highest bp)
B) (lowest bp) O₂ < HCl < H₂O₂ (highest bp)
C) (lowest bp) HCl < H₂O₂ < O₂ (highest bp)
D) (lowest bp) HCl < O₂ < H₂O₂ (highest bp)
E) (lowest bp) O₂ < H₂O₂ < HCl (highest bp)

Question 43

On the basis of intermolecular forces of attraction, rank the following three compounds in terms of increasing boiling point. CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃ (Pentane), CHCl₃ (Chloroform) and H₂O (Water)

A) (lowest bp) Pentane < Chloroform < Water (highest bp)
B) (lowest bp) Pentane < Water < Chloroform (highest bp)
C) (lowest bp) Water < Chloroform < Pentane (highest bp)
D) (lowest bp) Water < Pentane < Chloroform (highest bp)
E) (lowest bp) Chloroform < Water < Pentane (highest bp)

Question 44

On the basis of intermolecular forces of attraction, rank the following three compounds in terms of increasing boiling point . NH₃ (Ammonia), N₂ (Nitrogen) and HCl (Hydrogen Chloride)

A) (lowest bp) Ammonia < Hydrogen chloride < Nitrogen (highest bp)
B) (lowest bp) Ammonia < Nitrogen < Hydrogen chloride (highest bp)
C) (lowest bp) Nitrogen < Hydrogen chloride < Ammonia (highest bp)
D) (lowest bp) Nitrogen < Ammonia < Hydrogen chloride (highest bp)
E) (lowest bp) Hydrogen chloride < Nitrogen < Ammonia (highest bp)

Question 45

Consider the hydrogen halides, HX (where X = F, Cl, Br, and I). Based upon a comparison between the intermolecular forces for each compound, which would be expected to have the highest boiling point ?

A) HF
B) HCl
C) HBr
D) HI

Question 46

Given the three statements below, pick the best answer.
I. Dipole-dipole interactions should contribute to the intermolecular bonding forces of FBr.
II. London forces (instantaneous dipole) are the only intermolecular forces acting between H₂ molecules.
III. London forces should be greater for I₂ than Br₂ because I₂ is more polarizable.

A) I and II are correct, III is not
B) I and III are correct, II is not
C) II and III are correct, I is not
D) all are correct
E) only III is correct

Question 47

Given the three molecules listed below, which choice is best?
I. CH₃OH
II. H₂S
III. CH₃CH₃

A) Hydrogen bonding is the dominant intermolecular force only for I.
B) Hydrogen bonding is the dominant intermolecular force for I and II.
C) Hydrogen bonding is the dominant intermolecular force for I, II, and III.
D) Hydrogen bonding is not important for any of these molecules.
E) None of these choices is correct.

Question 48

Three molecules are listed below. Will hydrogen bonding be important for any of them?
Pick the correct answer.
I. HBr
II. CH₃OH
III. NH₃

A) I and II will hydrogen bond, III will not
B) I and III will hydrogen bond, II will not
C) II and III will hydrogen bond, I will not
D) all three will hydrogen bond
E) only III will hydrogen bond

Question 49

Pick the true statement below.

A) Dipole-dipole forces dominate the intermolecular forces for HBr.
B) The dominant intermolecular force for CH₃NH₂ is the dispersion force.
C) Hydrogen bonding is the most important intermolecular force for both CH₃OH and CHCl₃.
D) Hydrogen bonding is the most important intermolecular force for both HF and H₂O.
E) All four of these are false.

Question 50

Based upon intermolecular forces of attraction, which is the correct order for increasing boiling points among the following three molecules?
N₂, H₂, and NH₃

A) (lowest bp) N₂ < H₂ < NH₃ (highest bp)
B) (lowest bp) H₂ < N₂ < NH₃ (highest bp)
C) (lowest bp) NH₃ < H₂ < N₂ (highest bp)
D) (lowest bp) NH₃ < N₂ < H₂ (highest bp)
E) (lowest bp) H₂ < NH₃ < N₂ (highest bp)

Question 51

Which molecule listed below would have its intermolecular forces dominated by dispersion forces?

A) N₂
B) CH₃OH
C) H₂O
D) NH₃
E) none of these

Question 52

Arrange the following elements in order of increasing boiling point. Argon, Helium, Neon

A) (lowest bp) Argon < Helium < Neon (highest bp)
B) (lowest bp) Argon < Neon < Helium (highest bp)
C) (lowest bp) Helium < Neon < Argon (highest bp)
D) (lowest bp) Helium < Argon < Neon (highest bp)
E) (lowest bp) Neon < Helium < Argon (highest bp)

Question 53

Which of the following forces between atoms or ions or molecules is the strongest?

A) Electrostatic force between ions
B) Ion-dipole force
C) Dipole-dipole force
D) London dispersion force
E) Hydrogen bonding

Question 54

Given the three statements below, pick the best answer.
I. Dipole-dipole forces are the main intermolecular force for I - Br.
II. O₂ is a gas at room temperature because it is highly polarizable.
III. London forces dominate the intermolecular forces for Br₂.

A) only I is true
B) only II is true
C) only III is true
D) II and III are true, I is false
E) I and III are true, II is false

Question 55

Which of the following molecules cannot form hydrogen bonds as a pure liquid?

A) H - F
B)
C)
D)
E) All of these can hydrogen bond

Question 56

On the basis of intermolecular forces of attraction, rank the following three compounds in terms of increasing boiling point . CH₃CH₂OH, CH₃OCH₃ and CH₃CH₂CH₃

A) (lowest bp) CH₃CH₂OH < CH₃OCH₃ < CH₃CH₂CH₃ (highest bp)
B) (lowest bp) CH₃CH₂OH < CH₃CH₂CH₃ < CH₃OCH₃ (highest bp)
C) (lowest bp) CH₃CH₂CH₃ < CH₃OCH₃ < CH₃CH₂OH (highest bp)
D) (lowest bp) CH₃CH₂CH₃ < CH₃CH₂OH < CH₃OCH₃ (highest bp)
E) (lowest bp) CH₃OCH₃ < CH₃CH₂OH < CH₃CH₂CH₃ (highest bp)

Question 57

Which of the molecules shown below does not have any dipole-dipole intermolecular forces?

A) PH₃
B) BeH₂
C) HBr
D) HCN
E) none of these

Question 58

What is the most important intermolecular force in solid H₂O?

A) London dispersion
B) Dipole-dipole
C) Hydrogen bonding
D) Ionic bonding
E) Covalent bonding

Question 59

Which of the following would have a boiling point lower than SiCl₄?

A) LiCl
B) CCl₄
C) SiBr₄
D) GeCl₄
E) none of these

Question 60

Based upon an analysis of intermolecular forces of attraction among the compounds listed below, which substance would be expected to have the highest boiling point?

A) Br₂
B) F₂
C) N₂
D) H₂
E) I₂

Question 61

The crystal forces in solid iodine are classified as:

A) ionic
B) molecular
C) covalent network
D) metallic
E) none of these

Question 62

The property of a liquid that causes small drops to be spherical is called:

A) enthalpy of vaporization.
B) viscosity.
C) surface tension.
D) vapor pressure.
E) none of these

Question 63

Which of the following properties of a liquid increase as the strength of intermolecular forces increases?
I. enthalpy of vaporization
II. boiling point
III. surface tension

A) I and II increase, III decreases
B) II and III increase, I decreases
C) I and III increase, II decreases
D) I, II, and III all increase
E) none of these are correct

Question 64

How many unit cells share an atom at the corner of a cubic unit cell?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 8

Question 65

The stacking of closest packing layers for a hexagonal closest packing is best described as:

A) ABABAB...
B) ABCABC...
C) ABBAABBA...
D) AABBAABB...
E) none of these

Question 66

Which crystal packing structure listed below provides an "ABA" closest packing arrangement for the different layers of metal spheres?

A) Hexagonal Close pack
B) Face Centered Cubic
C) Body Centered Cubic
D) Primitive Cubic
E) None of these

Question 67

Which crystal packing structure listed below provides an "ABC" closest packing arrangement for the different layers of metal spheres?

A) Hexagonal Close pack
B) Face Centered Cubic
C) Body Centered Cubic
D) Primitive Cubic
E) None of these

Question 68

The property of a liquid that measures its resistance to flowing is:

A) enthalpy of vaporization.
B) viscosity.
C) surface tension.
D) vapor pressure.
E) none of these

Question 69

What is the name of the cubic unit cell shown below?

A) Primitive Cubic
B) Body Centered Cubic
C) Face Centered Cubic
D) Edge Centered Cubic
E) None of these

Question 70

A lithium fluoride crystal is classified as:

A) ionic
B) molecular
C) covalent network
D) metallic
E) none of these

Question 71

What type of crystal would CO₂ form upon solidification?

A) Molecular
B) Ionic
C) Covalent network
D) Metallic
E) Pyramidal

Question 72

An atom sitting in the center position in a body-centered cubic cell is shared among how many cubes?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 8

Question 73

The basic repeating three-dimensional pattern of a solid is known as the:

A) Bragg cell
B) closest packing
C) covalent network
D) unit cell
E) none of these

Question 74

In a closest packing array of atoms, how many nearest neighbors does each atom have?

A) 4
B) 6
C) 8
D) 12
E) none of these

Question 75

A diamond crystal is classified as:

A) ionic
B) molecular
C) covalent network
D) metallic
E) none of these

Question 76

Iron crystallizes in a body-centered cubic array of atoms. What is the number of atoms per unit cell for this metal?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 9
D) 4
E) 12

Question 77

Cohesive forces of attraction are intermolecular attractions:

A) between molecules of two or more different substances.
B) that are covalent bonds.
C) between molecules of the same substance.
D) that occur between polar molecules only.
E) none of these

Question 78

The term that best explains why water rises up a thin glass tube is:

A) capillary action.
B) heat of vaporization.
C) viscosity.
D) surface tension.
E) none of these

Question 79

In a cubic array of atoms, how many unit cells share an atom in the center of a face?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 8

Question 80

A copper crystal is classified as:

A) ionic
B) molecular
C) covalent network
D) metallic
E) none of these