Deck 2: Correctional Systems

Question 1

Define the following terms:
-campus model

Answer 1

The term "campus model" typically refers to the layout and architectural design of a university or college's physical space, including its buildings, green spaces, and other facilities. It is a conceptual framework that guides how an educational institution is structured and how it integrates with its environment. The campus model can influence the academic and social atmosphere of the institution, as well as its functionality and accessibility.

Key elements of a campus model might include:

1. **Academic Buildings:** These are structures designed for teaching and learning, including classrooms, lecture halls, laboratories, and libraries. They are often equipped with the necessary technology and resources to support the educational mission of the institution.

2. **Residential Facilities:** Many campuses include dormitories or residence halls where students can live. These facilities often provide a range of living options, from traditional dorm rooms to apartment-style accommodations.

3. **Administrative Buildings:** These house the offices of the university's administration, including spaces for admissions, registrar, financial aid, and other essential administrative functions.

4. **Recreational and Athletic Facilities:** Campuses may include gyms, sports fields, swimming pools, and other facilities to support the physical well-being and athletic interests of students and staff.

5. **Common Areas:** These are spaces such as quads, plazas, and gardens that provide opportunities for informal interaction, relaxation, and community events.

6. **Infrastructure:** This encompasses the underlying systems that support campus operations, including transportation networks, parking, utilities, and technology infrastructure.

7. **Sustainability Features:** Modern campus models often incorporate sustainable design principles, such as energy-efficient buildings, water conservation measures, and green spaces that promote biodiversity.

8. **Accessibility:** A well-designed campus model ensures that facilities are accessible to all individuals, including those with disabilities, and complies with relevant laws and regulations.

The campus model can vary widely from one institution to another, influenced by factors such as the size of the student body, the institution's history and culture, geographic location, and available resources. Some campuses are designed with a traditional aesthetic, featuring historic buildings and formal landscaping, while others may have a more modern or even avant-garde appearance. The campus model is not static and can evolve over time as the needs of the institution and its community change.

Question 2

Define the following terms:
-close security

Answer 2

Close security refers to a level of security measures that are designed to provide a high degree of protection against unauthorized access, theft, or damage. This term is often used in various contexts, such as in corrections facilities, information technology, and personal security. Here, I will define close security in a few different contexts:

1. Corrections Facilities: In the context of a prison or correctional facility, close security refers to a level of custody for inmates who require more supervision and control than medium security but less than maximum security. Close security units are designed to prevent escapes and maintain order, with inmates typically considered a higher risk for violence or other disruptive behavior. These units have more restrictive measures, such as limited movement within the facility, increased staff supervision, and more frequent inmate counts.

2. Information Technology: In the realm of cybersecurity, close security can refer to the implementation of stringent security protocols to protect sensitive data and systems from cyber threats. This may include the use of firewalls, encryption, multi-factor authentication, intrusion detection systems, and regular security audits. Close security in IT aims to safeguard against unauthorized access, data breaches, and other cyber attacks that could compromise the integrity and confidentiality of information.

3. Personal Security: When discussing personal security, close security often refers to the protection of individuals who may be at risk due to their status, occupation, or other factors. This can involve the use of bodyguards, secure transportation, and secure accommodations. Close security measures are tailored to the individual's specific needs and may include risk assessments, security planning, and emergency response protocols.

In all these contexts, close security is about creating a controlled and monitored environment to minimize risks and ensure the safety and integrity of people, information, or assets.

Question 3

Define the following terms:
-courtyard design

Answer 3

Courtyard design refers to the architectural and landscaping approach that focuses on the creation and organization of an outdoor space that is completely or partially enclosed by walls or buildings. This design is often central to the layout of a structure and can be found in various residential, commercial, and institutional buildings. The courtyard serves as an open-air retreat that can provide light, ventilation, and a sense of tranquility or privacy.

Key elements of courtyard design include:

1. **Enclosure**: Courtyards are typically surrounded on all or most sides by walls or buildings. This enclosure creates a defined outdoor area that can serve as a private and secure space.

2. **Proportion and Scale**: The size and shape of a courtyard are carefully considered to ensure that it is in proportion to the surrounding buildings and provides a comfortable space for its intended use.

3. **Access and Connectivity**: Courtyards are designed to be easily accessible from the interior spaces of the surrounding buildings. They often serve as a transitional space between indoor and outdoor environments.

4. **Landscaping**: The inclusion of plants, trees, and other greenery is a critical aspect of courtyard design. Landscaping can provide shade, improve air quality, and enhance the aesthetic appeal of the space.

5. **Hardscaping**: This involves the non-living elements of the courtyard such as paving, water features, seating, and architectural details. Hardscaping contributes to the functionality and visual interest of the courtyard.

6. **Lighting**: Proper lighting design is essential for courtyards, especially if they are to be used during the evening. Lighting can highlight architectural features, landscaping, and provide safety for occupants.

7. **Furniture and Amenities**: Depending on the intended use, courtyards may include outdoor furniture, art installations, fire pits, or other amenities that encourage people to gather and enjoy the space.

8. **Microclimate Management**: Courtyard design often takes into account the local climate and includes features to mitigate extreme temperatures, such as water features for cooling or sheltered areas for protection against wind and rain.

Courtyard design can vary greatly depending on cultural context, climate, the intended use of the space, and the personal preferences of the designer or property owner. From serene garden courtyards in residential settings to bustling open-air cafés in urban environments, the design of a courtyard can significantly enhance the experience of the built environment.

Question 4

Define the following terms:
-detention centers

Question 5

Define the following terms:
-direct supervision

Question 6

Define the following terms:
-Federal Correctional Institutions

Question 7

Define the following terms:
-Federal Prison Camps

Question 8

Define the following terms:
-intermittent surveillance

Question 9

Define the following terms:
-jails

Question 10

Define the following terms:
-maximum security prison

Question 11

Define the following terms:
-medium security

Question 12

Define the following terms:
-minimum security prison

Question 13

Define the following terms:
-modular design

Question 14

Define the following terms:
-radial design

Question 15

Define the following terms:
-Residential Reentry Centers

Question 16

Define the following terms:
-Sentencing Reform Act or 1984

Question 17

Define the following terms:
-skyscraper design

Question 18

Define the following terms:
-super-max prison

Question 19

Define the following terms:
-telephone pole design

Question 20

Define the following terms:
-Three Penitentiary Act

Question 21

Define the following terms:
-U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency

Question 22

Define the following terms:
-U.S. Penitentiaries

Question 23

There is no one system of corrections.

Question 24

Which if the following is not true regarding judges' discretion in departing from legislated sentencing guidelines?

A) Judges can lessen the length of offenders' sentences based on their age.
B) Judges can take into consideration offenders' cooperation with law enforcement and the court when determining sentence length.
C) Judges can take into account the degree of remorse expressed by offenders to increase their sanction.
D) Judges are not allowed to deviate from the sentencing guidelines mandated in their jurisdiction under any circumstance.

Question 25

Which of the following statements are true regarding jails?

A) They are typically operated at the county level.
B) They serve the needs of the local towns and cities in their jurisdiction.
C) They are only for adults who have been sentenced.
D) a and b are true
E) a, b, and c are true

Question 26

County probation officers supervise fewer individuals in the community than are supervised in the local jail.

Question 27

How is the county jail the "cell of last resort?"

A) It exists as a holding cell for persons waiting to be executed after they are brought in from state/federal prisons.
B) It can act as a holding space for convicted offenders awaiting to serve out their sentence until space opens up in state/federal prisons.
C) It can serve as a place for convicted offenders to serve their sentence on weekends.
D) It allows for offenders to serve out work-release sentences so that they can keep their jobs.

Question 28

Juvenile offenses under the criminal code are almost always heard in local courts, but punishment levels can be elevated to a higher level of correction for serious offenses.

Question 29

What is the average length of stay for persons in jail?

A) 12 days
B) 23 days
C) 40 days
D) 67 days

Question 30

Jails and detention centers are facilities designed to hold a variety of offenders for a relatively brief period of time, usually for less than one year.

Question 31

What component of the criminal justice system is the Sheriff's Office representing when deputies serves as guards and maintains the jail?

A) Police
B) Courts
C) Corrections

Question 32

Jails can be affected by all of the following except?

A) Overcrowding
B) Lack of resources
C) Local politics
D) Safety challenges
E) All of the above

Question 33

New-generation jails are characterized by all but which of the following?

A) Fewer inmates in separate pods
B) Restricted access from area to area
C) Less staff-inmate contact
D) All activity taking place in one pod

Question 34

According to the text, most jails offer which of the following to mentally ill offenders?

A) Initial mental health screening assessments
B) Psychotropic medications
C) Treatment for mental illness
D) a and b only
E) a, b, and c

Question 35

Consider the following prison designs:
a. radial b. telephone c. courtyard d. campus
-In this design, inmates and staff can move across the open spaces outside as they go from the housing units to other functional areas such as the dining hall or recreation center, which are typically located at the entry of the yard.

A) a
B) b
C) c
D) d

Question 36

Consider the following prison designs:
a. radial b. telephone c. courtyard d. campus
-In this design, correctional staff can monitor inmates' movements from a central hub. If there is a disturbance in one area, it can be closed off from the rest of the institution. Penitentiaries in the early 19^th century mostly followed this design and new prisons will rarely be built on this platform.

A) a
B) b
C) c
D) d

Question 37

Consider the following prison designs:
a. radial b. telephone c. courtyard d. campus
-One advantage of this design is that inmates can be housed according to classification levels where inmates with special needs, those who present a greater security risk, or those whose conduct earned them extra privileges can be separated from one another. A large central corridor serves as a means for inmates and staff to traverse from one location in the prison to another.

A) a
B) b
C) c
D) d

Question 38

Consider the following prison designs:
a. radial b. telephone c. courtyard d. campus
-If we wanted to build a prison that allows mostly for surveillance of inmates to ensure order and control, which of the designs would be most appropriate?

A) Design a
B) Designs a and b
C) Design b
D) Designs b and c
E) Design c

Question 39

Consider the following prison designs:
a. radial b. telephone c. courtyard d. campus
-This design allows for a more humane environment with more flexible use and fewer restrictions in movement to and from the buildings where small housing units are located among the functional areas of the prison and are most commonly used for juveniles and females.

A) a
B) b
C) c
D) d

Question 40

In Rupert's letter home to his family, he describes the state prison where he is housed: "Good news. Despite my conviction for assault, my classification for risk of escape is low, so I will be housed in a facility that is surrounded by chain link fences and barbed wire, but I still have considerable freedom to move around the facility to attend work assignments and programming activities." Where is Rupert housed?

A) Minimum security prison
B) Medium security prison
C) Maximum security prison
D) Close security prison

Question 41

Rupert's brother Schubert is also in prison, but he describes his prison like this: "Unlike Rupert, I do not see any fences or barbed wires around the perimeter of my facility. It pretty much looks like a typical, large residence hall on a college campus with some other buildings in the immediate vicinity. I can pretty much do what I please as long as I follow the rules and not cause any trouble. Plus, there are so many programs in which I can participate and my family can visit me regularly." Where is Schubert?

A) Minimum security prison
B) Medium security prison
C) Maximum security prison
D) Close security prison

Question 42

Prior to the Three Penitentiary Act, federal prisoners were housed in state prisons.

Question 43

What piece of federal legislation eliminated parole and set tougher sentencing guidelines that mandated imprisonment in many cases?

A) Three Penitentiary Act of 1891
B) Sentencing Reform Act of 1984
C) Mandatory Prison Sentence Act of 1988
D) Imprisonment Guidelines Act of 1895

Question 44

Which of the following offenses would an offender have to commit to serve time in a federal prison?

A) Transporting a stolen car across state lines
B) Vandalism of a playground
C) Bank robbery
D) a and b
E) a and c

Question 45

What are high security institutions known as in the federal system?

A) Federal Correctional Institutions
B) U.S. Penitentiaries
C) Federal Prison Camps
D) U.S. Administrative Facilities

Question 46

As noted in the text, what other federal agency incarcerates prisoners?

A) U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency
B) U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration
C) Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives
D) U.S. Department of State

Question 47

During the 20^th century, the funding and operation of most American prisons has primarily been the responsibility of the private sector.

Question 48

Describe three different populations under custody in county jails.

Question 49

What is one function of jails?

Question 50

What is one advantage of a new generation jail?

Question 51

How does the Sheriff's office the only institution to serve all three components of the criminal justice system?

Question 52

What are two benefits of regional correctional centers?

Question 53

Describe one of the two prison designs that have emerged since the 1980s.

Question 54

Beyond prisons, what other facilities does the Federal Bureau of Prisons operate?

Question 55

Describe the relationship with private for-profit businesses and American correctional systems post-1980s.