Deck 11: Health

Question 1

How does the World Health Organization (WHO) define health?

A) A physical, mental, and social state of well-being
B) The biological state of being free of pain
C) A mental state without anxiety or anguish
D) The state of being in full compliance with social norms

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Whenever it rains, Hani's ankles ache due to the pressure change aggravating her arthritis. Hani's long-term arthritis is a(n) ______ condition.

A) acute
B) chronic
C) debilitating
D) critical

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Vic suddenly had a stroke while playing golf. His unpredicted and serious condition is ______.

A) chronic
B) intensive
C) acute
D) imaginary

Answer 3

C

Question 4

According to Durkheim's suicide study, what is one important aspect of good social health?

A) Introverted personality
B) Limited acquaintances
C) High IQ
D) Social integration

Question 5

Which research question would most interest a health sociologist?

A) How can you protect yourself from human papillomavirus?
B) Why do people in one area of town get the flu more often than others?
C) Which university medical program produces the most physicians?
D) What is the cause of your grandfather's lung cancer?

Question 6

What question was Talcott Parsons trying to answer in his book The Social System?

A) Why are rich people on average healthier than poor people?
B) How does illness change social dynamics and cohesion?
C) What is the connection between physical and mental health?
D) How much social interaction is enough to prevent suicide?

Question 7

Social norms and expectations for how to act when one is ill are collectively known as ______.

A) the sick role
B) socialization
C) ill behavior
D) calling in sick

Question 8

Mary refused to have her gallbladder removed to prevent the spread of typhoid fever; in doing so, she violated which part of the sick role?

A) She blamed herself for being sick.
B) She would not take steps to regain health.
C) She took too much time off work.
D) She pretended to be sick when she was not.

Question 9

Adam has the flu, but he is still coming to work to finish a project before its deadline arrives. Which norm of the sick role is Adam violating?

A) He is not taking steps to regain his health.
B) He reduced his workload so he could rest.
C) He took time off to avoid infecting his coworkers.
D) He properly put work ahead of his health in this case.

Question 10

During the Civil War it was called "nostalgia" or "soldier's heart." It became shell shock during World War I, and combat fatigue in World War II. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is now considered a serious problem, requiring specialized treatment. What does this diagnostic and treatment evolution reveal about the sick role and society?

A) Society's definition of sickness has changed over time.
B) People used to be crueler to each other.
C) The definition of masculinity is changing for the better.
D) Society is becoming too lenient towards sick people.

Question 11

Larger factors that influence one's health are collectively known as ______.

A) socioeconomic status
B) in-group membership
C) social determinants of health
D) inherited genetic traits

Question 12

How can living in a less-developed nation more frequently lead to poor health?

A) Less-developed nations often offer less access to quality health care.
B) Developed nations have greater access to processed foods.
C) Less-developed nations have simpler bureaucracies so health care salaries are lower.
D) Developed nations have greater wealth inequality, so access to care is uneven.

Question 13

What benefit does everyone derive from living in a more equal society?

A) The overall quality of health care improves as income increases.
B) People in all socioeconomic classes are healthier.
C) Poor people are healthier and cause fewer problems for the rich.
D) The rich can afford more advanced procedures and treatments.

Question 14

Why is tuberculosis such a devastating disease in India?

A) Wealthy people are more likely to contract it from their servants.
B) The infection is not taken seriously by those who are exposed.
C) Government programs don't seem to reduce infection rates.
D) It mostly strikes people who of workforce age, so it reduces production.

Question 15

What does Mehra mean by the quote "poverty sustains tuberculosis and tuberculosis ensures poverty"?

A) The disease spreads much more quickly in poor, crowded housing conditions.
B) Tuberculosis is deadly more than fifty percent of the time without treatment.
C) The disease carries a negative stigma for those who have been infected.
D) Wealthy people can resist infection better because they have air conditioning.

Question 16

Rajesh wants to reduce the spread of tuberculosis in India. How should he proceed, according to health sociologists?

A) He should publicize the benefits of the vaccine across all of India.
B) Those in poverty should be quarantined to isolate the infection.
C) Housing conditions for those in poverty should be improved.
D) Companies should train extra workers to replace those who are sick.

Question 17

Why is viewing illness from the sociological perspective so challenging?

A) Marx asserts that illness is deliberately caused to oppress the poor.
B) Structural functionalists see illness as a way to control population growth.
C) Victim blaming is the most common way the media covers disease outbreaks.
D) Most people assume illnesses are caused by genetics or bad lifestyle choices.

Question 18

LaShawn lives in a single-family home in the poor side of town. What is an individual-level factor that affects LaShawn's health?

A) He lives far away from a full-service hospital.
B) He has limited access to low-cost, healthy food.
C) He smokes and does not exercise.
D) He lives near a manufacturing plant that pollutes the air.

Question 19

What social factor leads some people in India to delay seeking treatment for tuberculosis?

A) There is a negative stigma on those infected with tuberculosis.
B) Tuberculosis causes more deaths annually than any other infectious disease.
C) Medication to treat the disease is provided by the government.
D) People with tuberculosis often infect others living near them.

Question 20

In more equal societies, general health is better overall and ______.

A) there is less jealousy and depression
B) government provides all health care needs at no cost
C) there is less crime and violence
D) the birthrate is lower

Question 21

What are the most immediate social determinants of health?

A) Lifestyle choices
B) Social and community life
C) Age, sex, and genetics
D) Living and working conditions

Question 22

Zorana uses whiskey to relax and get to sleep most nights because she works in a high-stress job. What is most likely the primary factor if her health suffers?

A) Lifestyle choices
B) Social connections
C) Living conditions
D) Gender

Question 23

Genadi works deep underground in a modern gold mine. Dust and heat are common features of his environment in the mine, and he contracts black lung disease after several years. What factor is most likely responsible for his condition?

A) Social connections
B) Lifestyle choices
C) Workplace conditions
D) Genetics

Question 24

Salome feels depressed and alone because she has no one to talk to about her recent diagnosis. What determinant is most likely making Salome feel worse?

A) Lifestyle choices
B) Lacking social connections
C) Her gender
D) Genetic predisposition

Question 25

Xenia lives in Flint, Michigan, and unknowingly drank and used lead-tainted water while pregnant. If the lead levels in her blood cause her baby to have developmental delays, which social determinant of health is responsible?

A) Working conditions
B) Living conditions
C) Lifestyle choices
D) Genetic predisposition

Question 26

What are health disparities?

A) Differences in health status at different life stages
B) Differing prognoses from different health care providers
C) Health status differences based on social, economic, or environmental conditions
D) Shorter lifetimes for wealthier groups of people

Question 27

The number of days per month that a person feels mentally unfit is a type of ______.

A) health measure
B) income inequality measure
C) life expectancy measure
D) social status measure

Question 28

Which measurement isolates the influence of chronic disease in predicting how long the average person will live?

A) Life expectancy
B) Unhealthy life expectancy
C) Healthy life expectancy
D) Chronic disease prevalence

Question 29

What measures the frequency of diseases like diabetes and asthma across groups of people?

A) Chronic disease prevalence
B) Acute disease prevalence
C) Healthy life expectancy
D) Life expectancy

Question 30

Zivit earns enough money to be in the top 1% of the upper socioeconomic class in the United States. What effect is Zivit's social class likely to have on his health?

A) He will live fifteen fewer years than the average man in poverty.
B) Zivit will have fewer years of life due to class-based lifestyle choices.
C) He will live fifteen years longer than the average man in poverty.
D) Zivit will live the same number of years as every male in his age group, regardless of wealth status.

Question 31

Aranka lives in an impoverished neighborhood, and earns an income in the bottom 1% of society. What impact is her poverty likely to have on her life expectancy?

A) She is likely to live longer than the average rich woman due to resourcefulness.
B) The hard work of getting out of poverty will add ten years to her life span.
C) Her life expectancy will not be significantly impacted by her lack of wealth.
D) Aranka will likely live ten fewer years than the average rich woman.

Question 32

Why are kids in wealthy families less likely to suffer from asthma?

A) Superior nutrition from more expensive foods prevents asthma.
B) Wealthy families can afford to move away from environmental problems.
C) Wealthy families get prenatal care which prevents asthma.
D) Wealthy families are more likely to be up to date on vaccinations.

Question 33

Why are children in poverty more likely to suffer from malnutrition?

A) Their families cannot afford fresh food and often resort to fast food options.
B) Unemployed parents have more time to cook, but less skill in the kitchen.
C) Many impoverished children are not interested in trying new foods.
D) They often choose high-fat foods that provide a comforting feeling.

Question 34

What did researcher James Cheshire find in his correlational study of life expectancy and the London subway line?

A) People born anywhere in London have similar life expectancies.
B) The British have the same average life span as Guatemalans.
C) He found that life expectancy can vary dramatically based on birthplace.
D) London neighborhoods keep increasing their average life expectancy.

Question 35

Why do people in Iceland have one of the longest average life spans?

A) They have a very high level of average income.
B) Iceland has the most equality based on the Gini coefficient.
C) Their typical diet is rich in seafood and dairy products.
D) The wealthiest Icelanders live so long that it skews the average.

Question 36

The United States has the highest average income in the world, so why is the life expectancy only average?

A) Impoverished people lead very short lives, skewing the average.
B) Poor healthcare policy has led to several epidemics.
C) The United States loses many young people to warfare.
D) The level of inequality in the United States is very high.

Question 37

What effect does national wealth have on life expectancy?

A) Increasing national wealth makes a big difference at first, and less later.
B) The poorest countries usually have longer life expectancy.
C) There is very little difference in life expectancy between countries.
D) National wealth is the primary determinant of life expectancy.

Question 38

In terms of health status, Turkey, Argentina, and Mexico all share ______.

A) a high level of wealth and long-life expectancy
B) a low national income level and short life expectancy
C) a high level of inequality and a short life expectancy
D) a low level of equality and a long-life expectancy

Question 39

Increased educational opportunities directly affect health status because ______.

A) education helps us understand health information
B) education lowers our stress levels
C) education usually includes contraceptive information
D) education guarantees better health insurance

Question 40

What is one way education is indirectly related to health?

A) Those with more education can usually afford better healthcare.
B) Education leads to research and cures for common diseases.
C) Educated people receive more government health assistance.
D) Highly educated people are less likely to accept inequality.

Question 41

Jordan has a PhD in psychology and earns a comfortable living as a therapist. Her education can lead to improved health for her family because ______.

A) her children can use their allowances to buy fast food
B) she punishes her kids if they eat snacks too close to dinner time
C) she can afford to buy and prepare fresh, healthy foods
D) her degree also gives her street smarts to avoid unhealthy situations

Question 42

The media frequently reports on new diet plans and nutritional information. What helps people turn this information into better health choices?

A) Genetics
B) Education
C) Class
D) Peer pressure

Question 43

Kamal recently finished his master's degree, and is newly confident that he can achieve his goals, including getting in better shape through diet and exercise. Kamal's education increased his sense of ______, meaning he can change his situation.

A) efficacy
B) pride
C) superiority
D) endurance

Question 44

People with higher educational attainment tend to use ______ measures more often to improve health.

A) holistic
B) preventative
C) palliative
D) traditional

Question 45

What are two ways racism and discrimination affect the health of victims?

A) Victims are more likely to be on Medicare and to make preventative visits.
B) Health professionals think some ethnicities have a lower pain tolerance, and thus provide different treatments.
C) Victims have less access to care, and are more likely to be treated poorly.
D) Health professionals prescribe more potent pain killers to certain groups and expect addiction to occur.

Question 46

What has caused a recent reduction in health disparities between white and non-white groups in the United States?

A) Income inequality is decreasing.
B) Minorities no longer face health-related discrimination.
C) More whites are seeking alternative treatments.
D) Health is declining among whites.

Question 47

The average life expectancy for white people in the U.S. has declined recently. This reduction is partially due to ______.

A) the opioid crisis
B) legalized marijuana
C) smoking
D) environmental cancers

Question 48

What is one challenge analyzing data about group health statistics?

A) Outlying data points can skew results, making studies useless.
B) Smaller groups like Asians and Pacific Islanders are lumped together.
C) Most people only care about the health concerns of the majority.
D) Counterintuitive results are discarded as statistical artifacts.

Question 49

Although women live longer than men on average, what is one downside?

A) Women are more aggressive as they age.
B) Suicide is more common among women.
C) The average woman reports poorer health.
D) Women engage in more risky behaviors.

Question 50

What is the typical relationship between wealth and weight?

A) Rich people are usually heavier because they can afford to eat more.
B) Poor people are usually thinner because of manual labor in their jobs.
C) Poor people cook healthy meals at home more often because it is cheaper.
D) Rich people can afford gym memberships and better quality food.

Question 51

Why is fast food part of the obesity problem for poor people in the United States?

A) Fast food is cheaper and fattier than healthy options.
B) Fast food just does not taste as good as healthy food.
C) Fast food dining is socially acceptable only to the poor.
D) Fast food restaurants are less common in poor areas.

Question 52

A major difference in health care systems between the U.S. and Great Britain is ______.

A) the focus on preventative rather than palliative care
B) the extent to which they are government funded
C) the level of training among top physicians
D) the public perception of the systems as allies in health outcomes

Question 53

The Affordable Care Act established shared responsibility for ______ between employers, government and individuals.

A) healthcare education
B) quality health care
C) preventative health care
D) quality health insurance

Question 54

The health care system in the United States is best described as ______.

A) fragmented
B) socialized
C) prevention-based
D) government-controlled

Question 55

The majority of people in the United States receive health insurance from ______.

A) the government
B) private insurers
C) the military
D) Medicare and Medicaid

Question 56

The Yellow Fever program in Argentina provides free vaccinations to its citizens and to any travelers entering the country. This is an example of ______.

A) a social problem
B) an education program
C) a health care policy
D) a health intersectionality

Question 57

Supervised injection facilities where individuals can consume illegal drugs in a safe and supervised environment is the answer in some countries to what social
Issue?

A) Lack of health insurance for addiction treatment
B) Increased opioid overdose deaths
C) Public nuisance of addicts
D) Rising crime rates related to drug use

Question 58

Because of ethical and reliability concerns, what method did researchers use to determine the efficacy of SIF (supervised injection facility) sites in communities where they were used?

A) Experiment with control group
B) Personal interviews of addicts
C) Survey of users
D) Secondary data comparison

Question 59

Marissa, who is deaf, was recruited for the swim team for a Big Ten university. Her new coach is learning basic sign language in order to better communicate with Marissa and help ease her transition onto the team. This focus on Marissa and her abilities is a demonstration of ______.

A) equal legal protections
B) a people first philosophy
C) health inequalities
D) ableism

Question 60

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 provides ______ protections for those with disabilities in areas such as employment, public housing, and transportation.

A) legal
B) social
C) moral
D) health

Question 61

What is considered normal physical and mental health is the same for everyone.

Question 62

People who are more involved with institutions and other people are usually healthier.

Question 63

Sociologists who study health look for ways to prevent future illness by examining current sufferers and their social conditions.

Question 64

As part of the sick role, sick people have special rights and privileges in society.

Question 65

Someone who is frequently sick, but does nothing to get better or break the cycle of illness, complies with the sick role.

Question 66

In India, tuberculosis kills around 400,000 people each year.

Question 67

Illnesses caused at work are derived from social determinants of health.

Question 68

Abusing recreational drugs is a lifestyle choice that negatively impacts health.

Question 69

Unequal societies have, on average, better general welfare than more equal societies.

Question 70

If people in poverty are given more access to healthcare, less care will be left for the wealthy.

Question 71

Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy are essentially the same thing.

Question 72

Infants born to Asian-American mothers have the highest infant mortality rate of any group in the U.S.

Question 73

A health care system can be said to be socialized if the government controls most aspects.

Question 74

The United States has a more fragmented health care system than other developed countries.

Question 75

Opioids are a factor in the majority of overdose deaths in the United States.

Question 76

Compare the approach to health used by medical doctors with the approach used by sociologists. Describe an example situation to illustrate the similarities and differences.

Question 77

Why is it important for people to comply with the sick role? Describe the sick role and a situation in which a person did not follow the sick role and the consequences for society. Scenarios may be factual or imaginary.

Question 78

Compare the availability and effectiveness of healthcare in equal and unequal societies. How can everyone benefit from living in a more equal society?

Question 79

Why are minorities in the United States less healthy on average than white people? Be sure to discuss at least three factors, and consider the quality of available data.

Question 80

Discuss challenges associated with studying safe injection facilities (SIFs). Are they considered effective? Explain at least one community objection to SIFs.