Deck 7: Conformity, Learning, and Sources of Social Control

Question 1

___________ refers to the links of individuals with others.

A) Attachment
B) Commitment
C) Involvement
D) Belief
E) None of the above

Answer 1

A

Question 2

___________ refers to the time, energy, and resources devoted to conforming behavior.

A) Attachment
B) Commitment
C) Involvement
D) Belief
E) None of the above

Answer 2

B

Question 3

___________ explains conformity through an individual's active participation in conventional activities.

A) Attachment
B) Commitment
C) Involvement
D) Belief
E) None of the above

Answer 3

C

Question 4

___________ refers to the extent to which an individual adheres to conventional norms, values, and attitudes.

A) Attachment
B) Commitment
C) Involvement
D) Belief
E) None of the above

Question 5

___________ adds a positive stimulus following the desired behavior.

A) Positive reinforcement
B) Negative reinforcement
C) Positive punishment
D) Negative punishment
E) None of the above

Question 6

___________ is the removal of a negative stimulus following the desirable behavior.

A) Positive reinforcement
B) Negative reinforcement
C) Positive punishment
D) Negative punishment
E) None of the above

Question 7

___________ is the adding of a negative stimulus following the undesirable behavior.

A) Positive reinforcement
B) Negative reinforcement
C) Positive punishment
D) Negative punishment
E) None of the above

Question 8

___________ involves removing a positive stimulus following the undesirable behavior.

A) Positive reinforcement
B) Negative reinforcement
C) Positive punishment
D) Negative punishment
E) None of the above

Question 9

The individual who uses the ___________ neutralization technique claims that a crime was not committed, because harm was not done or the target could afford any losses suffered.

A) denial of responsibility
B) denial of injury
C) denial of the victim
D) condemnation of condemners
E) appeal to higher loyalties

Question 10

With the ____________ neutralization technique, individuals divert attention from their actions to the motives of those who are criticizing their conduct.

A) denial of responsibility
B) denial of injury
C) denial of the victim
D) condemnation of condemners
E) appeal to higher loyalties

Question 11

_________view individuals as being predisposed to criminality and seek to explain the forces that keep individuals from engaging in criminal activity.

Question 12

________ holds that individuals have an inner and outer containment structure that shields them from the pushes and pulls to commit crime.

Question 13

________ explains individuals' obedience to following laws and refrainment from committing crimes.

Question 14

________ is the subordination of one's self and taking on the identity of the group.

Question 15

________ holds that individuals learn criminal or deviant behavior through associations with others and learn the norms, values, and beliefs that validate this illicit or deviant behavior.

Question 16

________ is the process whereby the desired behavior is reinforced by internal or external sources.

Question 17

________ is a person's responses to rewards and punishments.

Question 18

________ holds that individuals share conventional attitudes, beliefs, and values although they may violate them with their behavior.

Question 19

________ is the process whereby individuals construct rationalizations for behavior to overcome any internal inhibitions.

Question 20

_________ occurs when an illegal, immoral, or reprehensible act is reconstructed as a righteous and legitimate act in light of the circumstances.

Question 21

External controls are the traits and characteristics of potential offenders that keep them from offending.

Question 22

Internal controls are the organizations and individuals responsible for keeping a potential offender from committing illicit activity.

Question 23

Outer containment is composed of traits within a person that shield the person from criminal pressures, such as conscientiousness, dependability, maturity, and diligence.

Question 24

Inner containment refers to aspects of one's social environment that protect a person from destructive outside influences.

Question 25

Social learning theory explains criminality as a learned behavior.

Question 26

Behavior modeling occurs when an individual directly observes a behavior and subsequently emulates it.

Question 27

Developmental and life-course criminology recognizes that whereas offenders' predisposition to crime and deviance remains stable throughout a person's lifetime, the manifestations of crime and deviancy during that period may change.

Question 28

The latent trait perspective views human behavior as directed by a master trait that an individual has at birth or develops during childhood.

Question 29

The general theory of crime holds that low self-control accounts for all forms of criminality.

Question 30

The age-graded theory explains variation in criminality as the result of changes in criminal involvement across an individual's life span.