Exam 7: Conformity, Learning, and Sources of Social Control

___________ explains conformity through an individual's active participation in conventional activities.

___________ refers to the time, energy, and resources devoted to conforming behavior.

_________view individuals as being predisposed to criminality and seek to explain the forces that keep individuals from engaging in criminal activity.

External controls are the traits and characteristics of potential offenders that keep them from offending.

________ is the process whereby individuals construct rationalizations for behavior to overcome any internal inhibitions.

___________ refers to the extent to which an individual adheres to conventional norms, values, and attitudes.

________ explains individuals' obedience to following laws and refrainment from committing crimes.

___________ adds a positive stimulus following the desired behavior.

________ is the process whereby the desired behavior is reinforced by internal or external sources.

The age-graded theory explains variation in criminality as the result of changes in criminal involvement across an individual's life span.

_________ occurs when an illegal, immoral, or reprehensible act is reconstructed as a righteous and legitimate act in light of the circumstances.

________ holds that individuals have an inner and outer containment structure that shields them from the pushes and pulls to commit crime.

________ is the subordination of one's self and taking on the identity of the group.

________ holds that individuals learn criminal or deviant behavior through associations with others and learn the norms, values, and beliefs that validate this illicit or deviant behavior.

With the ____________ neutralization technique, individuals divert attention from their actions to the motives of those who are criticizing their conduct.

The general theory of crime holds that low self-control accounts for all forms of criminality.

________ holds that individuals share conventional attitudes, beliefs, and values although they may violate them with their behavior.

The latent trait perspective views human behavior as directed by a master trait that an individual has at birth or develops during childhood.

Behavior modeling occurs when an individual directly observes a behavior and subsequently emulates it.

Outer containment is composed of traits within a person that shield the person from criminal pressures, such as conscientiousness, dependability, maturity, and diligence.