Deck 29: Youth Crime and Youth Justice

Question 1

What is currently the minimum age of criminal responsibility (MACR) in England and Wales?

A) 12 years old
B) 16 years old
C) 10 years old
D) 18 years old

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Why is 'youth justice' or children offending considered to be a social construct?

A) Children can be given custodial sentences for offending behaviour
B) Definitions and approaches to youth crime change frequently and vary massively internationally
C) Children offending are treated similarly to adults offending in England and Wales
D) The age of the MACR is too young

Answer 2

B

Question 3

What are the key features of the welfare model of youth justice that was only partially employed in England and Wales prior to the 'back to justice' movement?

A) Treats offending by children as exactly the same as offending by adults and interventions should be similar regardless of age
B) Treats offending as a symptom of underlying welfare need and interventions should aim to tackle root causes
C) Treats offending as something most children grow out of and interventions should be kept to a minimum outside of serious cases
D) Treats offending as behaviour that contravenes criminal legislation and interventions should be proportionate to the seriousness of the offending

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following was NOT a feature of the 'back to justice' movement in England and Wales (1970s-1990s)?

A) Minimum intervention for children who offend
B) Children who offend should be dealt with by the criminal justice system
C) The creation of a new family proceedings court
D) The belief that most children grow out of offending behaviours

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the meaning of the term doli incapax?

A) Knowingly breaking the law
B) Deemed capable of committing a crime
C) Deemed incapable of intending to commit a crime
D) Deemed incapable of committing a crime

Question 6

Which of the following changes in youth justice was NOT a consequence of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998?

A) The raised MACR
B) The abolishment of doli incapax
C) The minimisation of risk became more important than rehabilitation
D) The establishment of Youth Offending Teams

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a main argument advocating a review of the MACR in England and Wales?

A) Other social safeguarding policies, such as being able to legally drink, are at a much higher activity than the MACR
B) Contact with the criminal justice system is damaging for children
C) The UN Committee on the Rights of the Child suggest that signatories to the UNCRC should increase their MACR to at least 14 years old
D) The MACR has stayed the same for a long time

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the risk factor paradigm?

A) Concerned with minimising interventions for children who offend
B) Concerned with reducing the risk of child offending rather than rehabilitation
C) Concerned with addressing the welfare needs of children who offend
D) Concerned with rehabilitating child offenders

Question 9

What is the main difference between the youth justice teams of the late 1970s and youth offending teams of the late 1990s?

A) Youth justice teams were created later than youth offending teams
B) Youth justice teams aimed to advocate for children and reduce intervention for offending, Youth offending teams aimed to supervise children who broke the law.
C) Youth justice teams aimed to supervise children who broke the law, Youth offending teams aimed to advocate for children and reduce intervention for offending
D) Youth justice teams were created earlier than youth offending teams

Question 10

What is the main issue with measuring youth crime?

A) Current measures of crime exclude children
B) Victim surveys are considered the best measure of the volume of crime and do not offer information on the age of offenders
C) Children can't consent to be measured
D) It is not possible to measure the age of offenders