Deck 10: Dispersal and Migration

Question 1

Which of the following is a hypothesized mechanism to explain dispersal behavior?

A) Magnetoreception
B) Smoltification
C) Competition
D) Imprinting
E) Bicoordinate navigation

Answer 1

C

Question 2

How did Mathieu and colleagues (2010) study dispersal behavior in earthworms?

A) By manipulating the density of individuals
B) By observing multiple natural populations
C) By observing individuals after they experienced a reproductive failure
D) By studying the same individuals over many years
E) By correlating dispersal behavior with ambient temperature

Answer 2

A

Question 3

How is the dispersal behavior of earthworms and water boatmen similar?

A) The behavior of both occurs only in one sex.
B) The behavior of both occurs repeatedly over the lifetime.
C) The behavior of both occurs only in juveniles.
D) The behavior of both is affected by competition.
E) The behavior of both involves geomagnetic orientation.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

A researcher determines that in mockingbirds, juvenile females disperse much farther than males. What is an ultimate explanation for this observation?

A) Differences in their size
B) Differences in their age
C) Inbreeding avoidance
D) Differences in their ability to navigate
E) Differences in orientation ability

Question 5

Inbreeding depression affects ?which of the following?

A) Migration
B) Movement
C) Aggression
D) Dispersal
E) Fitness

Question 6

What prediction did Szulkin and Sheldon (2008) test in their study of great tits?

A) Juveniles at high density will exhibit the greatest dispersal behavior
B) Females will exhibit greater dispersal behavior than males
C) Older juveniles will exhibit greater dispersal behavior than younger juveniles
D) Juveniles that exhibit the greatest dispersal distances are less likely to mate with kin
E) Individual body condition will affect dispersal behavior

Question 7

Natal dispersal _____________.

A) occurs once in the lifetime of an individual
B) is another term for breeding dispersal
C) is affected by an individual's reproductive success
D) is unaffected by competition
E) is similar for male and female birds and mammals

Question 8

Species X is known to exhibit a win-stay lose-shift breeding dispersal pattern. You observe that individual A of this species raises six offspring, while individual B experiences a reproductive failure. What can you predict based on these observations?

A) A will likely exhibit breeding dispersal next year.
B) A will likely exhibit site fidelity in breeding site selection next year.
C) B will likely use public information to select a breeding site next year.
D) B will likely disperse a shorter distance than A in selecting a breeding site next year.
E) Both individuals will disperse the same distance to find a breeding site next year.

Question 9

What is the source of public information that kittiwakes use to assess breeding site quality?

A) The overall health of individuals in the same patch
B) The mortality of adults in the same patch
C) The foraging success of individuals in the same patch
D) The reproductive success of birds in the same patch
E) The dispersal distances of individuals in the same patch

Question 10

Which of the following occurs in a population that exhibits partial migration?

A) Adults migrate but juveniles do not.
B) All individuals migrate a short distance each year.
C) Males migrate farther than females each year.
D) All individuals migrate some years but not in other years.
E) Only some individuals migrate each year.

Question 11

What factor is NOT predicted to promote the evolution of a partial migrant population into a resident population?

A) Enhanced use of public information to assess environmental conditions
B) Higher fitness of nonmigrants
C) Increased costs of migration
D) Increased survivorship of residents
E) Decreased seasonal variation in resources at the resident population location

Question 12

How did Grayson and Wilbur (2009) examine factors that affect migratory movement in newts?

A) They manipulated food abundance in different patches.
B) They observed variation in migratory behavior in different populations.
C) They manipulated the density and sex ratio in experimental plots.
D) They characterized differences between resident and migratory individuals.
E) They examined hormone levels of resident and migratory individuals.

Question 13

Under what conditions is the behavioral polymorphism maintained in a partial migrant population?

A) When the fitness of residents is higher than that of migrants.
B) When the fitness of residents and migrants is the same.
C) When the fitness of migrants is higher than that of residents.
D) When young individuals migrate but older ones do not.
E) When males migrate but females do not.

Question 14

According to Gillis and colleagues (2008), what maintains the behavioral polymorphism observed in a partial migrant population of dippers?

A) Migratory behavior is an evolutionary stable strategy in this population.
B) Both migrants and residents had the same fitness.
C) The behavioral polymorphism is based on a genetic polymorphism.
D) Offspring learn the migratory behavior of their parents.
E) Migratory behavior is condition-dependent.

Question 15

A researcher examines captured birds migrating north. Over a one-week period, she clock-shifts them 12 hours in a laboratory. If these birds use a sun compass to orient, which direction can you predict they will fly when released?

A) North
B) South
C) East
D) West

Question 16

Which of the following were NOT used to conclude that antennal photoreceptors are involved in proper orientation in monarch butterflies?

A) Individuals placed in a light chamber oriented differently than controls.
B) Clock-shifted individuals oriented differently than controls.
C) Individuals with their antennae removed oriented differently than controls.
D) Individuals with black-painted antennae oriented differently than controls.
E) Individuals without antennae could fly normally.

Question 17

How did the Lohmann (1991) determine that sea turtles orient using magnetoreception?

A) He demonstrated that turtles oriented in the opposite direction in a reversed magnetic field.
B) He found magnetite in the sea turtles' brains.
C) He found that turtles oriented in different directions in the North Atlantic gyre.
D) He discovered chryptochromes in the turtles' eyes.
E) He showed that turtles cannot orient properly in total darkness.

Question 18

Which of the following is associated with bicoordinate navigation in animals?

A) Site fidelity
B) Landmark use
C) Smoltification
D) A mental map
E) Natal dispersal

Question 19

Which of the following is required for bicoordinate navigation?

A) A resident and a migrant population
B) Magnetite and chryptochromes
C) Two types of sensory receptors
D) Two varying environmental gradients
E) Intergenerational migration

Question 20

Eurasian reed warblers migrate northeast during spring. What evidence suggested that they were capable of bicoordinate navigation after individuals were captured and experimentally displaced 1000 km east during spring migration?

A) They began migrating to the west.
B) They continued migrating to the northeast.
C) They began migrating to the northwest.
D) They began migrating to the southwest.
E) They returned to their site of capture.

Question 21

Salmon hatch in a freshwater stream, migrate to and live several years in the open ocean, and then migrate back to their natal stream to reproduce. What two mechanisms are thought to be involved in these movements?

A) Sociality and trial-and-error learning
B) Landmark use and solar compass
C) Water currents and temperature
D) Star compass and solar compass
E) Geomagnetic imprinting and olfaction

Question 22

Describe two hypotheses that explain the evolution of natal dispersal behavior. Describe one experimental test of one of these hypotheses.

Question 23

Describe the win stay-lose shift dispersal pattern. What assumptions are involved in the hypothesis that explains this behavioral pattern?

Question 24

What experimental protocol was used by Pulido and colleagues (2001) to determine the heritability of migratory behavior? What were the results and conclusions of the study?

Question 25

Describe the differences between orientation and navigation.

Question 26

Grayson and Wilbur (2009) studied relatively short distance movement behavior of newt. Explain why the behavior is an example of migration and not dispersal.

Question 27

Describe the difference between orientation and navigation and formulate an experiment that would allow you to determine these capabilities in a species.

Question 28

Pulido and colleagues (2001) demonstrated that the onset of migratory behavior in Eurasian blackcaps is a heritable trait. If the onset of migratory behavior is triggered by changes in day length, why is there variation in the onset of migratory behavior in this species?