Question 1

Describe the win stay-lose shift dispersal pattern. What assumptions are involved in the hypothesis that explains this behavioral pattern?

Accepted Answer

Breeders with high reproductive success tend to breed again in the same location (win-stay) while those that exhibit low success tend to exhibit breeding dispersal (lose-shift). A key assumption to explain this behavioral pattern is that a good location one year for reproduction is likely to be a good location in the future for reproduction.

Question 2

How did Mathieu and colleagues (2010) study dispersal behavior in earthworms?

Accepted Answer

A)  By manipulating the density of individuals 
B)  By observing multiple natural populations 
C)  By observing individuals after they experienced a reproductive failure 
D)  By studying the same individuals over many years 
E)  By correlating dispersal behavior with ambient temperature 
A)  By manipulating the density of individuals 
B)  By observing multiple natural populations 
C)  By observing individuals after they experienced a reproductive failure 
D)  By studying the same individuals over many years 
E)  By correlating dispersal behavior with ambient temperature A

Question 3

A researcher determines that in mockingbirds, juvenile females disperse much farther than males. What is an ultimate explanation for this observation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Differences in their size 
B)  Differences in their age 
C)  Inbreeding avoidance 
D)  Differences in their ability to navigate 
E)  Differences in orientation ability 
A)  Differences in their size 
B)  Differences in their age 
C)  Inbreeding avoidance 
D)  Differences in their ability to navigate 
E)  Differences in orientation ability C

Question 4

A researcher examines captured birds migrating north. Over a one-week period, she clock-shifts them 12 hours in a laboratory. If these birds use a sun compass to orient, which direction can you predict they will fly when released?

Accepted Answer

A)  North 
B)  South 
C)  East 
D)  West 
A)  North 
B)  South 
C)  East 
D)  West

Question 5

Pulido and colleagues (2001) demonstrated that the onset of migratory behavior in Eurasian blackcaps is a heritable trait. If the onset of migratory behavior is triggered by changes in day length, why is there variation in the onset of migratory behavior in this species?

Accepted Answer

This variation could result fr

Question 6

How did Grayson and Wilbur (2009) examine factors that affect migratory movement in newts?

Accepted Answer

A)  They manipulated food abundance in different patches. 
B)  They observed variation in migratory behavior in different populations. 
C)  They manipulated the density and sex ratio in experimental plots. 
D)  They characterized differences between resident and migratory individuals. 
E)  They examined hormone levels of resident and migratory individuals. 
A)  They manipulated food abundance in different patches. 
B)  They observed variation in migratory behavior in different populations. 
C)  They manipulated the density and sex ratio in experimental plots. 
D)  They characterized differences between resident and migratory individuals. 
E)  They examined hormone levels of resident and migratory individuals.

Question 7

What prediction did Szulkin and Sheldon (2008) test in their study of great tits?

Accepted Answer

A)  Juveniles at high density will exhibit the greatest dispersal behavior 
B)  Females will exhibit greater dispersal behavior than males 
C)  Older juveniles will exhibit greater dispersal behavior than younger juveniles 
D)  Juveniles that exhibit the greatest dispersal distances are less likely to mate with kin 
E)  Individual body condition will affect dispersal behavior 
A)  Juveniles at high density will exhibit the greatest dispersal behavior 
B)  Females will exhibit greater dispersal behavior than males 
C)  Older juveniles will exhibit greater dispersal behavior than younger juveniles 
D)  Juveniles that exhibit the greatest dispersal distances are less likely to mate with kin 
E)  Individual body condition will affect dispersal behavior

Question 8

Salmon hatch in a freshwater stream, migrate to and live several years in the open ocean, and then migrate back to their natal stream to reproduce. What two mechanisms are thought to be involved in these movements?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sociality and trial-and-error learning 
B)  Landmark use and solar compass 
C)  Water currents and temperature 
D)  Star compass and solar compass 
E)  Geomagnetic imprinting and olfaction 
A)  Sociality and trial-and-error learning 
B)  Landmark use and solar compass 
C)  Water currents and temperature 
D)  Star compass and solar compass 
E)  Geomagnetic imprinting and olfaction

Question 9

What is the source of public information that kittiwakes use to assess breeding site quality?

Accepted Answer

A)  The overall health of individuals in the same patch 
B)  The mortality of adults in the same patch 
C)  The foraging success of individuals in the same patch 
D)  The reproductive success of birds in the same patch 
E)  The dispersal distances of individuals in the same patch 
A)  The overall health of individuals in the same patch 
B)  The mortality of adults in the same patch 
C)  The foraging success of individuals in the same patch 
D)  The reproductive success of birds in the same patch 
E)  The dispersal distances of individuals in the same patch

Question 10

Which of the following is required for bicoordinate navigation?

Accepted Answer

A)  A resident and a migrant population 
B)  Magnetite and chryptochromes 
C)  Two types of sensory receptors 
D)  Two varying environmental gradients 
E)  Intergenerational migration 
A)  A resident and a migrant population 
B)  Magnetite and chryptochromes 
C)  Two types of sensory receptors 
D)  Two varying environmental gradients 
E)  Intergenerational migration

Question 11

What factor is NOT predicted to promote the evolution of a partial migrant population into a resident population?

Accepted Answer

A)  Enhanced use of public information to assess environmental conditions 
B)  Higher fitness of nonmigrants 
C)  Increased costs of migration 
D)  Increased survivorship of residents 
E)  Decreased seasonal variation in resources at the resident population location 
A)  Enhanced use of public information to assess environmental conditions 
B)  Higher fitness of nonmigrants 
C)  Increased costs of migration 
D)  Increased survivorship of residents 
E)  Decreased seasonal variation in resources at the resident population location

Question 12

Describe the differences between orientation and navigation.

Accepted Answer

Orientation is the ability to

Question 13

Which of the following occurs in a population that exhibits partial migration?

Accepted Answer

A)  Adults migrate but juveniles do not. 
B)  All individuals migrate a short distance each year. 
C)  Males migrate farther than females each year. 
D)  All individuals migrate some years but not in other years. 
E)  Only some individuals migrate each year. 
A)  Adults migrate but juveniles do not. 
B)  All individuals migrate a short distance each year. 
C)  Males migrate farther than females each year. 
D)  All individuals migrate some years but not in other years. 
E)  Only some individuals migrate each year.

Question 14

Which of the following is associated with bicoordinate navigation in animals?

Accepted Answer

A)  Site fidelity 
B)  Landmark use 
C)  Smoltification 
D)  A mental map 
E)  Natal dispersal 
A)  Site fidelity 
B)  Landmark use 
C)  Smoltification 
D)  A mental map 
E)  Natal dispersal

Question 15

Natal dispersal _____________.

Accepted Answer

A)  occurs once in the lifetime of an individual 
B)  is another term for breeding dispersal 
C)  is affected by an individual's reproductive success 
D)  is unaffected by competition 
E)  is similar for male and female birds and mammals 
A)  occurs once in the lifetime of an individual 
B)  is another term for breeding dispersal 
C)  is affected by an individual's reproductive success 
D)  is unaffected by competition 
E)  is similar for male and female birds and mammals

Question 16

Grayson and Wilbur (2009) studied relatively short distance movement behavior of newt. Explain why the behavior is an example of migration and not dispersal.

Accepted Answer

The newts exhibited

Question 17

Eurasian reed warblers migrate northeast during spring. What evidence suggested that they were capable of bicoordinate navigation after individuals were captured and experimentally displaced 1000 km east during spring migration?

Accepted Answer

A)  They began migrating to the west. 
B)  They continued migrating to the northeast. 
C)  They began migrating to the northwest. 
D)  They began migrating to the southwest. 
E)  They returned to their site of capture. 
A)  They began migrating to the west. 
B)  They continued migrating to the northeast. 
C)  They began migrating to the northwest. 
D)  They began migrating to the southwest. 
E)  They returned to their site of capture.

Question 18

Under what conditions is the behavioral polymorphism maintained in a partial migrant population?

Accepted Answer

A)  When the fitness of residents is higher than that of migrants. 
B)  When the fitness of residents and migrants is the same. 
C)  When the fitness of migrants is higher than that of residents. 
D)  When young individuals migrate but older ones do not. 
E)  When males migrate but females do not. 
A)  When the fitness of residents is higher than that of migrants. 
B)  When the fitness of residents and migrants is the same. 
C)  When the fitness of migrants is higher than that of residents. 
D)  When young individuals migrate but older ones do not. 
E)  When males migrate but females do not.

Question 19

Describe the difference between orientation and navigation and formulate an experiment that would allow you to determine these capabilities in a species.

Accepted Answer

Orientation is the ability to move in a

Question 20

Species X is known to exhibit a win-stay lose-shift breeding dispersal pattern. You observe that individual A of this species raises six offspring, while individual B experiences a reproductive failure. What can you predict based on these observations?

Accepted Answer

A)  A will likely exhibit breeding dispersal next year. 
B)  A will likely exhibit site fidelity in breeding site selection next year. 
C)  B will likely use public information to select a breeding site next year. 
D)  B will likely disperse a shorter distance than A in selecting a breeding site next year. 
E)  Both individuals will disperse the same distance to find a breeding site next year. 
A)  A will likely exhibit breeding dispersal next year. 
B)  A will likely exhibit site fidelity in breeding site selection next year. 
C)  B will likely use public information to select a breeding site next year. 
D)  B will likely disperse a shorter distance than A in selecting a breeding site next year. 
E)  Both individuals will disperse the same distance to find a breeding site next year.

Describe the win stay-lose shift dispersal pattern. What assumptions are involved in the hypothesis that explains this behavioral pattern?

How did Mathieu and colleagues (2010) study dispersal behavior in earthworms?

A researcher determines that in mockingbirds, juvenile females disperse much farther than males. What is an ultimate explanation for this observation?

A researcher examines captured birds migrating north. Over a one-week period, she clock-shifts them 12 hours in a laboratory. If these birds use a sun compass to orient, which direction can you predict they will fly when released?

Pulido and colleagues (2001) demonstrated that the onset of migratory behavior in Eurasian blackcaps is a heritable trait. If the onset of migratory behavior is triggered by changes in day length, why is there variation in the onset of migratory behavior in this species?

How did Grayson and Wilbur (2009) examine factors that affect migratory movement in newts?

What prediction did Szulkin and Sheldon (2008) test in their study of great tits?

Salmon hatch in a freshwater stream, migrate to and live several years in the open ocean, and then migrate back to their natal stream to reproduce. What two mechanisms are thought to be involved in these movements?

What is the source of public information that kittiwakes use to assess breeding site quality?

Which of the following is required for bicoordinate navigation?

What factor is NOT predicted to promote the evolution of a partial migrant population into a resident population?

Describe the differences between orientation and navigation.

Which of the following occurs in a population that exhibits partial migration?

Which of the following is associated with bicoordinate navigation in animals?

Natal dispersal _____________.

Grayson and Wilbur (2009) studied relatively short distance movement behavior of newt. Explain why the behavior is an example of migration and not dispersal.

Eurasian reed warblers migrate northeast during spring. What evidence suggested that they were capable of bicoordinate navigation after individuals were captured and experimentally displaced 1000 km east during spring migration?

Under what conditions is the behavioral polymorphism maintained in a partial migrant population?

Describe the difference between orientation and navigation and formulate an experiment that would allow you to determine these capabilities in a species.

Species X is known to exhibit a win-stay lose-shift breeding dispersal pattern. You observe that individual A of this species raises six offspring, while individual B experiences a reproductive failure. What can you predict based on these observations?

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Exam 10: Dispersal and Migration

Describe the win stay-lose shift dispersal pattern. What assumptions are involved in the hypothesis that explains this behavioral pattern?

How did Mathieu and colleagues (2010) study dispersal behavior in earthworms?

A researcher determines that in mockingbirds, juvenile females disperse much farther than males. What is an ultimate explanation for this observation?

A researcher examines captured birds migrating north. Over a one-week period, she clock-shifts them 12 hours in a laboratory. If these birds use a sun compass to orient, which direction can you predict they will fly when released?

Pulido and colleagues (2001) demonstrated that the onset of migratory behavior in Eurasian blackcaps is a heritable trait. If the onset of migratory behavior is triggered by changes in day length, why is there variation in the onset of migratory behavior in this species?

How did Grayson and Wilbur (2009) examine factors that affect migratory movement in newts?

What prediction did Szulkin and Sheldon (2008) test in their study of great tits?

Salmon hatch in a freshwater stream, migrate to and live several years in the open ocean, and then migrate back to their natal stream to reproduce. What two mechanisms are thought to be involved in these movements?

What is the source of public information that kittiwakes use to assess breeding site quality?

Which of the following is required for bicoordinate navigation?

What factor is NOT predicted to promote the evolution of a partial migrant population into a resident population?

Describe the differences between orientation and navigation.

Which of the following occurs in a population that exhibits partial migration?

Which of the following is associated with bicoordinate navigation in animals?

Natal dispersal _____________.

Grayson and Wilbur (2009) studied relatively short distance movement behavior of newt. Explain why the behavior is an example of migration and not dispersal.

Eurasian reed warblers migrate northeast during spring. What evidence suggested that they were capable of bicoordinate navigation after individuals were captured and experimentally displaced 1000 km east during spring migration?

Under what conditions is the behavioral polymorphism maintained in a partial migrant population?

Describe the difference between orientation and navigation and formulate an experiment that would allow you to determine these capabilities in a species.

Species X is known to exhibit a win-stay lose-shift breeding dispersal pattern. You observe that individual A of this species raises six offspring, while individual B experiences a reproductive failure. What can you predict based on these observations?

The Science of Animal Behavior

Methods for Studying Animal Behavior

Evolution and the Study of Animal Behavior

Behavioral Genetics

Sensory Systems and Behavior

Communication

Learning, Neuroethology, and Cognition

Foraging Behavior

Antipredator Behavior

Habitat Selection, Territoriality, and Aggression

Mating Behavior

Mating Systems

Parental Care

Sociality

Cooperative Behavior

Filters