Deck 15: Allergy, Hypersensitivities, and Chronic Inflammation

Question 1

Hypersensitivity reactions to penicillin have been identified that correspond to which of the below types of reactions?

A)Type I hypersensitivity
B)Type II hypersensitivity
C)Type III hypersensitivity
D)Type IV hypersensitivity
E)All of the answers are correct.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Hypersensitivity reactions to cell surface antigens via IgG or IgM are classified as which type?

A)Type I hypersensitivity
B)Type II hypersensitivity
C)Type III hypersensitivity
D)Type IV hypersensitivity
E)All of the answers are correct.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following types of hypersensitivity reactions is associated with IgE?

A)Type I hypersensitivity
B)Type II hypersensitivity
C)Type III hypersensitivity
D)Type IV hypersensitivity
E)All of the answers are correct.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following reactions features mast cell degranulation as one of its key features?

A)Type I hypersensitivity
B)Type II hypersensitivity
C)Type III hypersensitivity
D)Type IV hypersensitivity
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 5

The Arthus reaction is considered to be which of the following hypersensitivity types?

A)Type I hypersensitivity
B)Type II hypersensitivity
C)Type III hypersensitivity
D)Type IV hypersensitivity
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 6

Formation of immune complexes between antibodies and soluble antigens is considered to be which type of hypersensitivity reaction?

A)Type I hypersensitivity
B)Type II hypersensitivity
C)Type III hypersensitivity
D)Type IV hypersensitivity
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 7

A normal individual should only produce IgE in response to which of the following types of antigens?

A)Antigens from extracellular bacterial antigens
B)Antigens from intracellular bacterial antigens
C)Viral antigens
D)Parasite antigens
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 8

Which of the following cell-surface receptors is MOST closely linked to activating type I hypersensitivity reactions?

A)Fc ? RII
B)Fc ? RIIB
C)Fc ? RI
D)LFA-1
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 9

Which of the following cell types are implicated in type I hypersensitivity reactions?

A)Neutrophils
B)Mast cells and basophils
C)T cells
D)Monocytes
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT packaged within basophil and mast cell granules?

A)Prostaglandins
B)Histamine
C)Heparin
D)Tryptase
E)All of the answers are found in granules.

Question 11

Which of the following cell types are targets of the products of mast-cell degranulation, as well as the mediators produced by mast cells following degranulation?

A)Smooth muscle
B)Nervous tissue
C)Hematopoietic cells
D)Epithelial cells
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 12

The effects of histamine in allergic reactions are primarily attributable to its binding which of the following histamine receptors?

A)H₁
B)H₂
C)H₃
D)H₄
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 13

Which of the following effects is NOT a result of histamine binding to histamine receptor H₁?

A)Intestinal smooth muscle contraction.
B)Suppression of mast-cell degranulation.
C)Increased vascular permeability.
D)Increased mucous secretion.
E)All of the answers result from histamine binding H₁.

Question 14

Which of the following cytokines is NOT generally associated with allergic reactions?

A)TNF- ?
B)GM-CSF
C)IL-4
D)TGF- ?
E)All of the answers are associated with allergic reactions.

Question 15

What cell type would be MOST instructive in classifying the type of reaction responsible for a skin rash?

A)CD4⁺ T cells
B)CD8⁺ T cells
C)NK cells
D)APCs
E)Mast cells

Question 16

The immune response to a peanut allergy is MOST similar to a

A)poison ivy rash.
B)positive PPD test.
C)bee sting.
D)transfusion reaction.
E)None of the answers are similar.

Question 17

Desensitization therapy works by

A)producing IgG antibodies that compete for antigen binding sites with IgE.
B)producing IgG antibodies to activing ITIMs on other Fc receptors.
C)switching the response from T_H2 to T_H1.
D)inducing anergy of T_H2 cells.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 18

Allergic responses may have evolved to

A)protect us from spoiled food.
B)break down venom from reptiles.
C)keep us away from excess pollen.
D)prevent blood transfusions.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a means by which type II hypersensitivity reactions occur?

A)IgE binding to Fc ? RI on mast cells.
B)IgM binding to cell-surface antigens, leading to complement fixation on the cell surface.
C)Cytotoxic cells with Fc receptors for antibodies bound to the surface of a cell, leading to cytotoxic killing.
D)Antibody-antigen complexes that form opsonins, leading to phagocyte-driven cell killing.
E)All of the answers are associated with type II hypersensitivity reactions.

Question 20

The transfusion reaction involves which of the following antigens that are structurally similar to antigens on the surface of commensal bacteria?

A)Fc receptors on the surface of mast cells
B)Complement receptors on the surface of APCs
C)Carbohydrates on the surface of erythrocytes
D)Fc receptors on the surface of cytotoxic cells
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 21

Which of the following BEST describes the difference(s) between types II and III hypersensitivity reactions?

A)Direct recognition of cell-surface antigens by antibodies in type II reactions versus deposition of improperly cleared antibody-antigen complexes in type III reactions
B)Direct recognition of cell-surface antigens by antibodies in type III reactions versus deposition of improperly cleared antibody-antigen complexes in type II reactions
C)Cross-linking of Fc ? RI by IgE-opsonized pathogens
D)Cross-linking of Fc ? RIIB by IgG-opsonized pathogens
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT an explanation for inefficient clearing of antibody-antigen complexes that could lead to type III hypersensitivity reactions?

A)High affinity for tissues of particular antigens
B)Antigens that are prone to formation of lattices when bound by antibodies
C)Highly charged antigens
D)Compromised phagocytic system
E)All of the answers could explain inefficient clearing of antibody-antigen complexes.

Question 23

An Arthus reaction refers to

A)a localized type III reaction.
B)a response to moldy hay or pigeon feces.
C)an inflammatory response 4 to 10 hours after exposure.
D)swelling and localized bleeding after a type I response.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 24

The tuberculin reaction is an example of which type of hypersensitivity?

A)Type I
B)Type II
C)Type III
D)Type IV
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 25

Which of the following cell types is NOT typically associated with type IV hypersensitivity reactions?

A)B cells
B)T_H1
C)T_H17
D)Langerhans cells
E)None of the answers are typically associated with type IV hypersensitivity reactions.

Question 26

Which of the following is a potential cause of chronic inflammation?

A)Obesity
B)Infectious agents
C)Tissue damage
D)Intestinal commensal microbiota components
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 27

Which of the following cytokines is NOT generally found in increased concentrations in individuals with chronic inflammation?

A)IL-10
B)TNF- ?
C)IL-1
D)IL-6
E)All of the answers are generally elevated in chronic inflammation.

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT involved in the development of Type II diabetes?

A)Antibodies against pancreatic islet cells.
B)Signaling from IL-6R.
C)Inactivation of components involved in signaling from the insulin receptor by JNK.
D)All of the answers are involved in the development of Type II diabetes.
E)None of the answers are involved in the development of Type II diabetes.

Question 29

Chronic stimulation of the tissue regeneration function of the inflammatory response primarily involves which of the following cells?

A)T cells
B)Fibroblasts
C)B cells
D)Basophils
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 30

Which of the following is present during both acute and chronic inflammation?

A)Monocytes
B)Macrophages
C)Lymphocytes
D)Neutrophils
E)Fibroblasts

Question 31

What two features are common across many allergens? Explain why scientists believe these features potentially make molecules MORE likely to be allergenic.

Question 32

You are studying mice that have a mutation in the Fc RI signal cascade: their ITAM motifs cannot be phosphorylated.What types of immune reactions would be affected by the mutation? Explain the effect the mutation would have on the mice.

Question 33

One treatment for serious allergies involves injecting a monoclonal antibody as a drug.If allergies are caused by antibodies, how can this treatment be effective?

Question 34

Explain how desensitization immunotherapy works.In your response, provide and evaluate at least two of its primary mechanisms.

Question 35

Describe two different hypersensitivity reactions caused by antibiotics such as penicillin.

Question 36

Describe a type III hypersensitivity reaction.What are two sources of antigens that can cause this response?

Question 37

Describe one positive and one negative outcome of the DTH reaction in response to TB infection in the lungs.Explain.

Question 38

What causes the rash that some people contract when exposed to poison ivy? Can this rash be spread?

Question 39

How is chronic inflammation different from regular, acute inflammation? Describe both two causes of chronic inflammation and two different diseases that can be caused or exacerbated by it.

Question 40

Why, after millions of years of evolution, are human beings still susceptible to so many types of hypersensitivity reactions that lead to serious illness or death?