Question 1

Describe one positive and one negative outcome of the DTH reaction in response to TB infection in the lungs.Explain.

Accepted Answer

TB is an intracellular bacterial parasite that can infect the lungs.The DTH response is able to fight this bacteria by having CD4⁺ T_H1 T cells recruit and activate macrophages to the infected area.In some cases, the macrophages are able to destroy the bacteria via an increase in phagocytic activity and the secretion of lytic enzymes to surrounding tissues.If unchecked, this response can lead to granulomas - a mass of macrophages that assumed epithelioid shape and fused cells together.The resulting mass can displace and damage normal tissues.

Question 2

Explain how desensitization immunotherapy works.In your response, provide and evaluate at least two of its primary mechanisms.

Accepted Answer

Desensitization therapy is the practice of injecting small (but increasing) doses of an allergen or group of allergens to reduce symptoms.There are multiple proposed mechanisms for its effectiveness, which include producing IgG antibodies to compete with existing IgE and stimulating an inhibitory response from Fc receptors, switching the response from T_H2 to T_H1, and even inducing anergy or apoptosis of T_H2 cells.

Question 3

Which of the following BEST describes the difference(s) between types II and III hypersensitivity reactions?

Accepted Answer

A) Direct recognition of cell-surface antigens by antibodies in type II reactions versus deposition of improperly cleared antibody-antigen complexes in type III reactions 
B) Direct recognition of cell-surface antigens by antibodies in type III reactions versus deposition of improperly cleared antibody-antigen complexes in type II reactions 
C) Cross-linking of Fc ? RI by IgE-opsonized pathogens 
D) Cross-linking of Fc ? RIIB by IgG-opsonized pathogens 
E) None of the answers are correct. 
A) Direct recognition of cell-surface antigens by antibodies in type II reactions versus deposition of improperly cleared antibody-antigen complexes in type III reactions 
B) Direct recognition of cell-surface antigens by antibodies in type III reactions versus deposition of improperly cleared antibody-antigen complexes in type II reactions 
C) Cross-linking of Fc ? RI by IgE-opsonized pathogens 
D) Cross-linking of Fc ? RIIB by IgG-opsonized pathogens 
E) None of the answers are correct. A

Question 4

Which of the following is a potential cause of chronic inflammation?

Accepted Answer

A) Obesity 
B) Infectious agents 
C) Tissue damage 
D) Intestinal commensal microbiota components 
E) All of the answers are correct. 
A) Obesity 
B) Infectious agents 
C) Tissue damage 
D) Intestinal commensal microbiota components 
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 5

A normal individual should only produce IgE in response to which of the following types of antigens?

Accepted Answer

A) Antigens from extracellular bacterial antigens 
B) Antigens from intracellular bacterial antigens 
C) Viral antigens 
D) Parasite antigens 
E) All of the answers are correct. 
A) Antigens from extracellular bacterial antigens 
B) Antigens from intracellular bacterial antigens 
C) Viral antigens 
D) Parasite antigens 
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 6

Formation of immune complexes between antibodies and soluble antigens is considered to be which type of hypersensitivity reaction?

Accepted Answer

A) Type I hypersensitivity 
B) Type II hypersensitivity 
C) Type III hypersensitivity 
D) Type IV hypersensitivity 
E) All of the answers are correct. 
A) Type I hypersensitivity 
B) Type II hypersensitivity 
C) Type III hypersensitivity 
D) Type IV hypersensitivity 
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 7

What causes the rash that some people contract when exposed to poison ivy? Can this rash be spread?

Accepted Answer

The poison ivy rash is a type IV hyperse

Question 8

Describe a type III hypersensitivity reaction.What are two sources of antigens that can cause this response?

Accepted Answer

A type III reaction occurs when antigens

Question 9

What cell type would be MOST instructive in classifying the type of reaction responsible for a skin rash?

Accepted Answer

A) CD4+ T cells 
B) CD8+ T cells 
C) NK cells 
D) APCs 
E) Mast cells 
A) CD4+ T cells 
B) CD8+ T cells 
C) NK cells 
D) APCs 
E) Mast cells

Question 10

Which of the following cytokines is NOT generally found in increased concentrations in individuals with chronic inflammation?

Accepted Answer

A) IL-10 
B) TNF- ? 
C) IL-1 
D) IL-6 
E) All of the answers are generally elevated in chronic inflammation. 
A) IL-10 
B) TNF- ? 
C) IL-1 
D) IL-6 
E) All of the answers are generally elevated in chronic inflammation.

Question 11

Which of the following is present during both acute and chronic inflammation?

Accepted Answer

A) Monocytes 
B) Macrophages 
C) Lymphocytes 
D) Neutrophils 
E) Fibroblasts 
A) Monocytes 
B) Macrophages 
C) Lymphocytes 
D) Neutrophils 
E) Fibroblasts

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a means by which type II hypersensitivity reactions occur?

Accepted Answer

A) IgE binding to Fc ? RI on mast cells. 
B) IgM binding to cell-surface antigens, leading to complement fixation on the cell surface. 
C) Cytotoxic cells with Fc receptors for antibodies bound to the surface of a cell, leading to cytotoxic killing. 
D) Antibody-antigen complexes that form opsonins, leading to phagocyte-driven cell killing. 
E) All of the answers are associated with type II hypersensitivity reactions. 
A) IgE binding to Fc ? RI on mast cells. 
B) IgM binding to cell-surface antigens, leading to complement fixation on the cell surface. 
C) Cytotoxic cells with Fc receptors for antibodies bound to the surface of a cell, leading to cytotoxic killing. 
D) Antibody-antigen complexes that form opsonins, leading to phagocyte-driven cell killing. 
E) All of the answers are associated with type II hypersensitivity reactions.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT packaged within basophil and mast cell granules?

Accepted Answer

A) Prostaglandins 
B) Histamine 
C) Heparin 
D) Tryptase 
E) All of the answers are found in granules. 
A) Prostaglandins 
B) Histamine 
C) Heparin 
D) Tryptase 
E) All of the answers are found in granules.

Question 14

Hypersensitivity reactions to penicillin have been identified that correspond to which of the below types of reactions?

Accepted Answer

A) Type I hypersensitivity 
B) Type II hypersensitivity 
C) Type III hypersensitivity 
D) Type IV hypersensitivity 
E) All of the answers are correct. 
A) Type I hypersensitivity 
B) Type II hypersensitivity 
C) Type III hypersensitivity 
D) Type IV hypersensitivity 
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 15

Desensitization therapy works by

Accepted Answer

A) producing IgG antibodies that compete for antigen binding sites with IgE. 
B) producing IgG antibodies to activing ITIMs on other Fc receptors. 
C) switching the response from TH2 to TH1. 
D) inducing anergy of TH2 cells. 
E) All of the answers are correct. 
A) producing IgG antibodies that compete for antigen binding sites with IgE. 
B) producing IgG antibodies to activing ITIMs on other Fc receptors. 
C) switching the response from TH2 to TH1. 
D) inducing anergy of TH2 cells. 
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 16

The Arthus reaction is considered to be which of the following hypersensitivity types?

Accepted Answer

A) Type I hypersensitivity 
B) Type II hypersensitivity 
C) Type III hypersensitivity 
D) Type IV hypersensitivity 
E) All of the answers are correct. 
A) Type I hypersensitivity 
B) Type II hypersensitivity 
C) Type III hypersensitivity 
D) Type IV hypersensitivity 
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 17

You are studying mice that have a mutation in the Fc ε RI signal cascade: their ITAM motifs cannot be phosphorylated.What types of immune reactions would be affected by the mutation? Explain the effect the mutation would have on the mice.

Accepted Answer

Fc ε RI receptors are responsible for bo

Question 18

The effects of histamine in allergic reactions are primarily attributable to its binding which of the following histamine receptors?

Accepted Answer

A) H1 
B) H2 
C) H3 
D) H4 
E) None of the answers are correct. 
A) H1 
B) H2 
C) H3 
D) H4 
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 19

Which of the following reactions features mast cell degranulation as one of its key features?

Accepted Answer

A) Type I hypersensitivity 
B) Type II hypersensitivity 
C) Type III hypersensitivity 
D) Type IV hypersensitivity 
E) All of the answers are correct. 
A) Type I hypersensitivity 
B) Type II hypersensitivity 
C) Type III hypersensitivity 
D) Type IV hypersensitivity 
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 20

One treatment for serious allergies involves injecting a monoclonal antibody as a drug.If allergies are caused by antibodies, how can this treatment be effective?

Accepted Answer

The initial event leading to an allergic

Describe one positive and one negative outcome of the DTH reaction in response to TB infection in the lungs.Explain.

Explain how desensitization immunotherapy works.In your response, provide and evaluate at least two of its primary mechanisms.

Which of the following BEST describes the difference(s) between types II and III hypersensitivity reactions?

Which of the following is a potential cause of chronic inflammation?

A normal individual should only produce IgE in response to which of the following types of antigens?

Formation of immune complexes between antibodies and soluble antigens is considered to be which type of hypersensitivity reaction?

What causes the rash that some people contract when exposed to poison ivy? Can this rash be spread?

Describe a type III hypersensitivity reaction.What are two sources of antigens that can cause this response?

What cell type would be MOST instructive in classifying the type of reaction responsible for a skin rash?

Which of the following cytokines is NOT generally found in increased concentrations in individuals with chronic inflammation?

Which of the following is present during both acute and chronic inflammation?

Which of the following is NOT a means by which type II hypersensitivity reactions occur?

Which of the following is NOT packaged within basophil and mast cell granules?

Hypersensitivity reactions to penicillin have been identified that correspond to which of the below types of reactions?

Desensitization therapy works by

The Arthus reaction is considered to be which of the following hypersensitivity types?

You are studying mice that have a mutation in the Fc ε RI signal cascade: their ITAM motifs cannot be phosphorylated.What types of immune reactions would be affected by the mutation? Explain the effect the mutation would have on the mice.

The effects of histamine in allergic reactions are primarily attributable to its binding which of the following histamine receptors?

Which of the following reactions features mast cell degranulation as one of its key features?

One treatment for serious allergies involves injecting a monoclonal antibody as a drug.If allergies are caused by antibodies, how can this treatment be effective?

Overview of the Immune System

Cells, Organs, and Microenvironments of the Immune System

Recognition and Response

Innate Immunity

The Complement System

The Organization and Expression of Lymphocyte Receptor Genes

The Major Histocompatibility Complex and Antigen Presentation

T-Cell Development

B-Cell Development

T-Cell Activation, Differentiation, and Memory

B-Cell Activation, Differentiation, and Memory

Effector Responses: Cell- and Antibody-Mediated Immunity

Mucosal Immunity and the Microbiome

The Immune Response in Time and Space

Tolerance, Autoimmunity, and Transplantation

Infectious Diseases and Vaccines

Immunodeficiency Disorders

Cancer and the Immune System

Experimental Methods and Systems

Filters

Exam 15: Allergy, Hypersensitivities, and Chronic Inflammation

Describe one positive and one negative outcome of the DTH reaction in response to TB infection in the lungs.Explain.

Explain how desensitization immunotherapy works.In your response, provide and evaluate at least two of its primary mechanisms.

Which of the following BEST describes the difference(s) between types II and III hypersensitivity reactions?

Which of the following is a potential cause of chronic inflammation?

A normal individual should only produce IgE in response to which of the following types of antigens?

Formation of immune complexes between antibodies and soluble antigens is considered to be which type of hypersensitivity reaction?

What causes the rash that some people contract when exposed to poison ivy? Can this rash be spread?

Describe a type III hypersensitivity reaction.What are two sources of antigens that can cause this response?

What cell type would be MOST instructive in classifying the type of reaction responsible for a skin rash?

Which of the following cytokines is NOT generally found in increased concentrations in individuals with chronic inflammation?

Which of the following is present during both acute and chronic inflammation?

Which of the following is NOT a means by which type II hypersensitivity reactions occur?

Which of the following is NOT packaged within basophil and mast cell granules?

Hypersensitivity reactions to penicillin have been identified that correspond to which of the below types of reactions?

Desensitization therapy works by

The Arthus reaction is considered to be which of the following hypersensitivity types?

You are studying mice that have a mutation in the Fc ε RI signal cascade: their ITAM motifs cannot be phosphorylated.What types of immune reactions would be affected by the mutation? Explain the effect the mutation would have on the mice.

The effects of histamine in allergic reactions are primarily attributable to its binding which of the following histamine receptors?

Which of the following reactions features mast cell degranulation as one of its key features?

One treatment for serious allergies involves injecting a monoclonal antibody as a drug.If allergies are caused by antibodies, how can this treatment be effective?

Overview of the Immune System

Cells, Organs, and Microenvironments of the Immune System

Recognition and Response

Innate Immunity

The Complement System

The Organization and Expression of Lymphocyte Receptor Genes

The Major Histocompatibility Complex and Antigen Presentation

T-Cell Development

B-Cell Development

T-Cell Activation, Differentiation, and Memory

B-Cell Activation, Differentiation, and Memory

Effector Responses: Cell- and Antibody-Mediated Immunity

Mucosal Immunity and the Microbiome

The Immune Response in Time and Space

Tolerance, Autoimmunity, and Transplantation

Infectious Diseases and Vaccines

Immunodeficiency Disorders

Cancer and the Immune System

Experimental Methods and Systems

Filters