Deck 9: B-Cell Development

Question 1

B lymphocytes are made in the

A)blood stream.
B)bone marrow.
C)liver.
D)thymus.
E)totipotent cell.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

How long does B-cell maturation from an HSC to a mature B cell take?

A)1 to 2 hours
B)1 to 2 days
C)1 to 2 weeks
D)1 to 2 months
E)1 to 2 years

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which cell type is found in both B- and T-cell lineages?

A)Common lymphoid progenitors
B)Common pro-B-T cells
C)Immature B cell
D)Naïve lymphoid progenitor
E)Pro-B-T cell

Answer 3

A

Question 4

This type of cell will leave the bone marrow and complete maturation in the spleen.

A)Common lymphoid progenitor cell
B)Hematopoietic stem cell
C)Immature B cell
D)Pro-B cell
E)Pro-T cell

Question 5

All of the following are true regarding B-cell development EXCEPT

A)B cells complete maturation in the spleen.
B)B cells are mostly developed when they leave the bone marrow.
C)B cells, like T cells, are MHC class restricted.
D)Self-reactive B cells may be eliminated though apoptosis.
E)Self-reactive B cells may be rendered unreactive (anergic).

Question 6

Hematopoiesis produces

A)B cells only.
B)Red blood cells only.
C)myeloid lineage cells only.
D)lymphoid and myeloid lineage cells.
E)erythroid, lymphoid, and myeloid lineage cells.

Question 7

Hematopoiesis begins at around day 7 after fertilization in mice.What is the site of precursor cells at this stage of fetal development?

A)Bone marrow
B)Fetal liver
C)Placenta
D)Primitive organ
E)Yolk sac

Question 8

At what site(s) can mature HSCs be found by day 11 in the mouse model?

A)AGM
B)Fetal liver
C)Placenta
D)Yolk
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 9

What type of cell will predominately be produced by hematopoiesis in the fetal liver of mice?

A)Erythroid lineage cells
B)Lymphoid lineage cells
C)Myeloid lineage cells only
D)Lymphoid and myeloid lineage cells
E)Erythroid, lymphoid, and myeloid lineage cells

Question 10

V-DJ recombination occurs during which phase of a B cell's development?

A)Activated B cell
B)Mature B cell
C)Naïve B cell
D)Pro-B cell
E)Immature B cell

Question 11

What are two functions of bone marrow stromal cells with respect to B-cell development?

A)Cytokine expression traps developing B cells in a specific location
B)Recruits macrophages to phagocytize self-recognizing B cells and decreases HSC when no active infection is present
C)Secretes release factors that direct the B cell to the spleen and expresses necessary cytokines
D)Traps developing B cells in a specific location and recruits red blood cells to bring oxygen to developing B cells
E)Triggers HSCs to produce more pro-B cells and secretes cytokines to stimulate osteoblast development

Question 12

Which of the following influence the development of B cells in the bone marrow?

A)Changes in cell surface markers
B)Changes in gene expression
C)BCR gene rearrangements
D)DNA modification by methylation
E)All the answers influence B-cell development.

Question 13

Which molecule is required for a pre-pro-B cell to begin entering the pro-B cell stage?

A)IL-7
B)CXCL12
C)CD117
D)SCF
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 14

Immature B cells in the bone marrow that are found to bear self-antigen reactive BCRs undergo which of the following?

A)Clonal deletion
B)Light chain receptor editing
C)Development of anergy
D)All of the answers are correct.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 15

Which molecule listed below appears to play a critical role in trafficking B cells from the bone marrow to the spleen to complete cellular maturation?

A)SCF
B)S1P
C)IL-7
D)BIM
E)Both SCF and S1P are correct.

Question 16

Individuals of retirement age or older show lower antibody mediate immune responses due to all the following reasons EXCEPT

A)increased likelihood of autoimmune disorders.
B)limited HSC production of pro-B cells.
C)poor antibody response to vaccination.
D)reduced-memory B-cell generation.
E)smaller thymus.

Question 17

What type of immunoglobulin gene rearrangement occurs during B-cell progenitor development?

A)D_H-J_H rearrangement
B)D_L-J_L rearrangement
C)Both heavy- and light-chain rearrangement
D)V_H-DJ_H rearrangement
E)V_L-DJ_L rearrangement

Question 18

The common lymphoid progenitor cell gives rise to all the following cell lines EXCEPT

A)dendritic cells.
B)megakaryocytes.
C)natural killer cells.
D)pre-pro B cells.
E)T-cell progenitor.

Question 19

Which of the following statements regarding HSCs is/are TRUE?
​
I)HSCs are not self-renewing.
II)HSCs can make copies of themselves.
III)HSCs give rise to one cell lineage.
IV)HSCs are multipotent.
V)HSCs express both RAG1 and RAG2 surface markers.

A)Statement I only
B)Statements I and III only
C)Statements II and III only
D)Statements II and IV only
E)Statements III and V only

Question 20

Where can early lymphoid progenitor cells (ELPs) be found in humans?

A)Blood stream
B)Bone marrow
C)Lymphatic tissue
D)Thymus
E)Both bone marrow and lymphatic tissue are correct.

Question 21

At what stage of development does a B cell begin to express a pre-B-cell receptor?

A)Pre-pro B cell
B)Early pro-B cell
C)Late pro-B cell
D)Late pre-B cell
E)Immature B cell

Question 22

At what stage of development does a B cell undergo D-J_H rearrangement?

A)Pre-pro B cell
B)Early pro-B cell
C)Late pro-B cell
D)Late pre-B cell
E)Immature B cell

Question 23

At what stage of development does a B cell begin to display an IgM receptor?

A)Pre-pro B cell
B)Early pro-B cell
C)Late pro-B cell
D)Late pre-B cell
E)Immature B cell

Question 24

B-cell development has one checkpoint to determine if V-DJ rearrangement has produced a successful V_H-DJ_H combination that does not recognize self.If no successful combination is produced, then the B cell will undergo apoptosis.At what point of B-cell development does this checkpoint occur?

A)Pre-pro-B cell
B)Early pro-B cell
C)Late pro-B cell
D)Late pre-B cell
E)Immature B cell

Question 25

How does allelic exclusion prevent multiple heavy-chain rearrangements from occurring in pre-B cells?

A)RAG1 and RAG2 are downregulated, and TdT activity is lost so that no additional heavy-chain rearrangements may take place.
B)RAG1 is upregulated whereas RAG2 and TdT are downregulated to prevent heavy-chain recombination on the second set of chromosomes.
C)RAG1 and RAG2 induce silencing of the second alleles for V_H-DJ_H rearrangement.
D)TdT initiates light-chain rearrangement.
E)TdT releases a cytokine to trigger apoptosis in the pre-B cell.

Question 26

Of the cells listed below, which one represents the MOST developed B cell?

A)Pre-pro-B cell
B)Pro-B cell
C)Pre-B cell
D)T1 B cells
E)T2 B cells

Question 27

Mature naïve B cells express high levels of _____ on their cell surfaces.

A)IgA
B)IgD
C)IgE
D)IgG
E)IgM

Question 28

Mature B-2 or follicular B cells are most commonly found in the

A)bone marrow.
B)lymph node.
C)marginal zones of the spleen.
D)peritoneal.
E)secondary lymphoid organs.

Question 29

Mature B-1 cells show _____ diversity in their V-region.

A)high
B)moderate (somewhat restricted)
C)low (restricted)
D)high or low depending on active infection
E)high or low depending on CD21 expression

Question 30

Marginal-zone B cells express

A)IgD.
B)IgG.
C)IgM.
D)IgE.
E)Both IgG and IgM are correct.

Question 31

Which type of mature B cell is MOST likely to respond to a protein antigen?

A)B-1 B cells
B)B-2 B cells
C)MZ B cells
D)B-2 B cells and MZ B cells
E)B-1 B cells, B-2 B cells, and MZ B cells

Question 32

What is the initial location of B-cell and T-cell development?

A)Blood for B cell and thymus for T cell
B)Bone marrow for both B cell and T cell
C)Bone marrow for B cell and thymus for T cell
D)Secondary lymphoid organs for B cell and thymus for T cell
E)Thymus for both B cell and T cell

Question 33

Which cell type undergoes negative selection of ectopic expressing self-antigen cells in primary lymphoid organs?

A)B cells
B)MZ B cells
C)T cells
D)Both B cells and T cells.
E)Neither B cells nor T cells.

Question 34

V-J rearrangement occurs in

A)all B cells.
B)all T cells.
C)only B-1 B cells.
D)only B-2 B cells.
E)both B cells and T cells.

Question 35

In a succinct manner, can you explain how it was shown that mature, human B cells develop from HSCs in one to two weeks?

Question 36

Mature B cells, unlike T cells, are not subject to selection processes during their development as they do not contain receptors that can recognize an array of antigens.Is this statement true?

Question 37

As B cells develop in the bone marrow, what three primary factors help immunologists define and discriminate between distinct stages of B-cell development?

Question 38

In examining and characterizing B-cell development, investigators can use knockout genetic approaches to determine the developmental effects of eliminating the expression of targeted transcriptional factors on developmental progress.What is a limitation of the knockout approach?

Question 39

Transgenic animals that fail to express a BCR during the immature B-cell stages lose the capacity to produce any B cells at all.What does this observation indicate?

Question 40

BAFF is produced by macrophages and dendritic cells in response to select cytokines, and, therefore, BAFF levels may increase during infections.What is a potential advantage and disadvantage of increasing BAFF levels transiently during infections?

Question 41

Recent experiments have focused on identifying differences between signal transduction events leading to B-cell activation versus B-cell anergy.As a new tutor for immunology, how would you summarize these recent experiments to a student client?

Question 42

Is it true to state that mature B cells, in the form of B-2 cells, are the only mature B cells? Please justify your answer.

Question 43

Compare and contrast the major differences between a B-1a cell and a B-2 cell.

Question 44

What are the significant, common trends or features when comparing the overall development of T cells and B cells?