Question 1

How does allelic exclusion prevent multiple heavy-chain rearrangements from occurring in pre-B cells?

Accepted Answer

A) RAG1 and RAG2 are downregulated, and TdT activity is lost so that no additional heavy-chain rearrangements may take place. 
B) RAG1 is upregulated whereas RAG2 and TdT are downregulated to prevent heavy-chain recombination on the second set of chromosomes. 
C) RAG1 and RAG2 induce silencing of the second alleles for VH-DJH rearrangement. 
D) TdT initiates light-chain rearrangement. 
E) TdT releases a cytokine to trigger apoptosis in the pre-B cell. 
A) RAG1 and RAG2 are downregulated, and TdT activity is lost so that no additional heavy-chain rearrangements may take place. 
B) RAG1 is upregulated whereas RAG2 and TdT are downregulated to prevent heavy-chain recombination on the second set of chromosomes. 
C) RAG1 and RAG2 induce silencing of the second alleles for VH-DJH rearrangement. 
D) TdT initiates light-chain rearrangement. 
E) TdT releases a cytokine to trigger apoptosis in the pre-B cell. A

Question 2

At what stage of development does a B cell begin to express a pre-B-cell receptor?

Accepted Answer

A) Pre-pro B cell 
B) Early pro-B cell 
C) Late pro-B cell 
D) Late pre-B cell 
E) Immature B cell 
A) Pre-pro B cell 
B) Early pro-B cell 
C) Late pro-B cell 
D) Late pre-B cell 
E) Immature B cell D

Question 3

BAFF is produced by macrophages and dendritic cells in response to select cytokines, and, therefore, BAFF levels may increase during infections.What is a potential advantage and disadvantage of increasing BAFF levels transiently during infections?

Accepted Answer

A potential advantage is to sustain the number of B cells and diverse BCRs that could, theoretically, respond to infections.However, a disadvantage is to allow B cells that would typically be removed by selection, due to a potential to respond to self-antigen, to survive in higher levels of BAFF.

Question 4

Which molecule is required for a pre-pro-B cell to begin entering the pro-B cell stage?

Accepted Answer

A) IL-7 
B) CXCL12 
C) CD117 
D) SCF 
E) None of the answers are correct. 
A) IL-7 
B) CXCL12 
C) CD117 
D) SCF 
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 5

What are the significant, common trends or features when comparing the overall development of T cells and B cells?

Accepted Answer

The major common denominators include th

Question 6

Mature B cells, unlike T cells, are not subject to selection processes during their development as they do not contain receptors that can recognize an array of antigens.Is this statement true?

Accepted Answer

No, it is false.In common with T cells,

Question 7

Is it true to state that mature B cells, in the form of B-2 cells, are the only mature B cells? Please justify your answer.

Accepted Answer

Although the majority of mature B cells

Question 8

Where can early lymphoid progenitor cells (ELPs) be found in humans?

Accepted Answer

A) Blood stream 
B) Bone marrow 
C) Lymphatic tissue 
D) Thymus 
E) Both bone marrow and lymphatic tissue are correct. 
A) Blood stream 
B) Bone marrow 
C) Lymphatic tissue 
D) Thymus 
E) Both bone marrow and lymphatic tissue are correct.

Question 9

What are two functions of bone marrow stromal cells with respect to B-cell development?

Accepted Answer

A) Cytokine expression traps developing B cells in a specific location 
B) Recruits macrophages to phagocytize self-recognizing B cells and decreases HSC when no active infection is present 
C) Secretes release factors that direct the B cell to the spleen and expresses necessary cytokines 
D) Traps developing B cells in a specific location and recruits red blood cells to bring oxygen to developing B cells 
E) Triggers HSCs to produce more pro-B cells and secretes cytokines to stimulate osteoblast development 
A) Cytokine expression traps developing B cells in a specific location 
B) Recruits macrophages to phagocytize self-recognizing B cells and decreases HSC when no active infection is present 
C) Secretes release factors that direct the B cell to the spleen and expresses necessary cytokines 
D) Traps developing B cells in a specific location and recruits red blood cells to bring oxygen to developing B cells 
E) Triggers HSCs to produce more pro-B cells and secretes cytokines to stimulate osteoblast development

Question 10

How long does B-cell maturation from an HSC to a mature B cell take?

Accepted Answer

A) 1 to 2 hours 
B) 1 to 2 days 
C) 1 to 2 weeks 
D) 1 to 2 months 
E) 1 to 2 years 
A) 1 to 2 hours 
B) 1 to 2 days 
C) 1 to 2 weeks 
D) 1 to 2 months 
E) 1 to 2 years

Question 11

What type of cell will predominately be produced by hematopoiesis in the fetal liver of mice?

Accepted Answer

A) Erythroid lineage cells 
B) Lymphoid lineage cells 
C) Myeloid lineage cells only 
D) Lymphoid and myeloid lineage cells 
E) Erythroid, lymphoid, and myeloid lineage cells 
A) Erythroid lineage cells 
B) Lymphoid lineage cells 
C) Myeloid lineage cells only 
D) Lymphoid and myeloid lineage cells 
E) Erythroid, lymphoid, and myeloid lineage cells

Question 12

What type of immunoglobulin gene rearrangement occurs during B-cell progenitor development?

Accepted Answer

A) DH-JH rearrangement 
B) DL-JL rearrangement 
C) Both heavy- and light-chain rearrangement 
D) VH-DJH rearrangement 
E) VL-DJL rearrangement 
A) DH-JH rearrangement 
B) DL-JL rearrangement 
C) Both heavy- and light-chain rearrangement 
D) VH-DJH rearrangement 
E) VL-DJL rearrangement

Question 13

At what stage of development does a B cell undergo D-JH rearrangement?

Accepted Answer

A) Pre-pro B cell 
B) Early pro-B cell 
C) Late pro-B cell 
D) Late pre-B cell 
E) Immature B cell 
A) Pre-pro B cell 
B) Early pro-B cell 
C) Late pro-B cell 
D) Late pre-B cell 
E) Immature B cell

Question 14

Which type of mature B cell is MOST likely to respond to a protein antigen?

Accepted Answer

A) B-1 B cells 
B) B-2 B cells 
C) MZ B cells 
D) B-2 B cells and MZ B cells 
E) B-1 B cells, B-2 B cells, and MZ B cells 
A) B-1 B cells 
B) B-2 B cells 
C) MZ B cells 
D) B-2 B cells and MZ B cells 
E) B-1 B cells, B-2 B cells, and MZ B cells

Question 15

At what stage of development does a B cell begin to display an IgM receptor?

Accepted Answer

A) Pre-pro B cell 
B) Early pro-B cell 
C) Late pro-B cell 
D) Late pre-B cell 
E) Immature B cell 
A) Pre-pro B cell 
B) Early pro-B cell 
C) Late pro-B cell 
D) Late pre-B cell 
E) Immature B cell

Question 16

Hematopoiesis produces

Accepted Answer

A) B cells only. 
B) Red blood cells only. 
C) myeloid lineage cells only. 
D) lymphoid and myeloid lineage cells. 
E) erythroid, lymphoid, and myeloid lineage cells. 
A) B cells only. 
B) Red blood cells only. 
C) myeloid lineage cells only. 
D) lymphoid and myeloid lineage cells. 
E) erythroid, lymphoid, and myeloid lineage cells.

Question 17

Which cell type undergoes negative selection of ectopic expressing self-antigen cells in primary lymphoid organs?

Accepted Answer

A) B cells 
B) MZ B cells 
C) T cells 
D) Both B cells and T cells. 
E) Neither B cells nor T cells. 
A) B cells 
B) MZ B cells 
C) T cells 
D) Both B cells and T cells. 
E) Neither B cells nor T cells.

Question 18

In examining and characterizing B-cell development, investigators can use knockout genetic approaches to determine the developmental effects of eliminating the expression of targeted transcriptional factors on developmental progress.What is a limitation of the knockout approach?

Accepted Answer

A limitation of the knockout approach in

Question 19

As B cells develop in the bone marrow, what three primary factors help immunologists define and discriminate between distinct stages of B-cell development?

Accepted Answer

The three primary factors, thu

Question 20

Mature B-1 cells show _____ diversity in their V-region.

Accepted Answer

A) high 
B) moderate (somewhat restricted) 
C) low (restricted) 
D) high or low depending on active infection 
E) high or low depending on CD21 expression 
A) high 
B) moderate (somewhat restricted) 
C) low (restricted) 
D) high or low depending on active infection 
E) high or low depending on CD21 expression

How does allelic exclusion prevent multiple heavy-chain rearrangements from occurring in pre-B cells?

At what stage of development does a B cell begin to express a pre-B-cell receptor?

BAFF is produced by macrophages and dendritic cells in response to select cytokines, and, therefore, BAFF levels may increase during infections.What is a potential advantage and disadvantage of increasing BAFF levels transiently during infections?

Which molecule is required for a pre-pro-B cell to begin entering the pro-B cell stage?

What are the significant, common trends or features when comparing the overall development of T cells and B cells?

Mature B cells, unlike T cells, are not subject to selection processes during their development as they do not contain receptors that can recognize an array of antigens.Is this statement true?

Is it true to state that mature B cells, in the form of B-2 cells, are the only mature B cells? Please justify your answer.

Where can early lymphoid progenitor cells (ELPs) be found in humans?

What are two functions of bone marrow stromal cells with respect to B-cell development?

How long does B-cell maturation from an HSC to a mature B cell take?

What type of cell will predominately be produced by hematopoiesis in the fetal liver of mice?

What type of immunoglobulin gene rearrangement occurs during B-cell progenitor development?

At what stage of development does a B cell undergo D-J_H rearrangement?

Which type of mature B cell is MOST likely to respond to a protein antigen?

At what stage of development does a B cell begin to display an IgM receptor?

Hematopoiesis produces

Which cell type undergoes negative selection of ectopic expressing self-antigen cells in primary lymphoid organs?

In examining and characterizing B-cell development, investigators can use knockout genetic approaches to determine the developmental effects of eliminating the expression of targeted transcriptional factors on developmental progress.What is a limitation of the knockout approach?

As B cells develop in the bone marrow, what three primary factors help immunologists define and discriminate between distinct stages of B-cell development?

Mature B-1 cells show _____ diversity in their V-region.

Overview of the Immune System

Cells, Organs, and Microenvironments of the Immune System

Recognition and Response

Innate Immunity

The Complement System

The Organization and Expression of Lymphocyte Receptor Genes

The Major Histocompatibility Complex and Antigen Presentation

T-Cell Development

T-Cell Activation, Differentiation, and Memory

B-Cell Activation, Differentiation, and Memory

Effector Responses: Cell- and Antibody-Mediated Immunity

Mucosal Immunity and the Microbiome

The Immune Response in Time and Space

Allergy, Hypersensitivities, and Chronic Inflammation

Tolerance, Autoimmunity, and Transplantation

Infectious Diseases and Vaccines

Immunodeficiency Disorders

Cancer and the Immune System

Experimental Methods and Systems

Filters

Exam 9: B-Cell Development

How does allelic exclusion prevent multiple heavy-chain rearrangements from occurring in pre-B cells?

At what stage of development does a B cell begin to express a pre-B-cell receptor?

BAFF is produced by macrophages and dendritic cells in response to select cytokines, and, therefore, BAFF levels may increase during infections.What is a potential advantage and disadvantage of increasing BAFF levels transiently during infections?

Which molecule is required for a pre-pro-B cell to begin entering the pro-B cell stage?

What are the significant, common trends or features when comparing the overall development of T cells and B cells?

Mature B cells, unlike T cells, are not subject to selection processes during their development as they do not contain receptors that can recognize an array of antigens.Is this statement true?

Is it true to state that mature B cells, in the form of B-2 cells, are the only mature B cells? Please justify your answer.

Where can early lymphoid progenitor cells (ELPs) be found in humans?

What are two functions of bone marrow stromal cells with respect to B-cell development?

How long does B-cell maturation from an HSC to a mature B cell take?

What type of cell will predominately be produced by hematopoiesis in the fetal liver of mice?

What type of immunoglobulin gene rearrangement occurs during B-cell progenitor development?

At what stage of development does a B cell undergo D-JH rearrangement?

Which type of mature B cell is MOST likely to respond to a protein antigen?

At what stage of development does a B cell begin to display an IgM receptor?

Hematopoiesis produces

Which cell type undergoes negative selection of ectopic expressing self-antigen cells in primary lymphoid organs?

In examining and characterizing B-cell development, investigators can use knockout genetic approaches to determine the developmental effects of eliminating the expression of targeted transcriptional factors on developmental progress.What is a limitation of the knockout approach?

As B cells develop in the bone marrow, what three primary factors help immunologists define and discriminate between distinct stages of B-cell development?

Mature B-1 cells show _____ diversity in their V-region.

Overview of the Immune System

Cells, Organs, and Microenvironments of the Immune System

Recognition and Response

Innate Immunity

The Complement System

The Organization and Expression of Lymphocyte Receptor Genes

The Major Histocompatibility Complex and Antigen Presentation

T-Cell Development

T-Cell Activation, Differentiation, and Memory

B-Cell Activation, Differentiation, and Memory

Effector Responses: Cell- and Antibody-Mediated Immunity

Mucosal Immunity and the Microbiome

The Immune Response in Time and Space

Allergy, Hypersensitivities, and Chronic Inflammation

Tolerance, Autoimmunity, and Transplantation

Infectious Diseases and Vaccines

Immunodeficiency Disorders

Cancer and the Immune System

Experimental Methods and Systems

Filters

At what stage of development does a B cell undergo D-J_H rearrangement?