Deck 7: The Development of Moral Values

Question 1

William watches his friend trip on a rug and fall against a lamp,breaking it."You're not suppose to break things! William declares."You'll be punished!" William's thinking best illustrates:

A) conventional moral reasoning.
B) objective judgments.
C) the social contract orientation.
D) autonomous reasoning.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

According to Piaget,what is the term for behavior that is regulated by mutual respect and consent?

A) The morality of constraint
B) Autonomous morality
C) Morality of cooperation
D) Immanent justice

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following stages is in Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral development?

A) Social contract orientation
B) Good girl-good boy morality
C) Universal principled reasoning
D) Punishment orientation

Answer 3

D

Question 4

According to Piaget's theory of moral development,all of the following pairs are in the proper sequence (of earlier to later)EXCEPT:

A) constraint, cooperation.
B) received, reciprocity.
C) realism, relativism.
D) subjective, objective.

Question 5

Paul decides to give the police the wallet he found because he thinks he'll likely get a reward.According to Kohlberg,at what level is Paul's moral reasoning?

A) Postconventional
B) Conventional
C) Preconventional
D) Neoconventional

Question 6

Kohlberg's most famous moral dilemma involved a man named Heinz who had to decide whether or not to:

A) steal a drug to help his sick wife.
B) turn in his brother-in-law for stealing.
C) confess to murder.
D) cheat on taxes.

Question 7

Piaget studied morality by:

A) asking children about rules of games.
B) questioning adults about hypothetical moral dilemmas.
C) watching adolescents behavior in ethical situations.
D) all of the above

Question 8

Rebecca refrains from shoplifting because she's afraid of going to jail.According to Kohlberg,in what stage is Rebecca's moral reasoning?

A) Social contract orientation
B) Good girl-good boy morality
C) Punishment orientation
D) Instrumental hedonism orientation

Question 9

According to Piaget,the changes in children's moral judgments are related to:

A) both cognitive growth and peer relationships.
B) cognitive growth alone.
C) peer relationships alone.
D) both cognitive growth and relationships with parents and other adults.

Question 10

According to Piaget,what is the term for when individuals' judgments about morality take into account intentions or motives?

A) subjective judgments.
B) immanent justice.
C) universal principled reasoning.
D) objective judgments.

Question 11

After her friend cursed at her Tina stopped and looked up at the sky,certain that God would send down a lightening bolt to punish her friend.Piaget would say that Tina was exhibiting a belief in:

A) autonomous morality.
B) immanent justice.
C) the morality of cooperation.
D) reciprocity.

Question 12

According to Piaget,moral judgments that are based solely on the outcomes,without regard for intentions,are called:

A) subjective judgments.
B) immanent justice.
C) universal principled reasoning.
D) objective judgments.

Question 13

According to Piaget's theory,what is the term for when a child believes that immoral behavior automatically brings punishment?

A) Autonomous morality
B) Immanent justice
C) Reciprocity
D) Social contract

Question 14

According to Piaget,what is the term for behavior that is coerced by rules or authority figures?

A) Immanent justice
B) Morality of cooperation
C) Morality of constraint
D) Autonomous morality

Question 15

Those individuals who have an instrumental hedonism orientation are in which level of moral reasoning,according to Kohlberg?

A) Conventional
B) Preconventional
C) Postconventional
D) Neoconventional

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT one of Kohlberg's three levels of moral reasoning?

A) Postconventional
B) Conventional
C) Preconventional
D) Neoconventional

Question 17

Kyle and his older sister are playing a game together and when his sister suggests that they change the rules to make the game more fun,Kyle readily agrees.According to Piaget,Kyle is exhibiting:

A) the morality of cooperation.
B) the morality of constraint.
C) conventional moral reasoning.
D) preconventional moral reasoning.

Question 18

Poonam is playing a game with her brother and is infuriated when he breaks the rules."I'm telling the police you broke the rules!" she yells.According to Piaget's theory,Poonam's reaction indicates:

A) the morality of cooperation.
B) the morality of constraint.
C) conventional moral reasoning.
D) preconventional moral reasoning.

Question 19

A person who believes that Heinz should not steal the drug because he may go to prison is at Kohlberg's ________ level of moral development.

A) preconventional
B) conventional
C) postconventional
D) neoconventional

Question 20

Paul decides to give the police the wallet he found because he thinks he'll likely get a reward.According to Kohlberg,in what stage is Paul's moral reasoning?

A) Social contract orientation
B) Good girl-good boy morality
C) Punishment orientation
D) Instrumental hedonism orientation

Question 21

A person who believes that Heinz should not steal the drug because he may embarrass his family is at Kohlberg's ________ level of moral development.

A) preconventional
B) conventional
C) postconventional
D) neoconventional

Question 22

Which of the following stages is in Kohlberg's postconventional level of moral judgment?

A) Social contract orientation
B) Good girl-good boy morality
C) Punishment orientation
D) Law and order orientation

Question 23

As Kohlberg gathered more data,which of the stages of moral development did he no longer discuss?

A) Universal principled thinking
B) Good girl-good boy morality
C) Social contract orientation
D) Law and order orientation

Question 24

An individual who is motivated to be moral in order to obey society's rules is in which of Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning?

A) Social contract orientation
B) Good girl-good boy morality
C) Universal principled reasoning
D) Law and order orientation

Question 25

In which of Kohlberg's stages is the individual motivated by possible future gain or pay back?

A) Social contract orientation
B) Good girl-good boy morality
C) Punishment orientation
D) Instrumental hedonism orientation

Question 26

Research has found that most adolescents and adults are ______________ moral reasoners.

A) preconventional
B) conventional
C) postconventional
D) neoconventional

Question 27

Diego refuses to go over the speed limit,telling his friends,"We've got speed limits to follow and can't just break them because we want to!" According to Kohlberg,in what stage is Diego's moral reasoning?

A) Social contract orientation
B) Good girl-good boy morality
C) Punishment orientation
D) Law and order orientation

Question 28

Rana generally believes that killing is murder and is wrong but she also says,"sometimes assisted suicide might be the right thing to do so that a person in anguish can die with dignity." Kohlberg would most likely classify Rana's moral reasoning in which stage?

A) Social contract orientation
B) Good girl-good boy morality
C) Instrumental hedonism orientation
D) Law and order orientation

Question 29

What has been found to serve as a prerequisite to using moral judgment to direct one's actions?

A) Moral metacognition
B) Postconventional reasoning
C) Prosocial behavior
D) A law and order orientation

Question 30

According to Kohlberg's theory,in which level of moral reasoning are individuals motivated to gain the approval of others?

A) Preconventional
B) Conventional
C) Postconventional
D) Neoconventional

Question 31

Which of the following stages is in Kohlberg's conventional level of moral reasoning?

A) Social contract orientation
B) Good girl-good boy morality
C) Universal principled reasoning
D) Punishment orientation

Question 32

In which of Kohlberg's stages is a person's moral reasoning based on autonomous principles that are valid beyond existing laws and peers' values?

A) Social contract orientation
B) Good girl-good boy morality
C) Universal principled reasoning
D) Law and order orientation

Question 33

As Kohlberg gathered more data,which of the stages of moral development did he no longer discuss?

A) three
B) four
C) five
D) six

Question 34

Which of the following statements about Kohlberg's theory is TRUE?

A) He felt that a high level of cognitive development is sufficient for a high level of moral reasoning.
B) There is a positive correlation between cognitive level and moral reasoning level.
C) Most children and adolescents are preconventional reasoners.
D) all of the above

Question 35

In Krettenauer's study of epistemological and moral development,it was found that some adolescents believed moral judgments are generally well founded,that all views are somewhat subjective,and that one needs to pay attention to all evidence.This thinking was called:

A) transsubjectivism.
B) subjectivism.
C) intuition.
D) skepticism.

Question 36

A person who believes that stealing the drug is wrong,but letting someone die is worse is most likely at Kohlberg's ________ level of moral development.

A) preconventional
B) conventional
C) postconventional
D) neoconventional

Question 37

Kimberly is thinking about her own ideas concerning right versus wrong and how they've changed since she was a little girl.Kimberly is exhibiting:

A) a law and order orientation.
B) postconventional reasoning.
C) prosocial behavior.
D) moral metacognition.

Question 38

Sondra is involved in charity work because she believes it will help her get into heaven.According to Kohlberg,in what stage is Sondra's moral reasoning?

A) Social contract orientation
B) Good girl-good boy morality
C) Punishment orientation
D) Instrumental hedonism orientation

Question 39

Kohlberg's stage 6 moral reasoning is used by:

A) very few people.
B) many people.
C) mostly men.
D) mostly women.

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT one of the three criticisms leveled at Kohlberg's theory?

A) It may be limited to people in Western cultures.
B) It may be biased against females.
C) Moral reasoning may not develop in stages.
D) It is biased in favor of religious individuals.

Question 41

According to your authors,the most pervasive and serious challenge to Kohlberg's theory is that:

A) it is too limited.
B) it is biased against females.
C) it explains the behavior of children but not adults.
D) it is not true across cultures.

Question 42

Which of the following family factors has been found to correlate significantly with adolescents' moral learning?

A) The independence opportunities parents provide
B) The type of discipline parents use
C) The frequency of parent-teen communication
D) all of the above

Question 43

What is the name of the approach to moral development that stresses the contextual nature of moral decisions?

A) Social-cognitive domain model
B) Social capital theory
C) The inculcation model
D) Values clarification model

Question 44

The ability to stand up for one's values in the face of opposition is called

A) moral outrage.
B) moral courage.
C) values clarification.
D) values demonstration.

Question 45

Which of the following is the lowest level of Gilligan's model of moral development?

A) Concern about caring for others
B) Concern for self and others as interdependent
C) Concern for the self and survival
D) Concern about others' morality

Question 46

In cross-cultural studies it has been found that Kohlberg's last two stages only develop in societies that are:

A) matrilineal and rural.
B) urbanized or that provide formal education.
C) democratic and provide job opportunities for adolescents.
D) capitalistic or patriarchal.

Question 47

Which of the following is a criticism of Gilligan's theory?

A) Her open-ended interview technique may have allowed her own biases to play a role.
B) Research has shown that both genders use a care perspective.
C) The content of the moral dilemmas can affect both genders' answers.
D) all of the above

Question 48

Actions that benefit or help others are called:

A) social conventions.
B) values clarification.
C) moral rules.
D) prosocial behavior.

Question 49

Which of the following is the highest level of Gilligan's model of moral development?

A) Concern about caring for others
B) Concern for self and others as interdependent
C) Concern for the self and survival
D) Concern about others' morality

Question 50

In Nabib's culture it is inappropriate to shake someone's left hand.This type of rule is a:

A) moral rule.
B) social convention.
C) differential association.
D) personal preference.

Question 51

Transactive dialogues are:

A) a Vygotskian/Socratic-style of communication.
B) associated with adolescents' increased moral reasoning.
C) conversations in which a person challenges the other person's reasoning.
D) all of the above

Question 52

There is a strong link between moral reasoning and:

A) SES.
B) ethnicity.
C) prosocial behavior.
D) conventional morality.

Question 53

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of parental discipline that contributes to adolescents' moral development?

A) Being consistent rather than erratic
B) Being democratic rather than permissive or autocratic
C) Using induction
D) Using gentle, yet physical means of control

Question 54

All of the following are part of the social-cognitive domain model EXCEPT:

A) Moral rules.
B) Values clarification.
C) Social conventions.
D) Personal preferences.

Question 55

Research has shown that prosocial behavior improves from childhood into mid-adolescence,but only when:

A) studies are naturalistic observations rather than lab studies.
B) the target of concern is a child rather than an adult.
C) the behaviors have to do with helping or comforting others rather than sharing.
D) all of the above

Question 56

According to Carol Gilligan,when making moral judgments,men emphasize ________ while women emphasize ________.

A) action, feelings
B) caring, justice
C) concern for others, preservation of rules
D) justice, caring

Question 57

Which of the following statements about the social-cognitive domain model is FALSE?

A) Adolescents and their parents often disagree about basic moral rules and social conventions.
B) Adolescents universally agree that parents do not have the right to interfere in issues of personal preference.
C) Parents and adolescents often disagree about whether an issue should be considered a personal preference or a social convention.
D) Early adolescents view social conventions as ways for authority figures to needlessly control adolescent behavior.

Question 58

All of the following are among Fabes and Carlo's major factors in adolescent moral behavior EXCEPT:

A) empathy.
B) pubertal status.
C) gender.
D) perspective taking.

Question 59

Adolescents have less respect than adults for:

A) social conventions.
B) moral rules.
C) personal preferences.
D) all of the above

Question 60

Which of the following has been supported by subsequent research on Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

A) Individuals make stage-appropriate judgments across most situations.
B) Moral judgments can be used to predict moral behavior.
C) Stage change can be downward as well as upward.
D) The higher the stage, the greater the morality.

Question 61

Approximately how many hours per day do American adolescents spend watching video?

A) 2.5
B) 3.5
C) 4.5
D) 5.5

Question 62

Which of the following statements about scary,violent media is FALSE?

A) Males tend to enjoy violent media more than females do.
B) Adolescents enjoy violent media more than adults do.
C) Highly empathetic people are more likely to enjoy violent media than other people are.
D) The more frightening the show, the more enjoyable it is rated.

Question 63

What percent of American teenagers report that they pray daily?

A) 80
B) 60
C) 40
D) 20

Question 64

Which of the following statements about television and adolescent sexuality is FALSE?

A) Nearly one-third of the shows aired between 8 and 9 p.m. contain sexual content.
B) Adolescents' ideas about normal sexual activity are affected by what they see on television.
C) There is a positive correlation between watching a lot of sexual television programming and early sexual activity, including intercourse.
D) Only about 20% of the sexual incidents portrayed on TV deal with issues such as pregnancy, STDs, birth control, or abstinence.

Question 65

Approximately what percent of American 8- to 18-year-olds have a television in their own bedroom?

A) 35
B) 50
C) 70
D) 95

Question 66

Ephram's mother always disciplines him when he lies,but his father rarely does. What kind of discipline consistency is NOT occurring in Ephram's family?

A) Interparent
B) Induction
C) Intraparent
D) Power assertion

Question 67

What percent of American teenagers say that religion is either "very" or "pretty" important to them?

A) 80
B) 60
C) 40
D) 20

Question 68

In terms of watching violent media,cognitive priming is best described as

A) the activation of neural pathways with long-term exposure to aggressive media.
B) necessary for aggressive images to have a negative impact on viewers.
C) the activation of neural pathways so that ambiguous stimuli are perceived as similar to what was previously seen.
D) the understanding and reasoning that often is lacking when adolescent view aggressive stimuli.

Question 69

Which of the following has NOT been proposed as a reason why religion provides benefits to adolescents?

A) Many religions promote positive, prosocial values such as kindness.
B) Religious rituals, traditions, and readings increase abstract thinking.
C) Being in a church provides adolescents with other people for social support.
D) Religion surrounds adolescents with people who will praise them for their good works.

Question 70

Social capital refers to:

A) the resources available to someone through his or her interpersonal connections.
B) the most influential person or people in one's social group.
C) the main location at which a religious group meets.
D) the amount of prosocial behavior an individual engages in, either alone or in a group.

Question 71

Which of the following has NOT been found to relate to adolescents' religiosity?

A) Race/ethnicity
B) Religious denomination
C) Area of residence in the U.S.
D) Age of parents

Question 72

Teens watch approximately how many minutes of advertisements for each hour of television?

A) 3
B) 8
C) 14
D) 23

Question 73

Which of the following is NOT one of Brown and Theobald's suggested four ways that peers influence each other's behaviors?

A) Modeling
B) Peer pressure
C) Reinforcement and punishment
D) Normative expectations

Question 74

The main determinant of an adolescent's religiosity is:

A) the school they attend.
B) their peer group.
C) the quality of the family relationship.
D) their teachers' religiosity.

Question 75

Research on American undergraduates has found that the more television they watch:

A) the more materialistic they are.
B) the happier they are with their standard of living.
C) the lower their grades in school.
D) all of the above

Question 76

All of the following characteristics of parental discipline have positive effects on children's moral learning EXCEPT:

A) being authoritarian.
B) being clear.
C) being consistent.
D) being fair.

Question 77

Which of the following statements about family factors and moral learning is FALSE?

A) Young children who are emotionally dependent on their parents tend to develop weak consciences.
B) Fathers who push their children's thinking by challenging their reasoning have adolescents who are more morally advanced than their peers.
C) The discipline technique of induction has a more positive effect on adolescents' moral development than does power assertion.
D) Adolescents are more likely than children to be affected by parental hypocrisy.

Question 78

Which of the following is NOT a recommendation by the National Commission on Adolescent Sexual Health for how sexuality should be portrayed in the media?

A) Portray typical sexual relations as nonexploitive.
B) Portrayals should include all different types of sexual orientations.
C) Portray the use of contraceptives and the negative consequences of failing to use them.
D) Stop portraying only physically attractive people as desirable and capable of being involved in sexual relationships.

Question 79

What percent of American teenagers say that churches are doing a poor job serving the nation?

A) 1
B) 10
C) 25
D) 35

Question 80

In terms of violent television and aggressive behavior,the textbook authors state that:

A) there is a small positive correlation between exposure to violent TV and adolescents' aggressive behavior.
B) there is a large positive correlation between exposure to violent TV and adolescents' aggressive behavior, but there is no causal evidence.
C) there is no significant correlation between exposure to violent TV and adolescents' aggressive behavior.
D) there is a causal link between watching violent TV and adolescents' aggressive behavior.