Deck 14: Preventing Victimization With Environmental Criminology

Question 1

A(n) example(s) of the paradigm shift in victimology is that many victimologists now _____________.

A) Seek to identify risk factors for victimization.
B) Work with offenders to understand victims' motivation.
C) Develop theories that explain how and why targets are selected for victimization.
D) Try to provide resources for offender rehabilitation.
E) A and C
F) B and D

Answer 1

E

Question 2

______________ is not among the perspectives informing environmental criminology.

A) Routine activities theory.
B) Rational choice theory.
C) Labeling theory.
D) Crime pattern theory.
E) All of the above perspectives inform environmental criminology.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

One of the primary implications rational choice theory has for crime prevention is that _____________.

A) As part of the offender's decision-making process, they consider the setting in which the crime would occur.
B) Criminal offenders search nodes, paths, and edges for attractive targets as they move about in their journey to crime.
C) Potential victims increase their risks of victimization by engaging in deviant and criminal behaviors.
D) Criminal motivation cannot be altered or eliminated and situational prevention techniques will inevitably lead to displacement.
E) None of the above.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Crime pattern theory suggests that "nodes" or busy places can be _________ so that the likelihood of a crime occurring can be reduced.

A) Eliminated.
B) Designed.
C) Disrupted.
D) Enlarged.
E) Displaced.

Question 5

The three dimensions of defensible space are (1) territoriality, (2) __________, and (3) image and milieu.

A) Activity support.
B) Access control.
C) Natural surveillance.
D) Target hardening.
E) Physical design.

Question 6

Which of the following is not one of the main elements of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED)?

A) Territorial reinforcement.
B) Natural surveillance.
C) Image and space management.
D) Target hardening.
E) All of the above are main elements of CPTED.

Question 7

Which of the following concepts do not overlap in CPTED and defensible space?

A) Natural surveillance.
B) Target hardening.
C) Territoriality.
D) Activity support.
E) A and
F) B and

Question 8

The original 12 techniques of situational crime prevention (SCP) included _____________.

A) Natural surveillance.
B) Identifying property.
C) Controlling disinhibitors.
D) Rule setting.
E) A and
F) B and

Question 9

Which of the following is one of the categories in Wortley's (2001) classification of precipitation control strategies?

A) Reducing speed limits.
B) Controlling calories.
C) Reducing provocations.
D) Controlling possibilities.
E) All of the above are categories in his classification.

Question 10

SCP strategies to increase the risks of criminal behavior include _____________.

A) Utilizing place managers.
B) Extending guardianship.
C) Strengthening formal surveillance.
D) Assisting natural surveillance.
E) All of the above are strategies to increase the risks.

Question 11

A possible criticism of SCP is that it is too conservative and managerial when it comes to addressing crime. Clarke's (2005) rebuttal to this criticism is that SCP _____________.

A) Has solutions that are economic and socially acceptable.
B) Can reduce crime and displacement is not guaranteed.
C) Provides victims with a means to be compensated for their losses.
D) Is able to protect the poor and rich alike.
E) None of the above.

Question 12

According to Reynald (2011), guardianship in action requires three conditions: (1) ____________, (2) __________, and (3) willingness to intervene directly should a need arise.

A) Access control; design.
B) Guardianship; territoriality.
C) Occupancy; monitoring.
D) Activity; surveillance.
E) None of the above.

Question 13

Physical disorders are linked with high levels of fear of crime, lower housing prices, and increased neighborhood dissatisfaction, among other negative consequences.

Question 14

The argument behind displacement assumes that _____________.

A) Potential victims will continue their lifestyles and daily routines despite crime prevention efforts and their risk will remain stable.
B) Offenders will remain motivated to commit crimes when their initial efforts are thwarted by crime prevention measures.
C) Parolees and probationers will continue to commit offenses after being released from incarceration, although in a different neighborhood.
D) Police engage in profiling when making arrest decisions so offenders who are not profiled will not be prevented from committing crimes.
E) None of the above.

Question 15

Which of the following is not a possible form of displacement?

A) Temporal.
B) Tactical.
C) Crime type.
D) Target.
E) Geographic.
F) All of the above are possible forms of displacement.

Question 16

Clarke and Weisburd (1994) define diffusion of benefits as the _____________.

A) Reduction in a neighborhood's social and physical disorder after an intervention.
B) Movement of motivated offenders outside the boundaries of an implemented intervention.
C) Spread of the beneficial influence of an intervention beyond the target of the intervention.
D) Implementation of an intervention in several areas of a single neighborhood.

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of an anticipatory benefit?

A) An increase in offender motivation after an intervention is completed.
B) A reduction in the targeted offense before an intervention is implemented.
C) Stability in rates for the targeted victimization types during an intervention.
D) Greater variation in types of crime committed in a neighborhood following an intervention.
E) None of the above.

Question 18

Environmental criminology is an important addition to victimology because it _____________.

A) Provides a practical means of addressing known risk factors for victimization.
B) Specifies and identifies risk factors for various types of victimization.
C) Supplements official crime statistics by triangulating them with other sources.
D) Offers insight into criminal motivation not possible with other victimological theories.

Question 19

As explained by crime pattern theory, nodes, paths, and edges present motivated offenders with _____________.

A) Plea-bargain deals.
B) Reduced guardianship.
C) Criminal opportunities.
D) Formal surveillance.
E) Reduced provocations.

Question 20

Research has found that restricting or controlling access to potential crime targets or locations for crime can significantly increase victimization risk.

Question 21

Compare and contrast defensible space, crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED), and situational crime prevention as strategies for preventing victimization. Provide examples of prevention tactics from each strategy to demonstrate similarities and differences.

Question 22

Explain the concepts of displacement, diffusion of benefits, and anticipatory benefits. Discuss the circumstances under which each may occur and provide examples to support your arguments.

Question 23

Describe one of the three strategies of "defensible space" and explain how it can be used to prevent victimization.

Question 24

Describe one of the six CPTED elements and explain how it can be used to prevent victimization.

Question 25

Describe two differences between defensible space and CPTED and two similarities.

Question 26

Describe two techniques of SCP and give examples of how they can be used to prevent victimization.

Question 27

Pick a specific place on campus. Describe (a) the strengths of its CPTED design and (b) the weaknesses of its CPTED design in preventing which types of crimes. Explain why the strengths prevent crime and why the weaknesses do not.

Question 28

Describe how and why situational crime prevention might be implemented on campus to prevent (a) personal theft in the library, (b) shoplifting in the bookstore, (c) personal theft in a residence hall room, or (d) motor vehicle theft in campus parking garage/lot.