Deck 3: Contemporary Theories of Victimization

Question 1

Which of the following advancements to opportunity theory were made by fourth-generation victimologists?

A) Gender-based opportunity frameworks.
B) Feminist opportunity perspective.
C) Age-graded opportunity theory.
D) Accounting for the physical and temporal separation of offenders and victims.
E) None of the above.
F) All of the above are advancements made by fourth-generation victimologists.

Answer 1

F

Question 2

Feminist schools define "patriarchal society" as _____________.

A) Women dominate and men are submissive to women.
B) Men dominate and women are submissive to men.
C) Children dominate and adults are submissive to children.
D) Adults dominate and children are submissive to adults.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is an accurate example of the gender gap in victimization?

A) Men and women are victimized at equal rates.
B) Young adults are victimized more often than elders.
C) Women generally have higher victimization rates than men.
D) Men generally have higher victimization rates than women.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following is not an approach of gender-based lifestyles-routine activity research?

A) Consideration of whether gender gaps in victimization are driven by differences in men's and women's lifestyles.
B) Explaining how victimization is related to biological differences between men and women.
C) Examining the interaction effects that gender has with certain lifestyles and routines.
D) Conceptualizing gender as an element of target attractiveness.
E) None of the above.

Question 5

The age-graded routine activities perspective highlights _____________.

A) Trends in criminal offending among senior citizens.
B) The victim-offender overlap in different age groups.
C) Changes in motivation from one developmental stage to another.
D) Differences in behaviors across developmental stages of the life course.

Question 6

Cyberlifestyles-routine activity theory explains how the opportunity perspective can be adapted to explain __________ in which the contact between the offender and the victim is _______.

A) Victimization; sporadic.
B) Victimization; indirect.
C) Offending; indirect.
D) Victimization; severe.

Question 7

The victim-offender overlap implies which relationship?

A) Victims and offenders often behave similarly.
B) Victims and offenders tend to associate closely with one another.
C) Victims and offenders usually have family connections.
D) Victims and offenders interact through the criminal justice system.
E) All of the above are implied by the victim-offender overlap.

Question 8

According to ___________, offenders have a __________ to take advantage of opportunities for criminal behavior.

A) Lifestyle-routine activity theory; learned skill.
B) General theory of crime; passion.
C) General theory of crime; propensity.
D) Broken windows theory; compulsion.

Question 9

Which of the following is not a dimension of self-control?

A) Risk seeking.
B) Temper.
C) Physical activity.
D) Simple tasks.
E) A and D
F) All of the above are dimensions of self-control.

Question 10

If victims and offenders possess similar characteristics, then low self-control should be able to explain _____________.

A) How offenses are committed without specialized techniques.
B) Why individuals offend and why they are victimized.
C) Whether offenders will alter their level of motivation.
D) When offenders will stop committing crimes.

Question 11

Which of the following dimensions of low self-control are used to explain victimization?

A) Diligence.
B) Tolerance for frustration.
C) Risk seeking.
D) Future orientation.
E) All of the above are used to explain victimization.

Question 12

According to control balance theory, deviant acts are a consequence of _____________.

A) Weak or absent constraints on behavior.
B) Strong desires for wealth.
C) Societal strain.
D) Poor parenting.
E) All of the above are related to deviant acts.

Question 13

According to control balance theory, people with control deficits are ______; people with control surpluses are _______.

A) Fighting for control; losing control.
B) Being controlled; exerting control.
C) Striving for control; relinquishing control.
D) Shunning control; purchasing control.

Question 14

Which of the following is not part of the environmental criminology perspective?

A) Rational choice theory.
B) Control balance theory.
C) Crime pattern theory.
D) Routine activities theory.
E) None of the above.

Question 15

Offenders make calculations about risks and rewards _____________.

A) When choosing which technique to use.
B) Infrequently across the life course.
C) At many points during the crime process.
D) When they decide to engage in crime.

Question 16

According to crime pattern theory, offenders _____________.

A) Have daily routine activities that structure their search for crime.
B) Make decisions about how many people to victimize per day by looking at the weather forecast.
C) Spend a lot of time watching Judge Judy while in jail and prison.
D) Are motivated to commit crime because of the amount of strain in their lives.
E) All of the above are true according to crime pattern theory.

Question 17

Which is the best definition of hot spots?

A) Areas with high temperatures and high crime rates.
B) Places where crime and victimization are absent.
C) The opponent's net where Messi and Ronaldo scored futbol goals during the 2014 FIFA Men's World Cup.
D) Physical locations where crime and victimization concentrate.

Question 18

Life course criminology focuses on _____________.

A) How criminal motivations change at different developmental stages and with different types of crime.
B) The nature of offending over time and the reasons for beginning, continuing, and ending criminal behaviors.
C) Whether victimization is related to both childhood and adulthood.
D) How many offenders commit crimes alone or with others.
E) None of the above.

Question 19

Which of the following is true according to the age-graded theory of social control?

A) Senior citizens have the highest rate of victimization across all types of crimes.
B) Different stages of the life course are associated with different criminal techniques.
C) Criminal motivation is stable across different developmental stages.
D) Reasons for delinquent and criminal behaviors vary across developmental stages.
E) C and D
F) All of the above are true according to the age-graded theory of social control.

Question 20

Life course criminologists investigate the possible effect of _______ on experiencing victimization.

A) Unpleasant relationships.
B) Genetic influences.
C) Rainy days.
D) Food allergies.

Question 21

Explain how gendered lifestyles and routine activities can influence the risk of being victimized. Use examples for each gender to support your argument.

Question 22

Describe the usefulness, if any, of criminological theories to explain criminal victimization. Be sure to include in your discussion the strengths and weaknesses of these theories to explain victimization. What "value added" do criminological theories offer to the opportunity approach of understanding how and why criminal victimization occurs?

Question 23

Explain how the feminist perspective has incorporated the key concepts of routine activities theory to explain sexual victimization, especially of women. Assess the usefulness of feminist routine activities theory to explain opportunity for sexual victimization to occur.

Question 24

Briefly explain the three theoretical foundations of environmental criminology-rational choice theory, crime pattern theory, and routine activities theory. What do these perspectives have in common and how do they help us to understand criminal victimization?