Exam 3: Contemporary Theories of Victimization

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Which of the following advancements to opportunity theory were made by fourth-generation victimologists?

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According to ___________, offenders have a __________ to take advantage of opportunities for criminal behavior.

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Explain how gendered lifestyles and routine activities can influence the risk of being victimized. Use examples for each gender to support your argument.

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Gendered lifestyles and routine activities can influence the risk of being victimized in several ways. For example, women are often socialized to be more cautious and to avoid risky situations, which can lead them to take different routes or avoid certain areas at night. This can reduce their risk of being victimized, as they are less likely to encounter potential perpetrators. On the other hand, men are often socialized to be more adventurous and to take risks, which can lead them to engage in activities that put them at a higher risk of victimization, such as walking alone in dangerous areas or getting involved in physical altercations.

Additionally, gendered roles and expectations can also influence the risk of victimization. For example, women are more likely to be victimized by intimate partners or family members, while men are more likely to be victimized by strangers. This is due to the traditional gender roles that place women in the domestic sphere and men in the public sphere, leading to different patterns of victimization for each gender.

Furthermore, societal attitudes towards gender can also play a role in influencing the risk of victimization. For example, women may be more likely to experience sexual harassment or assault in environments where gender inequality is prevalent, such as in the workplace or in social settings. On the other hand, men may be more likely to experience violence or aggression in environments where masculinity is highly valued, such as in sports or in certain social groups.

Overall, gendered lifestyles and routine activities can significantly influence the risk of being victimized, and it is important to consider these factors when addressing and preventing victimization. By understanding the ways in which gender can impact the risk of victimization, we can work towards creating safer environments for everyone, regardless of their gender.

If victims and offenders possess similar characteristics, then low self-control should be able to explain _____________.

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Life course criminologists investigate the possible effect of _______ on experiencing victimization.

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Offenders make calculations about risks and rewards _____________.

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Which of the following is not an approach of gender-based lifestyles-routine activity research?

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According to control balance theory, deviant acts are a consequence of _____________.

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Which of the following is an accurate example of the gender gap in victimization?

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Which is the best definition of hot spots?

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Feminist schools define "patriarchal society" as _____________.

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According to control balance theory, people with control deficits are ______; people with control surpluses are _______.

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Which of the following is true according to the age-graded theory of social control?

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Cyberlifestyles-routine activity theory explains how the opportunity perspective can be adapted to explain __________ in which the contact between the offender and the victim is _______.

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Which of the following is not part of the environmental criminology perspective?

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Which of the following is not a dimension of self-control?

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According to crime pattern theory, offenders _____________.

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The age-graded routine activities perspective highlights _____________.

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Explain how the feminist perspective has incorporated the key concepts of routine activities theory to explain sexual victimization, especially of women. Assess the usefulness of feminist routine activities theory to explain opportunity for sexual victimization to occur.

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The victim-offender overlap implies which relationship?

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