Deck 18: Family Socioeconomic Context and Mental Health in Parents and Children: a Heuristic Framework

Question 1

Ages ______, also referred to as midlife, is a life stage that is a sensitive period for the development of mental and physical health problems.

A) 35-45
B) 50-70
C) 30-40
D) 40-60

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Ella experiences elevated levels of psychological symptoms continuously over her life course; 2 or 3 times a year she becomes depressed, lethargic, and withdrawn. This history of psychological symptoms is categorized as ______ continuity.

A) atypical
B) heterotypic
C) life course
D) homotypic

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Elevated levels of psychological symptoms or psychological disorders that continue over the life course across dimensions are categorized as having ______ continuity.

A) variable
B) heterotypic
C) life course
D) homotypic

Answer 3

B

Question 4

An example of how the FSAMH model accounts for ______ is noting genetic dispositions and endocrine imbalances.

A) unknown variables
B) biological processes
C) psychological processes
D) unexplained outcomes

Question 5

Family processes and youth developmental outcomes are considered ______ in the FSAMH model.

A) biological mediators
B) emotional resources
C) resilience factors
D) trajectories

Question 6

Within the FSAMH model, what kind of risk is reflected by family poverty, low parental education, adverse work conditions, unemployment, and underemployment?

A) financial risk
B) educational attainment risk
C) family socioeconomic risk
D) cultural risk

Question 7

Within the FSAMH model, high crime rates, poor housing, and high community unemployment rates along with a lack of physical or social resources and opportunities exemplify ______.

A) adverse community characteristics
B) ecological networks
C) neighborhood risk
D) racial inequality

Question 8

What is the central tenet of the family stress model?

A) Family stress is the product of dysfunctional family processes.
B) Family stress can be avoided.
C) Family stress is caused primarily by economic forces.
D) Family economic pressure increases parents' distress.

Question 9

According to the text, what is one of the most observable reflections of stress?

A) panic attacks
B) anger
C) depression
D) abuse

Question 10

Which theory suggests that when an individual is exposed to a stressor (e.g., family economic hardship), they manage the stressor by subjectively appraising its threat and assessing available resources?

A) subjective appraisal theory
B) stress resource theory
C) resource assessment theory
D) stress appraisal theory

Question 11

Dr. Crozier suggests that chronic stressful conditions result in repeated and chronic negative emotions, which in turn contribute to consistently elevated levels of psychological symptoms. Which theory is Dr. Crozier applying?

A) stress process theory
B) stress appraisal theory
C) chronic stress trajectory theory
D) emotional stress response theory

Question 12

The statement "stressful family economic conditions deplete spouses' energy and compromise their ability to manage relationship issues and conflicts, which ultimately results in destructive interactions between family members," most specifically reflects ______.

A) self-regulation theories
B) family stress theories
C) economic risk theories
D) spousal stress theories

Question 13

Which theory highlights the role of early affectional ties with parents in setting the stage for parents' continued influence over the child's life course as well as the development of psychosocial resources necessary for thriving at later life stages?

A) psychosocial coping theory
B) family socioeconomic risk theory
C) attachment theory
D) adherence theory

Question 14

Both self-regulation and mastery are examples of youth ______ resources.

A) socioemotional
B) psychosocial
C) cognitive
D) environmental

Question 15

The ______ suggests that the consequences of depression increase the likelihood of recurring depression.

A) cyclical layer theory
B) depression recidivism theory
C) bioemotional model
D) kindling effect

Question 16

The ______ system disruptions are associated with childhood and adolescent neurocognitive, neurobehavioral, and physiological impairments.

A) cyclical
B) psychosocial
C) repetitive
D) biobehavioral

Question 17

Variations in gene structures across individuals are referred to as ______.

A) neurocognitions
B) polymorphisms
C) physiological impairments
D) candidate genes

Question 18

Much of the family and developmental research has documented parents' ______ as a central linking mechanism explaining why FSR is consequential for family processes.

A) history of addiction
B) parenting style
C) poor mental health
D) resiliency

Question 19

Which hypothesis suggests that "risk alleles" or "vulnerability genes" make individuals more susceptible to stressful environments by triggering negative youth developmental and mental health outcomes?

A) the stress-diathesis hypothesis
B) the differential susceptibility hypothesis
C) the biocontextual hypothesis
D) the bioecological hypothesis

Question 20

When one stressful developmental failure may continue (e.g., poor academic performance) while another appears (e.g., delinquent behaviors), and then another (e.g., poor relationship outcomes), this forms a cascading sequence of stress or risks. This cascading sequence might also be called a ______.

A) linked stressors
B) contingent process
C) total development failure
D) cyclical bidirectional influence

Question 21

Parental rejection, hostility, and lack of warmth are all examples of ______.

A) factors that develop resiliency
B) FSR
C) unhealthy parental affect
D) parental trajectories

Question 22

Two essential elements of ineffective parental practices involve (1) parental affect and (2) ______.

A) parental disposition
B) depression
C) poverty
D) child management

Question 23

Focusing on the way that spouses' depressive feelings impact both their future depressive symptoms (i.e., actor effect) and their partners' depressive symptoms over time (i.e., partner effect) specially exemplifies the role of ______ in FSR.

A) marriage
B) depression
C) mental health
D) linked lives

Question 24

Parental rejection operates as a ______ stressor.

A) cascading
B) tertiary
C) chronic
D) acute

Question 25

The ______ perspective is helpful for understanding and articulating how stressful experiences in one life domain (e.g., work or finances) can affect close relationships.

A) contingent
B) cascading
C) spillover
D) sequential

Question 26

Research has established an association between family socioeconomic risk and family mental health.

Question 27

The FSAMH model does not account for biological processes.

Question 28

Research has shown that the level of depressive symptoms are lower among African American youth compared to Caucasian youth after taking family socioeconomic characteristics into account.

Question 29

Self-regulation, self-esteem, and mastery are examples of protective factors.

Question 30

Within the FSAMH model, there is a reciprocal, often cyclical, relationship between family processes and emotional distress.

Question 31

An abundance of psychosocial resources would increase the likelihood of becoming a high school dropout.

Question 32

Social epidemiological research demonstrates that the lack of psychosocial resources and socioeconomic developmental failures is associated with emotional distress and discouragement.

Question 33

The FSAMH model identifies a unidirectional relationship between psychosocial and socioeconomic developmental trajectories and depressive symptoms over adolescence and young adulthood.

Question 34

There is no direct connection between genetic background and mental health.

Question 35

Variants of genes can interact with environmental contexts to shape individuals' psychological vulnerability and developmental failures.

Question 36

Identify the components that provided the basis for the FSAMH model.

Question 37

Outline how chronic stressful experiences may contribute to poor mental health.

Question 38

Explain the connection between family socioeconomic risk and youth socioeconomic development.

Question 39

Why are some youth able to achieve developmental successes and better mental health despite stressful life experiences?

Question 40

Explain the role of biological processes in linking FSR to mental health trajectories.