Deck 3: Theoretical Foundations of Crime and Delinquency

Question 1

An explanation of delinquency that suggests that a child is possessed by a demon is a _____ explanation.

A) spiritual
B) biological
C) positivist
D) classical

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The _____ school of criminology focuses on the offender rather than on the offense.

A) rehabilitative
B) spiritual
C) classical
D) positivist

Answer 2

D

Question 3

When was classical criminology developed?

A) In the 20th century
B) during the Renaissance
C) during the Enlightenment
D) during the Middle Ages

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What is the important work of the juvenile justice system based on?

A) theory
B) hypothesis
C) faith
D) physical evidence

Question 5

A _____ is an educated guess.

A) fact
B) hypothesis
C) supposition
D) theory

Question 6

A _____ is based on real-life observations and data and is an important tool for understanding the world.

A) idea
B) theory
C) hypothesis
D) law

Question 7

This refers to the rules for the systematic pursuit of knowledge, typically the recognition and formulation of a problem.

A) spiritual method
B) methodology
C) hedonistic calculus
D) scientific method

Question 8

Which criterion must be addressed when evaluating theories?

A) logical consistency
B) scope
C) parsimony
D) all of the above

Question 9

Which is a step in the scientific method?

A) eliminate all questions
B) don't make educated guesses
C) disregard all data
D) none of the above

Question 10

The law of retaliation.

A) lux interior
B) lex talionis
C) lex lata
D) lex rex

Question 11

According to Pfohl, demonic explanations of deviant behavior were of two types: road of temptation and road of _____.

A) wrong-doing
B) delinquency
C) weakness
D) possession

Question 12

The control of behavior through the fear of consequences is _____.

A) positivism
B) incarceration
C) deterrence
D) lex talionis

Question 13

This term describes the ability or discretion to make choices that are unaffected by agencies such as fate or divine will.

A) determinism
B) positivism
C) hedonistic calculus
D) free will

Question 14

Scholars have learned that the size, density, and _____ of a population greatly influence economic and social policies.

A) heterogeneity
B) homogeneity
C) impulsivity
D) all of the above

Question 15

This is an economic system characterized by the private or corporate ownership of production and distribution with the prices and production of goods determined by market competition.

A) feudalism
B) capitalism
C) socialism
D) communism

Question 16

This thinker laid out nine principles that he claimed would produce more effective and humane justice.

A) Bentham
B) Beccaria
C) Quetelet
D) Guerry

Question 17

The idea that potential offenders plan their actions in order to maximize pleasure and minimize pain is _____.

A) hedonistic calculus
B) demonic theory
C) impulsivity
D) deterrence theory

Question 18

This thinker reasoned that deterrence theory is a major part of the way that society should respond to crime.

A) Beccaria
B) Pfohl
C) Freud
D) Bentham

Question 19

According to deterrence theory, what beliefs do potential offenders need in order to be deterred from breaking the law?

A) that they'll be punished drastically
B) that they'll be caught quickly
C) that they'll be caught
D) all of the above

Question 20

Age ratios, neighborhood conditions, and the presence of illegal drugs are all examples of _____ variables.

A) demographic
B) positivist
C) hedonistic
D) capitalist

Question 21

Akers and Sellers conclude that _____ of punishment is the most powerful aspect of deterrence theory.

A) severity
B) swiftness
C) certainty
D) all of the above

Question 22

According to a self-report study discussed in the chapter, which is true of juveniles' expectations of laws that allow juveniles to be tried as adults?

A) The youths believed that being tried as adults was fair.
B) The youths believed that the actual consequences of their offenses were better than they imagined.
C) The youths were largely unaware of waiver laws.
D) The youths who knew of the waiver law were sure it would apply to them.

Question 23

Continuing to commit delinquent or criminal offenses after being convicted and sentenced for prior offenses is _____.

A) deterrence
B) hedonistic calculus
C) impulsivity
D) recidivism

Question 24

This theory states that people consciously choose criminal behavior.

A) deterrence
B) rational choice
C) spiritual
D) routine activities

Question 25

This is the practice of giving minor offenders an alarming experience with the justice system in order to convince them to obey the law.

A) shock deterrence
B) shock incarceration
C) specific deterrence
D) recidivism

Question 26

This is a technique in which offenders are sentenced to long periods behind bars but are released on probation after a very short period of time.

A) shock incarceration
B) scared straight
C) deterrence
D) lex talionis

Question 27

The classical school of criminology focuses on the _____.

A) punishment
B) offender
C) law
D) offense

Question 28

This is the philosophical doctrine that human action is determined by external forces and is not a result of free will.

A) classicalism
B) spiritualism
C) determinism
D) positivism

Question 29

The positivist school focuses on _____ rather than punishment.

A) punishment
B) deterrence
C) rehabilitation
D) free will

Question 30

According to Quetelet, the primary factor in determining the tendency for crime was _____.

A) age
B) wealth
C) gender
D) genetics

Question 31

Who is credited with founding positivist criminology?

A) Lombroso
B) Quetelet
C) Guerry
D) Comte

Question 32

Who is credited with being the first to use scientific criminology?

A) Lombroso
B) Comte
C) Guerry
D) Quetelet

Question 33

The appearance in a person of features thought to be from earlier stages of human evolution was called _____.

A) capitalism
B) determinism
C) atavism
D) impulsivity

Question 34

This considers the external factors that affect juveniles.

A) classicism
B) Darwinism
C) positivism
D) atavism

Question 35

Positivist theorists depend on _____ to develop their ideas.

A) philosophy
B) ideas
C) research
D) supposition

Question 36

As a social institution, religion continues to influence social control in the United States.

Question 37

One theory can completely explain all the issues that are important to the study of juvenile delinquency.

Question 38

A good theory should be stated in such a way that the propositions and their relationships can be scientifically tested.

Question 39

Pure classical philosophy as applied by the French in the 18th century was very lenient toward young offenders.

Question 40

Only the positivist school of criminology influences our current system and ideas of justice.

Question 41

Research has shown that youths don't imagine the distant future in the same way that an adult does.

Question 42

Akers and Sellers conclude that certainty of punishment is the most powerful aspect of deterrence theory.

Question 43

Prior to 1900, juvenile offenders were treated much as adult offenders and subjected to the same punishments.

Question 44

Both the classical and positivist schools of criminology stem from the Enlightenment.

Question 45

Positivism uses science as a model upon which to base theories of human behavior.

Question 46

According to positivist theory, the way to eliminate crime is to eliminate free will.

Question 47

Positivism focuses more on the specific ages of youths than it does the ages of adults.

Question 48

Positivist studies don't consider the effect of family life on youths.

Question 49

Research on the neurological differences between adults and children originate from classical theory.

Question 50

There are no criminal justice administrators who believe that shock deterrence tactics influence youths to obey the law.