Deck 2: Perception, Self, and Communication

Question 1

______ is a process of being aware of and understanding the world.

A) Realization
B) Paradigm
C) Personal view
D) Perception

Answer 1

D

Question 2

When we rely on mental shortcuts, we run the risk of having incomplete or inaccurate impressions of people or things, also known as ______.

A) mindless interaction
B) perceptual bias
C) attribution error
D) selective attention

Answer 2

B

Question 3

When we notice one part of the environment while ignoring other parts, we are engaging in ______.

A) selective exposure
B) selective perception
C) selective attention
D) selective memory

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Phillip is studying for his licensing exam at night and is annoyed by the sound of his neighbor's dog barking next door. Philip is engaged in what process?

A) selective attention
B) selective perception
C) selective exposure
D) selective memory

Question 5

Exposing ourselves only to beliefs, values, and ideas that are similar to our own is called ______.

A) selective attention
B) selective perception
C) selective exposure
D) selective memory

Question 6

Marko and Busola attended a lecture on changing weather patterns in the United States. The lecture confirmed Marko's growing belief that global warming is increasing at a rapid rate and we need to do something right now! Busola, however, got the message that global warming isn't as bad as we originally predicted. Marko and Busola are most likely engaged in ______.

A) selective attention
B) selective perception
C) selective exposure
D) selective memory

Question 7

When Jason watches the news, he filters what he hears to suit his own needs, biases, and expectations. Which of the following is Jason using?

A) selective memory
B) selective exposure
C) selective attention
D) selective perception

Question 8

Selective perception is best described as ______.

A) choosing to see and hear information based on personal relevance
B) concentrating on one part of the environment while not paying attention to the rest
C) exposing oneself to values and beliefs that are similar to one's own
D) retaining information from one's past

Question 9

The way in which we store or retain information is called selective ______.

A) memory
B) attention
C) exposure
D) perception

Question 10

During his graduation ceremony, Stephen remembers all of the positive experiences he had with his classes and the fun he had with all the people he met. Stephen is using which type of selection?

A) selective concentration
B) selective attention
C) selective exposure
D) selective memory

Question 11

Memories contain which three qualities?

A) static, creative, and social
B) static, creative, and independent
C) dynamic, creative, and social
D) dynamic, prescribed, and independent

Question 12

Which statement best reflects the "memories are dynamic" quality?

A) A couple feels happy because they recall all their happy marriage moments.
B) A couple invites friends over to talk about an upcoming anniversary party.
C) A couple uses bits of information to remember different events in their marriage.
D) A couple lets their children tell stories about them during an anniversary dinner.

Question 13

Mental structures that serve as "road maps" to help us understand, classify, and respond to the world around us are called ______.

A) metaphors
B) schemas
C) scripts
D) content messages

Question 14

The four types of schema we use to understand and respond to stimuli are ______.

A) prototypes, stereotypes, prejudices, and relational constructs
B) prototypes, stereotypes, interpersonal constructs, and scripts
C) prototypes, interpersonal constructs, scripts, and interpretation
D) stereotypes, prejudices, scripts, and interpretation

Question 15

Kelli joined an online dating site and posted her criteria for her ideal romantic partner. In her list, she notes that the ideal person should be funny, financially stable, a good cook, and a lover of dogs. Kelli's criteria are an example of which type of schema?

A) stereotype
B) interpersonal construct
C) prototype
D) script

Question 16

Prototypes are beneficial because they help us to ______.

A) put people in boxes and label them in particular ways
B) develop high expectations for the people in our lives
C) act in particular ways in certain contexts
D) make sense of new experiences

Question 17

Dakota had a bad experience with an insurance agent when his house flooded. The insurance agent was generally unhelpful and rude. Dakota found himself becoming distrustful of all insurance agents, saying "all insurance agents are selfish and out for themselves only." What schema is Dakota relying on to make sense of his experience?

A) prototypes
B) interpersonal constructs
C) stereotypes
D) scripts

Question 18

When we create "pictures in our heads" of a variety of social groups, we are drawing on ______.

A) interpersonal constructs
B) stereotypes
C) prototypes
D) scripts

Question 19

A potential drawback of using stereotypes is ______.

A) we won't know how to communicate with people different from ourselves
B) we lose the chance to experience people for the unique people they truly are
C) we learn false assumptions about who we are in relation to others
D) we engage in mindless interactions rather than think in cognitively complex ways

Question 20

The schema we use to label someone as "lazy" versus "a go-getter" or "nice" versus "mean" is called interpersonal ______.

A) stereotypes
B) prototypes
C) constructs
D) scripts

Question 21

Bipolar judgments used to size up people or situations are considered which type of schema?

A) interpersonal constructs
B) stereotypes
C) interpretations
D) personal constructs

Question 22

Individuals with highly developed interpersonal construct systems demonstrate ______.

A) increased perception
B) cognitive complexity
C) hyper-selection
D) high cognition

Question 23

Individuals who are less likely to have extensive interpersonal constructs for thinking about others include ______.

A) children
B) college students
C) grown adults
D) senior citizens

Question 24

Your friend invites you to her yoga class. She tells you that the class is fun but you probably won't be able to get off the couch the day after. You understand the class to be energizing and fun, yet challenging. This knowledge demonstrates which characteristic of cognitive complexity?

A) You can organize information.
B) You have numerous interpersonal constructs.
C) You can think in abstract terms.
D) You are capable of handling contradictions.

Question 25

Ben believes his roommate is "kind" and "helpful." Ben also thinks that he is probably a "hard worker" who "gives of his time" to others. What aspect of cognitive complexity is Ben demonstrating in his thinking process?

A) He can think in abstract terms.
B) He uses numerous interpersonal constructs to decipher his roommate's behavior.
C) He is able to organize information to make sense of his roommate.
D) He is capable of handling contradictions in his roommate's behavior.

Question 26

Based on previous classes, Tricia expects that in her chemistry class she will take a quiz, and then the professor will lecture for 30 minutes and give an assignment. Which type of schema is Tricia relying on to make sense of her class period?

A) blueprint
B) script
C) stereotype
D) imagined experience

Question 27

Scripts are best defined as ______.

A) expected sequences of actions that organize our perceptions of people and social situations
B) binary dimensions we use to make sense of people or social situations
C) generalizations we make about an entire group of people or situations
D) our best example of a particular category of people or situations

Question 28

Once information has been selected and organized, the next step is known as ______.

A) exposure
B) memorization
C) interpretation
D) cognition

Question 29

When interpretation and observation are hindered, possibly causing poor communication between people, there is a ______.

A) perceptual barrier
B) road block
C) communication breakdown
D) stalled interpretation

Question 30

______ influences our perceptions through our affiliation with various social groups.

A) Family
B) Language
C) Culture
D) Media

Question 31

______ theory asserts that our points of view arise from the social groups we belong to and influence how we socially construct the world.

A) Social learning
B) Standpoint
C) Selective exposure
D) Looking-glass self

Question 32

Portrayals of feminine beauty on television are examples of which type of influence on perception?

A) relationships
B) language
C) culture
D) media

Question 33

The perceptual "baggage" we have accumulated through years of living, learning, and interacting with others is known as our ______.

A) culture
B) language
C) field of experience
D) mediated communication

Question 34

Demetri meets a woman he is interested in getting to know better. When he finds out her name is Tamar, he decides not to pursue dating her because his ex-girlfriend, about whom he has negative feelings, was named Tamar. Demetri's negative feelings associated with a name are influenced by his ______.

A) field of experience
B) culture
C) language
D) stereotypes

Question 35

Pana is struggling to find the right terms to explain what the snow is like in his native town of Sitka, Alaska. He feels limited in his ability to explain what it's like to live in his hometown. His classmates also seem confused about what he is trying to explain. This is an example of which type of influence on perception?

A) culture
B) media
C) fields of experience
D) language

Question 36

The words we use and how we say them can shape our perceptions of people and situations. This is an example of which type of influence on perception?

A) fields of experience
B) language
C) culture
D) media

Question 37

Language can negatively influence our perceptions by ______.

A) carrying meanings that structure what we are able to think, imagine, and express
B) providing a neutral ground for expressing meaning
C) allowing us to create new words and phrases
D) preventing us from perceiving and interpreting information effectively

Question 38

______ is the primary means by which we express and share our selves with others.

A) Culture
B) Perspective-taking
C) Communication
D) Media

Question 39

Our general idea of who we are as people is known as our ______.

A) self-esteem
B) self-concept
C) self-image
D) possible self

Question 40

Self-concept includes both our ______ and our ______.

A) self-schema; self-image
B) self-esteem; self-worth
C) self-knowledge; self-worth
D) self-image; self-esteem

Question 41

Kevin sees himself as an athlete, a student, and a son. These are characteristics of Kevin's ______.

A) self-esteem
B) self-image
C) self-opinion
D) possible self

Question 42

Our thoughts about who we might become and who we want to become are part of our ______.

A) possible self
B) self-image
C) constructed self
D) looking-glass self

Question 43

Our ______ allows us to evaluate and interpret who we are now and who we used to be.

A) possible self
B) self-image
C) looking-glass self
D) constructed self

Question 44

Michael sees himself as a good student but a bad friend. His feelings about himself as good in one area, but bad in another are connected to his ______.

A) self-construction
B) self-opinion
C) self-esteem
D) self-image

Question 45

Which theory posits that communication is the primary means by which we internalize and use social values to guide how we see ourselves, how we see others, and how we interact?

A) standpoint theory
B) generalized other
C) symbolic interactionism
D) social construction

Question 46

The notion that the self emerges from interpersonal interactions and perceptions of others is referred to as ______.

A) our self-concept
B) our self-construction
C) the looking-glass self
D) the generalized other

Question 47

The looking-glass self can be described as ______.

A) visions of what we might become, what we would like to become, and what we are afraid to become
B) developing a sense of self by treating others as a mirror that reflects our image back to us
C) our viewpoint of the entire society
D) our belongingness in social groups and our co-construction of the world

Question 48

Which scholar coined the term looking-glass self?

A) George Herbert Mead
B) Erving Goffman
C) John Gottman
D) Charles Horton Cooley

Question 49

______ is considered the viewpoint of the entire society, whose perspective we learn to take.

A) Self-concept
B) Standpoint theory
C) The generalized other
D) Perceptual barrier

Question 50

According to Mead, the self ______.

A) only changes as a result of us wanting it to change
B) can only be perceived from within
C) disregards others' judgments of us
D) involves both an "I" and a "me"

Question 51

The "Me" part of the self is the ______.

A) doer or performer
B) actualized self
C) critic or judge
D) possible self

Question 52

The process of forming and re-forming ourselves as a result of interactions and relationships with others is known as ______.

A) self-awareness
B) complete self
C) blended self
D) relational self

Question 53

Our ______ self occurs when our identity becomes infused with numerous, often competing, views of others.

A) reflective
B) saturated
C) constructed
D) relational

Question 54

A positive aspect of having a saturated self is that we ______.

A) can develop multiple identities or versions of ourselves
B) can decide who we want to be at anytime
C) do not have to see ourselves as a coherent self
D) can pick and choose who our relational partners are at any time

Question 55

Your ______ can be the way you present yourself through social media or in an online game.

A) digital self
B) avatar
C) virtual self
D) social presence

Question 56

The ______ effect refers to the idea that our use of avatars can lead to changes in both our online and real-world communication and behaviors.

A) special
B) Proteus
C) social-media
D) tethered

Question 57

Being able to coexist and participate simultaneously in both a screen world and the real world is known as the ______.

A) digital self
B) avatar self
C) tethered self
D) virtual self

Question 58

When we are attuned to and accessing our connections online while we go about our daily lives, we maintain our ______.

A) tethered self
B) saturated self
C) mediated self
D) self-esteem

Question 59

Convergence of our "real" worlds and our virtual worlds occurs when we ______.

A) see a rainbow and comment on its beautiful colors
B) comment on a friend's Facebook status update
C) click the "like" button on a friend's Instagram account
D) respond by saying "like" when a friend gives you good news

Question 60

How does the tethered self help us understand our self in new ways?

A) It helps us create fictional lives that we can present to others.
B) It creates a new state of self, where we are always present in our communities and online.
C) It provides a way for us to escape our social realities and our "real" self.
D) It adds a layer of self where we can be whoever we want to be.

Question 61

Our perceptions influence how we choose to interact with others.

Question 62

Focusing on something so hard that we become blinded to unexpected events that
happen is called inattentional blindness.

Question 63

According to selective exposure theory, people prefer messages that support experts'
opinions on a subject matter.

Question 64

The term filter bubble refers to the process of online sites pushing content on our social
media sites based on our passed online behavior and thus, isolating us from information that disagrees with our views.

Question 65

George Kelly's (1955) construct theory says that interpersonal constructs are bipolar dimensions of judgment used to size up people or social situations.

Question 66

People high in cognitive complexity are less likely to be able to handle contradictory
messages.

Question 67

Scripts are constantly being revised and rewritten to accommodate new information and
experiences.

Question 68

When stimuli have been selected and organized, they need not be interpreted.

Question 69

Standpoint theory asserts that our own individual backgrounds shape how we view the
world.

Question 70

Media can strongly influence how we perceive and evaluate ourselves and our world.

Question 71

The collection of your attitudes, perceptions, and personal backgrounds is called your
field of experience.

Question 72

The words we use such as ghosting or thirst trapping can limit our ability to know and
interact with others.

Question 73

Our self-image is made up of the various roles we hold in society.

Question 74

Self-esteem is an individual's assessment of his or her worth.

Question 75

According to symbolic interactionism, communication is the primary means by which we
internalize and use social values to guide how we see ourselves, how we see others, and how we interact.

Question 76

Symbolic interactionism assumes that the process of self-reflection is highly individualistic and not influenced by social interactions.

Question 77

A saturated self happens when an individual's identity is infused with the numerous-and sometimes incompatible-views of that individual.

Question 78

According to the notion of the saturated self, viewing ourselves through multiple lenses can cloud our sense of a unified social world and a coherent identity.

Question 79

An avatar is a digital representation of another person that we do not know well.

Question 80

Communication technology shapes both our own identity and the identity of other people.