Deck 10: Visual and Auditory Localisation

Question 1

Compared with near regions of visual space, distant regions are:

A) Expanded
B) Compressed
C) Sheared
D) Similar

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The curvatures of near and far visual space:

A) Are similar
B) Are negligible
C) Are in opposite directions
D) None of these

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Beyond what distance from the observer did Mon-Williams and Tresilian estimate that vergence had little effect on judgements of distance?

A) 40 cm
B) 2 m
C) 1 m
D) 3 m

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What visual cue to distance co-varies with vergence and so has to be taken into account in studies of the efficiency of vergence?

A) Perspective
B) Binocular disparity
C) Occlusion
D) Accommodation

Question 5

Beyond what object distance is horizontal binocular disparity thought to have little effect on depth perception?

A) 6 m
B) 1 m
C) 20 m
D) 2 m

Question 6

In good viewing conditions and in a young observer, stereoacuity can be as small as:

A) 1 degree
B) 30 minutes
C) 10 minutes
D) 10 seconds

Question 7

Random dot stereograms show that binocular disparity is a depth cue because:

A) Depth is seen although the stimuli are visually complex
B) They contain no other cues to depth
C) They inhibit eye movements
D) The elements of which the images are formed are identical

Question 8

Occlusion is:

A) Narrowing of the field of view with distance
B) The change in retinal size with distance
C) One object partially hiding another
D) Blurring of distant objects

Question 9

Motion parallax is:

A) Relative movement on the retina between the image of objects at different distance from a moving observer
B) The expanding pattern of movement on the retina produced by forward locomotion
C) The reduction in image size as an object moves further away
D) The change in image sharpness produced by changes in accommodation

Question 10

Relative size provides a cue to distance when:

A) The observer is stationary
B) Viewing is binocular
C) Objects are on the ground
D) Object size is known or can be guessed

Question 11

Which of the following is not a feature of texture gradients that provide a cue to distance?

A) Perspective
B) Foreshortening
C) Occlusion
D) Element density

Question 12

For objects below the horizon, the higher the position of an object in the visual field:

A) The farther its perceived distance
B) The nearer its perceived distance
C) The greater its horizontal disparity
D) The smaller its retinal size

Question 13

When the images of one sharply focussed object and one blurred object abut:

A) One cannot perceive whether the blurred object is nearer or further away than the plane of fixation
B) If the border between their images is sharp, the blurred object is more distant
C) If the border between their images is blurred, the blurred object is more distant
D) None of these

Question 14

More distant objects, such as mountains, appear bluer because:

A) They are often covered in heather, which has blue flowers
B) Short wavelengths are scattered less in the atmosphere
C) The blue light of the sky adds a veiling luminance
D) Chromatic aberration in the eye tinges large objects blue

Question 15

Aglioti et al. suggested from their experiments on a version of the Ebbinghaus illusion that:

A) The illusion is larger when one reaches towards it
B) The visual mechanisms which scale grip show an enhanced illusion
C) The visual mechanisms which scale grip show no illusion
D) In a group of participants, the sizes of the consciously perceived illusion and that reflected in grip aperture are correlated

Question 16

Two sources of visual information which might be used to guide human locomotion are optic flow and perceived visual direction. The evidence suggests that:

A) Optic flow is always used
B) Visual direction is always used
C) Both are used, but their relative importance depends on circumstances
D) Neither is used

Question 17

A sound source with an elevation angle of 0°, and an azimuth angle of −45°, is positioned:

A) To the right of the listener, and level with the middle of the head
B) To the left of the listener, and level with the middle of the head
C) In the upper right of external space
D) In the lower left of external space

Question 18

Listening with a single ear enables one to localise a sound source because:

A) Sounds reverberate in the ear canal
B) Filtering and delay of sounds induced by the pinna vary with the angle between the source and the pinna
C) Sounds reach the ear directly
D) The ear canal acts as a wave-guide

Question 19

Interaural intensity differences are greater for higher frequencies because:

A) High frequencies are attenuated more by passage through the air
B) High frequencies are attenuated more in the ear canal
C) Low frequencies are diffracted more around the listener's head
D) Low frequencies are scrambled less by the pinna

Question 20

The cone of confusion is:

A) An imaginary surface joining points from which sounds arrive at the ears with the same time difference
B) The surface on the vertical midline
C) The range of intensity differences over which sounds appear to be of equal loudness
D) Location differences smaller than the Minimum Auditory Angle

Question 21

If there is a trench between an observer and a target, the perceived distance of the target is:

A) An underestimate
B) Accurate
C) An overestimate
D) More variable

Question 22

The images of an object behind the fixation point are said to have:

A) Crossed horizontal disparity
B) Increased vergence
C) Uncrossed horizontal disparity
D) A different position on the longitudinal horopter

Question 23

Vertical disparity is a cue to:

A) Absolute distance
B) Distance from the fixation point
C) Object size
D) Vergence angle

Question 24

Which feature of the retinal images is thought to be a marker for occlusion:

A) Number of corners
B) T-junctions
C) Y-junctions
D) Acute angles

Question 25

When two objects are at different heights above the horizon:

A) The upper one appears nearer
B) The lower one appears nearer
C) There is little difference in their apparent distance
D) The upper one appears larger

Question 26

Patient DF, who had suffered brain damage to extrastriate regions of the brain, had no problems in:

A) Adjusting one stimulus until its orientation matched that of another
B) Posting a card through a slot
C) Pointing to a line whose orientation matched that of a piece of card
D) Judging whether two plaques were the same or different

Question 27

Milner and Goodale suggested that conscious perception can intrude increasingly into the control of action when:

A) The task is awkward or unpractised
B) The participant is concentrating
C) The thumb and forefinger are being used
D) None of these

Question 28

Warren and Hannon showed that observers could judge their direction of heading with an accuracy of <2 degrees from:

A) Successive fixations
B) The change in binocular disparity
C) Optic flow
D) Motion parallax

Question 29

Interaural Time Differences for pure tones are ambiguous when:

A) The elevation angle is zero
B) Their frequency is lower than 200 Hz
C) The interaural level differences are small
D) The peaks of the wave in one ear occur simultaneously with the troughs of the wave in the other ear

Question 30

Which of the following is not a cue to the distance of a sound source?

A) Its absolute intensity, particularly when familiar
B) Its frequency content, particularly when familiar
C) Its reverberation, particularly in a familiar environment
D) Its azimuth angle, particularly when unfamiliar

Question 31

Why is it thought that we do not have an accurate 3D mental representation of external space?

Question 32

Discuss the contribution to distance perception of three monocular depth cues

Question 33

Is the visual control of actions subject to the same misperceptions as conscious visual perception of the scene?

Question 34

How do we perceive where we are going?

Question 35

Why is the shape of our ears important in localising sounds?