Deck 18: New Patterns in New Worlds: Colonialism and Indigenous Responses in the Americas, 1500-1800

Question 1

As part of the complex hierarchical administrative system established by the Spaniards in the New World, the municipal councils, or _________, were set up in towns and cities to serve as elective bodies under the supervision of appointed inspectors.

A) aduanas
B) cabildos
C) repartimientos
D) audiencias

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The earliest settlement in the northeastern coast of North America was:

A) Quebec
B) Jamestown
C) Plymouth
D) Boston

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Among the many Native American allies who aided Cortés in the conquest of the Aztec Empire were the _________, sworn enemies of the Aztecs.

A) Tlaxcalans
B) Toltecs
C) Tarascans
D) Yucatecs

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The largest of the Atlantic port cities in the British colonies of North America was _________, followed closely by New York.

A) Boston
B) Savannah
C) Newport, Rhode Island
D) Philadelphia

Question 5

_________ were American-born descendants of European settlers, primarily of Iberian ancestry.

A) Castizos
B) Sambos
C) Mestizos
D) Creoles

Question 6

The relatively slow pace of the Portuguese conquest in Brazil, compared to the meteoric success the Spaniards enjoyed over the vast Aztec and Inca empires, can be explained by all but one of the following:

A) Spanish conquistadors went straight to the top of the imperial pyramid and made full use of their arrogance, bravado and ruthless brutality to secure control
B) The Spaniards' use of sophisticated firearms and cannons played a decisive role in combat, especially in close encounters, demonstrating the crucial role of gunpowder technology in bringing down the Aztec and Inca empires
C) Both the Aztec and Inca empires were relatively recent creations in which the hierarchical power structure was still divided and contested by enemy factions, thus allowing the Spaniards to form tactical alliances among the subject population and manipulate rival groups against each other
D) European-introduced diseases took a devastating toll among the indigenous population ahead of actual military invasion, decimating the locals and thus greatly disrupting and undermining their effectiveness in repelling the Spanish onslaught

Question 7

The primary mining centers in colonial Spanish America were _______ in southeastern Peru (today's Bolivia) and Zacatecas and Guanajuato in northern Mexico.

A) Santa Cruz
B) Sucre
C) Oruro
D) Potosí

Question 8

The sale of most American colonial offices by the Spanish crown ultimately led to all but one of the following:

A) a reduction in the military cost of protecting Spain's New World possessions
B) a decline in the competence level of office holders
C) the emergence of a Creole elite able to bend the Spanish administration increasingly to its will
D) the decentralization of the decision-making processes

Question 9

After the demise of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty, and in an effort to regain control over Spain's American possessions, the new French-descended Bourbons put into practice a series of reforms aimed at _________.

A) diversifying the economic base of its New World possessions to other European markets
B) seeking new sources of mineral wealth
C) extending the power of Spanish Church officials in the New World
D) improving Spain's naval connections and administrative control in the New World

Question 10

From Quebec, the French embarked on an exploratory and fur-trading mission south into the Great Lakes region, the Mississippi valley and the Mississippi delta, claiming these lands as part of their Canada-Mississippi- _________ territory.

A) Louisiana
B) Georgia
C) Carolina
D) Alabama

Question 11

Upon Cortés' arrival at the city of _________, on November 2, 1519, Emperor Moctezuma II was in a quandary over how to deal with these invaders whose depredations neither his tributaries nor his enemies had been able to stop.

A) Chalco
B) Xochimilco
C) Tenochtitlán
D) Teotihuacán

Question 12

Ethnic combinations of Europeans and Native Americans and Europeans and Africans were collectively called castas, or "castes," a term originating out of a desire on the part of Iberian and Creole settlers to draw distinctions among degrees of racial mixture in hopes of counterbalancing the vast masses of Native Americans and Africans. The two most important castes were mestizos (Spanish) /mestiços (Portuguese), born of Iberian fathers and Native American mothers, and _________, born of Iberian fathers and Black mothers.

A) moriscos
B) sambos
C) mulatos
D) castizos

Question 13

Among the gifts of submission presented to Cortés on the Mexican mainland was _________, an Aztec slave who would go on to play a crucial role in securing the success of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire.

A) Huitzilxotzin
B) Llancueitl
C) Xiuhcuetzin
D) Malinche

Question 14

The exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and the rest of the world is known as the _________.

A) Anglo-Portuguese Exchange
B) Columbian Exchange
C) Louisiana Purchase Exchange
D) Indo-European Exchange

Question 15

A crucial factor which aided in the fall of the Incan Empire to the Spaniards was the protracted war of succession between _________ and his half-brother Huáscar.

A) Mayta Cápac
B) Pachacuti
C) Túpac Amaru
D) Atahualpa

Question 16

The revivalist _________ of the 1730s and 1740s used a literal understanding of Protestantism as one of its main foundations and received its main impulse from the work of the brothers John and Charles Wesley, English Methodist preachers who made quite an impact during their tour of Georgia in 1735.

A) "Great Faith"
B) "Great Awareness"
C) "Great Awakening"
D) "Great Order"

Question 17

The pattern of settlement in North America in the seventeenth century followed the trail of French, English and Dutch _________ who grew their own food and traded with the local natives for furs.

A) Catholic missionaries
B) bounty hunters
C) Protestant missionaries
D) merchant investors

Question 18

Hernán Cortés established __________ as a base for further inland exploration.

A) Progreso
B) Veracruz
C) Tampico
D) Campeche

Question 19

The English and French colonies of North America, lacking a sustainable native industry at first, moved further south in order to develop an agricultural base following the plantation system for growing _________, thus joining the Spanish and Portuguese exploitation of America's sub-tropical agricultural resources.

A) indigo and rice
B) potatoes
C) oranges
D) wheat

Question 20

The original English colonies in North America went from being merely English to being part of a "British" empire after the _________.

A) War of the Spanish Succession
B) English Civil War
C) English-Scottish union of 1707
D) Seven Years' War

Question 21

As colonial Brazil grew, the Portuguese created a council in Lisbon to deal with all New World appointments and established a high court for all judicial affairs in the city of _________ in northern Brazil.

A) Rio
B) Bahia
C) Ouro Preto
D) Olinda

Question 22

The _________, a primary target of English privateers, carried silver from Mexico to China annually and returned laden with Chinese silks, porcelain and lacquerware.

A) Santa Fe Trail
B) Old Spanish Trail
C) Acapulco-Manila treasure fleet
D) Spanish Main

Question 23

The mythical and elusive kingdom of _________, or 'golden city,' became the stuff of legend which would fuel the quest for material riches in the New World in the minds of many a conquistador, though it was never found.

A) Saguenay
B) Paititi
C) El Dorado
D) Norumbega

Question 24

At about the same time, _________, a relative of Cortés, conceived of a plan to conquer the Andean empire of the Incas after hearing rumors about an empire of gold and silver to the south.

A) Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
B) Francisco Pizarro
C) Pedro de Valdivia
D) Juan Ponce de León

Question 25

The Spaniards pioneered silver mining innovations, such as the _________ method, which facilitated extraction through the use of mercury.

A) "arrastras"
B) "magistral"
C) "patio"
D) "mita"

Question 26

Colonial Brazil did not offer higher education prior to 1800, which is why the earliest universities in colonial Latin America were all in Spanish America. Among these, the oldest were those of Santo Domingo, Mexico City and _________.

A) Córdoba, Argentina
B) Lima
C) Bogotá
D) Quito

Question 27

The Spaniards would not take full control of the Inca Empire until ________.

A) 1572
B) 1535
C) 1600
D) 1550

Question 28

In the early 17th century, the French, English and Dutch started occupying smaller unclaimed Caribbean islands which they then used to launch raids on Spanish colonies in order to disrupt Spain's monopoly on shipping between Europe and its Caribbean possessions, eventually taking some of these Spanish outposts. Most notable among these conquered Spanish outposts was Jamaica, taken by the English, and _________, taken by the French.

A) Cuba
B) Western Hispaniola
C) Puerto Rico
D) The Bahamas

Question 29

_________ was the best-known advocate against the cruelty of the land-labor grant system.

A) Hernán Cortés
B) Christopher Columbus
C) Bartolomé de las Casas
D) Alonso Ortíz

Question 30

Colonial cities and Jesuits in Portuguese Brazil repeatedly clashed over the slave raids of the _________, or "pioneers/slave traders," in village territories.

A) bandeirantes
B) entradas
C) mocambos
D) quilombos

Question 31

In the 1540s, in an effort to transition away from the encomienda system, Spain introduced rotating assignments, or _________, which established an obligation by villagers to send stipulated numbers of people as laborers to a contractor.

A) alcabalas
B) audiencias
C) repartimientos
D) aduanas

Question 32

Between _________, it is estimated that Spanish America produced 150,000 tons of silver (including gold converted into silver weight), corresponding roughly to 85% of the world production and underlying the extraordinary role of American silver in the money economies of Spain, Europe, the Middle East and Asia, especially China.

A) 1492-1500
B) 1550-1750
C) 1500-1550
D) 1550-1650

Question 33

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the Spanish conquest and colonization of the Americas?

A) The European disease of smallpox ravaged the native population, vastly reducing the native labor force
B) The Spaniards succeeded in exploiting internal weaknesses in the natives' power structure.
C) The Spaniards significantly outnumbered the native population.
D) A three-tiered society developed made up of European immigrants, Native Americans and Black slaves imported from Africa.

Question 34

Among the English colonists in North America, the first to demand participation in the colonial administration were _________.

A) New England lumber dealers
B) Virginia tobacco growers
C) Georgia cotton growers
D) Pennsylvania wheat growers

Question 35

The Seven Years' War in the New World was ultimately won by the superiority and tactical maneuvering of _________ over the French forces.

A) Great Britain's European allies
B) Great Britain's Indian allies
C) the British Army
D) the British navy

Question 36

The Spaniards established land-labor grants or _________ entitling the land grantee the use of forced indigenous or imported slave labor on this land for the purpose of exploiting its agricultural and mineral resources.

A) aduanas
B) encomiendas
C) cabildos
D) audiencias

Question 37

The Spaniards' primary justification for their conquest of the New World was:

A) Christ's command to convert the heathen populations in the newly discovered lands
B) the search for mineral wealth
C) territorial expansion
D) scientific exploration

Question 38

Between 250,000 and 1 million Taínos were killed when the Spanish came due to:

A) Superior Spanish firepower
B) The Native Americans' lack of immunity against smallpox
C) Military raids from a Spanish-Carib alliance
D) A blight on the potato harvest in the 1510s

Question 39

Dubbed Doña Marina, Malinche was:

A) A Nahuatl-speaking woman who acted as translator for Hernán Cortés.
B) A nun who protested against the enslavement of Native Americans.
C) The wife of Francisco Pizarro, who led an expedition of Spanish women to the New World.
D) A poet and theologian of considerable influence in Mexico.

Question 40

Cortés captured the last emperor of the Aztecs, ________, in 1521 and executed him in 1525.

A) Moctezuma II
B) Montezuma
C) Atahualpa
D) Cuauhtémoc

Question 41

After meeting Pizarro at the town square of Cajamarca in 1532, Atahualpa:

A) Was murdered, together with his unarmed retainers.
B) Secured Spanish assistance against his half-brother Huáscar.
C) Disappeared into the rainforest and was never seen again.
D) Converted to Catholicism in order to protect his people against Spanish encroachment.

Question 42

One of the indicators of the success of Portuguese settlements in the Brazilian interior was:

A) The establishment of factories for the manufacture of brazilwood.
B) The intermarriage of settlers with surrounding indigenous chieftain families.
C) The failure of French merchants to find any of their trading posts in the rainforest.
D) The establishment of rice plantations after sugar crops failed.

Question 43

By the mid-16th century, the conquistadors shifted from looting Native American empires and towns to exploiting native labor in _______ and in agriculture.

A) Shipbuilding, to facilitate the voyage back to Spain
B) Translating for the Spanish and guiding expeditions to new lands in the interior of the continent.
C) Military service, in certain specialized units
D) Working silver, gold, and mercury mines

Question 44

As in Spain, the only income tax in New Spain was the __________.

A) "Real" tax, which was paid directly to the crown on the king's birthday.
B) Export tax, a flat percentage of all materials that had been sent out of the country.
C) Tithe paid to the church, which the administration, at times, used for its own purposes.
D) Slave tax, an effort to diminish reliance on the Portuguese slave trade.

Question 45

Losses to the Spanish empire came in the mid-seventeenth century, beginning with:

A) The capture of Jamaica by the British in 1655.
B) The colonization of eastern Hispaniola by the French in 1665.
C) The surrender of Cuba to the Dutch in 1659.
D) The failure of sugar plantations in their colony of Saint-Domingue in 1653.

Question 46

The overseas ministry in Lisbon encouraged the manufacture of ________ in Brazil in an effort to render the province independent from British imports.

A) Molasses
B) Sugar
C) Textiles
D) Tobacco

Question 47

In the second half of the 1600s, the ___________ drove many smaller groups westward into the Great Lakes region and Mississippi plains.

A) Micmac
B) Iroquois
C) Huron
D) Comanche

Question 48

The establishment of the _________ in Virginia in 1619 was an indication that the British would not follow the same policy in the New World as their Spanish counterparts.

A) Tobacco plantations
B) Catholic parish system
C) House of Burgesses
D) "Caste" system to prevent intermarriage

Question 49

For 200 years after its founding in 1545, Potosí in modern ___________ produced over half of the silver of Spanish America.

A) Bolivia
B) Brazil
C) Colombia
D) Belize

Question 50

Agriculture in the New World was ___________ during the sixteenth century.

A) A source of sufficient export revenue for the Spanish
B) An essential source of tropical goods for export
C) Dramatically extending Europe's reach into warm-weather plants
D) Peripheral to the economy of the Spanish empire

Question 51

The British colony of Georgia was founded in 1733 as:

A) An experiment in timber production for shipbuilding.
B) A bulwark against Spanish Florida.
C) A charter colony and haven for Quaker minorities.
D) A haven for escaped slaves from Spanish owners.

Question 52

In Brazil, black freedmen and mulattoes:

A) Were not permitted, since it was impossible to escape slavery.
B) Were encouraged by the Portuguese to establish "maroon" communities in the interior.
C) Were equal in percentage of the population to Creoles.
D) Emigrated to the Spanish colonies, where they had less fear of being re-enslaved.

Question 53

Muñoz Camargo, Fernando Alvarado Tezózomoc, and Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala were only a few of the many:

A) Members of the Inquisition who later converted to Protestantism in the New World.
B) Advocates of the abolition of slave trade in imported Africans.
C) Jesuits who established universities in Santo Domingo, Mexico City, and elsewhere.
D) Native American and mestizo chroniclers, historians, and commentators.

Question 54

Anne Hutchinson was famous for:

A) Challenging the institution of witch trials in Salem in 1692.
B) Becoming the wife of Miles Standish, but divorcing him soon after the wedding.
C) Preaching an antinomian position in defiance of the General Court of Massachusetts.
D) Becoming the first female student enrolled at Harvard College in 1646.

Question 55

The main impulse for the revivalist movement known as the "Great Awakening" of the 1730s and 1740s was:

A) The imposition of Catholic doctrine on Anglican churches in Massachusetts and Virginia.
B) A sudden upsurge in accusations and prosecutions for witchcraft in the colonies.
C) The discovery of new documents that proved that Jesus had visited North America.
D) The tour of the Methodist preachers John and Charles Wesley through Georgia.

Question 56

In 1690, the bishop of Puebla criticized the analysis of the Biblical incident of ____________ by Juana Inés de la Cruz in her own treatise.

A) Jesus's miracle of the loaves and fishes.
B) Jesus's initial appearance to his female followers after his resurrection.
C) The descent of fiery tongues at Pentecost.
D) Jesus's washing the feet of his disciples at the Last Supper.

Question 57

When the Portuguese conquered Brazil, the indigenous population was estimated to be nearly _________ inhabitants.

A) 1 million
B) 5 million
C) 500,000
D) 10 million

Question 58

An estimated __________ Spaniards emigrated from Europe to the Americas between 1500 and 1800.

A) 1,000,000
B) 10,000
C) 300,000
D) 30,000,000

Question 59

By means of land-labor grants called __________, Spanish entrepreneurs were entitled to use forced indigenous or imported slave labor to exploit natural resources in the New World.

A) Encomiendas
B) Haciendas
C) Cabildos
D) Criollos

Question 60

Leading a motley force of about 530 Spanish men, _________ defeated a much larger indigenous force at Tabasco in 1518.

A) Francisco Pizarro
B) Minas Gerais
C) Alonso Ortíz
D) Hernán Cortés

Question 61

When the city of ___________ was captured in November 1519, the emperor Moctezuma II was forced to swear allegiance to Emperor Charles V.

A) Campeche
B) Tenochtitlán
C) Veracruz
D) Tlaxcala

Question 62

The "conquistadors" Francisco Pizarro, Hernán Cortés, and Alonso Ortíz all originated in the Spanish region of __________.

A) Catalonia
B) Granada
C) Valencia
D) Estremadura

Question 63

Having laid waste to Cuzco, Pizarro founded a new Andean capital at __________ in 1535.

A) Lima
B) Santiago de Chile
C) São Paulo
D) Cartagena

Question 64

By the early seventeenth century, a powerful elite of Spanish who ___________, called Creoles, was in place to assist the Spanish administrators.

A) Had accompanied the conquistadors in the 1510s.
B) Had joined a specially created Franciscan order of priests.
C) Had been born in the Americas.
D) Had been brought across the Atlantic to marry the men and produce children.

Question 65

The Spanish quest for the mythical ____________ or "golden city" was fruitless.

A) Shangri-La
B) El Dorado
C) El Jefe
D) Del Rio

Question 66

In the 1540s the Spanish government introduced ___________ called repartimientos, which was a continuation of the mit'a system devised by the Inca for taxation.

A) Khipu-calculated tax-tables
B) Apartments for young women
C) Rotating labor assignments
D) Tithe-based church endowments

Question 67

Portuguese colonial cities and Jesuits repeatedly clashed over the ____________ of the "pioneers" (bandeirantes) into the Brazilian interior.

A) Slave raids
B) Tax evasion
C) Scientific discoveries
D) Silver mining

Question 68

Of the approximately 144,000 estimated Native Americans in New England in 1600, fewer than 15,000 remained by ______.

A) 1607
B) 1690
C) 1176
D) 1620

Question 69

The most successful _________ settlement in North America was in the subtropical district at the mouth of the Mississippi River in what is now Louisiana, where some 300 settlers and 4000 African slaves founded sugar plantations.

A) English
B) French
C) Spanish
D) Dutch

Question 70

The Columbian Exchange characterizes the transfer of plants, animals, and ________ between the Americas and the rest of the world

A) Minerals
B) Population
C) Diseases
D) Ideas

Question 71

To support the mining centers and administrative cities, the Spanish colonial government ___________ the development of agricultural estates (haciendas).

A) Encouraged
B) Suppressed
C) Heavily taxed
D) Dismissed as impractical

Question 72

Brazil produced a total of 1000 tons of _________ in the eighteenth century, a welcome bonanza for Portugal at a time of low agricultural prices.

A) Sugar
B) Indigo
C) Silver
D) Gold

Question 73

The term "casta" originated in the desire of the Iberian and Creole settlers to draw distinctions among degrees of ___________.

A) Wealth and status
B) Commitment to Catholicism
C) Racial mixture
D) Age and establishment of possession

Question 74

From the middle of the seventeenth century, the pueblos de indios were fully functional, self-administering units, with councils (________), churches, schools, communal lands, and family parcels.

A) Zacatecas
B) Cabildos
C) Crioulos
D) Pampas

Question 75

A Native American reported an appearance of Our Lady of _________ in 1531, in a place where the native goddess Tonantzin used to be venerated.

A) Tlaxcala
B) Acapulco
C) Lourdes
D) Guadalupe

Question 76

__________ was the first institution of higher learning in North America, devoted to teaching the "correct" balanced Calvinist Protestantism.

A) Yale Divinity School
B) Harvard College
C) College of William and Mary
D) Providence College

Question 77

Juana Inés de la Cruz secretly studied Latin, Greek, and _________ in her maternal grandfather's library.

A) Hebrew
B) French
C) Nahuatl
D) Mayan