Deck 14: Remembering Relationships

Question 1

Which of the following is an not an example of a form of learning and memory?

A) declarative memory
B) procedural learning
C) place learning
D) Pavlovian conditioning
E) emotional learning

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Your ability to perceive the sound of a trumpet amongst a cacophony of sounds in a jazz ensemble is because of what type of learning?

A) instrumental learning
B) perceptual learning
C) habituation
D) procedural learning
E) all of the above

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The famous classical conditioning experiments conducted by Pavlov in the early 20^th century were conducted with what model system

A) restrained dogs
B) unrestrained dogs
C) cats
D) mice

Answer 3

A

Question 4

An example of a nonassociative type of learning is ____________.

Question 5

Someone who has anterograde amnesia would have an inability to remember which of the following?

A) their mother's name
B) how they drove to work that day
C) the location of the home they grew up in
D) all of the above

Question 6

Someone with ______________amnesia may experience an inability to recall memories from their childhood.

Question 7

Which of the following were important discoveries regarding learning and memory that patient H.M. contributed to?

A) neuronal activity in the medial temporal lobes is necessary for recalling long-term memories
B) neuronal activity in the medial temporal lobes is necessary for procedural learning
C) neuronal activity in the medial temporal lobes is necessary for the formation of new episodic memories
D) neuronal activity in the medial temporal lobes is necessary for performing cognitive tasks
E) all of the above

Question 8

If you could analyze the brains of Shereshevsky and A. J., what might you expect the areas of increased mass or neural activity to be and why?

Question 9

What additional sorts of experiments or exercises could have been done with patient H.M. that would have furthered our understanding of the role of the medial temporal lobes in learning and memory?

Question 10

Experimental application of the delayed non-match to sample tasks (DNMTS)was important for using non-human primate models to mimic what type of learning dysfunction in humans?

A) object reward memory
B) classical conditioning
C) object recognition memory
D) motor memory

Question 11

Primates with lesions in the _____________show severe delay in delayed delayed non-match to sample tasks (DNMTS) learning task sample tasks (DNMTS) however lesions to the ____________are the same as unlesioned controls at these tasks.

A) entorhinal and perirhinal cortices, amygdala and hippocampus
B) entorhinal and postrhinal cortices, amygdala and hippocampus
C) amygdala and hippocampus, entorhinal and perirhinal cortices
D) amygdala and hippocampus, entorhinal and postrhinal cortices,

Question 12

Figures 14.6 and 14.7 In the text show some fundamental experimental findings in understanding the roles of the hippocampus, amygdala, entorhinal, and perirhinal cortices. According to these experiments, which brain region is the least involved in spontaneous short term memory?

A) amygdala
B) hippocampus
C) entorhinal cortex
D) perirhinal cortex

Question 13

The lesion studies in rats and primates both suggest that what might true in the human brain of patient H.M.?

A) part of H.M's memory pathology was likely due to damage to the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices
B) all of H.M's memory pathology was likely due to damage to the hippocampus
C) all of H.M's memory pathology was likely due to damage to the amygdala
D) all of H.M's memory pathology was likely due to damage to the brainstem

Question 14

Refer to figure 14.7 C. In the text How does a hippocampal lesioned rat compare to a perirhinal lesioned rat in an 8-arm radial maze spatial memory task?

A) the rats with the hippocampus lesion make more errors than the control but neither group makes as many errors as the rats with a lesioned perirhinal cortex
B) the is no difference between the rats with a lesioned perirhinal cortex or hippocampus
C) the rats with a lesioned perirhinal cortex are less able to recall which arm they have visited and make the most errors
D) the rats with a lesioned hippocampus are less able to recall which arm they have visited and make the most errors of all the groups

Question 15

Refer to figure 14.8. In the text How do rats with bilateral hippocampal lesions compared with sham control?

A) rats with bilateral hippocampal lesions could be trained to always recognize a novel odor from an order they were trained to recognize
B) rats with a bilateral hippocampal lesion cannot remember the specific order in which they were trained to recognize odors
C) rats with bilateral hippocampal lesions cannot be trained to recognize specific odors
D) rats with bilateral hippocampal lesions can only one odor at a time
E) a and b

Question 16

The hippocampus is necessary for __________, connecting memories of objects through space and time.

Question 17

Hippocampal lesions affect spatial but not object recognition memory and perirhinal/postrhinal lesions affect object recognition but not spatial memory. This is an example of _________________.

Question 18

Explain the memory pathology you might expect from someone that suffered severe damage to their hippocampus from a severe and highly localized ischemic stroke.

Question 19

Place the following hippocampal and cortical projections in the correct order.

A) entorhinal cortex $\rightarrow$ dentate gyrus $\rightarrow$ CA3 $\rightarrow$ CA1 $\rightarrow$ subiculum $\rightarrow$ entorhinal cortex
B) dentate gyrus $\rightarrow$ CA3 $\rightarrow$ CA1 $\rightarrow$ entorhinal cortex $\rightarrow$ subiculum $\rightarrow$ dentate gyrus
C) entorhinal cortex $\rightarrow$ subiculum $\rightarrow$ CA3 $\rightarrow$ CA1 $\rightarrow$ dentate gyrus $\rightarrow$ entorhinal cortex
D) dentate gyrus $\rightarrow$ entorhinal cortexCA3 $\rightarrow$ CA1 $\rightarrow$ subiculum $\rightarrow$ entorhinal cortex

Question 20

The direction of synaptic transmission from the neocortex through the entorhinal cortex and to the hippocampus is _____________.

A) directional and linear
B) unilinear and reciprocal
C) bilinear and directional
D) branched and multidirectional

Question 21

Inhibition of long term potentiation would reduce the synaptic plasticity connecting which parts of the hippocampus?

A) mossy fiber pathway between the dentate gyrus and CA3 neurons
B) synaptic connections between CA1 and CA3 neurons
C) synaptic connections between CA3 neurons
D) b and c only
E) all of the above

Question 22

Many CA3 neurons project to a dense network of additional neurons creating an ______________network of connectivity.

Question 23

Refer to figure 14.12. In the text Imagine if the three entorhinal neurons that fire action potentials that trigger action potentials in the CA3 neurons numbered 1 and 3 instead of 2, 4, and 5 as depicted in the figure. When a subsequent action potential is only triggered in CA neuron 1, what would be the resulting activation of additional CA3 neurons?

A) neuron 1 will activate neuron 3 through previously strengthened synapses
B) neuron 1 will activate neuron 2 through previously strengthened synapses
C) neuron 1 will activate neurons 2 through 5 via previously strengthed synapses
D) only neuron 1 will activate
E) none of the above

Question 24

Cells that have "wired together" in a cell assembly can spread an input from a subset of neurons to the entire assembly. This process is called_____________.

A) long term potentiation
B) pattern completion
C) Hebbian synapse
D) sequence learning

Question 25

Which of the following characteristics of a cell assembly is/are necessary for sequence learning?

A) neurons need to be connection via Hebbian plasticity
B) synapses that become active after a postsynaptic spike become weakened or unchanged
C) spike-timing dependent LTP
D) all of the above

Question 26

The region that is thought to be most important is pattern separation, the non-overlap of different cell assemblies, in the hippocampus is the _________.

A) CA1 region
B) mossy fiber pathway
C) CA3 region
D) dentate gyrus
E) all of the above

Question 27

All of the following stimuli would likely increase firing and adrenaline release by the locus coeruleus?

A) hearing a gun-shot
B) stepping on a shard of glass
C) earning a bonus for working over-time
D) unexpectedly being fired at work
E) all of the above

Question 28

All of the following support the reinstatement hypothesis of memory recall, except.

A) when listening to the radio and later recalling what you heard on the radio, the same subset of neurons in the cortex are active
B) when recalling how you moved during a dance routine, some of the same motor neurons active in learning the route fire
C) when you watch a movie showing the view of the driver, the same neurons that fire when you are driving are active
D) when you retell the story of events in your day, man of the same neurons that were active during those events are firing again

Question 29

Which of the following shows the correct circuitry from the entorhinal cortex through the hippocampus?

A) Entorhinal Cortex $\rightarrow$ Dentate $\rightarrow$ CA3 $\rightarrow$ CA1 $\rightarrow$ Subiculum
B) Entorhinal Cortex $\rightarrow$ CA3 $\rightarrow$ CA1 $\rightarrow$ Dentate $\rightarrow$ Subiculum
C) Entorhinal Cortex $\rightarrow$ CA1 $\rightarrow$ CA3 $\rightarrow$ Dentate $\rightarrow$ Subiculum
D) Entorhinal Cortex $\rightarrow$ Dentate $\rightarrow$ CA3 $\rightarrow$ CA1 $\rightarrow$ Subiculum.

Question 30

How would infusing rats with an NMDA receptor antagonist in the dentate gyrus affect their pattern recognition and separation behavior?

Question 31

Explain how you are able to distinguish your memories of an experience from the actual experience itself. Trace the pathways of memory formation and recall and their relative strength of synaptic firing in each.

Question 32

Which of the below statements most accurately describes memory and systems consolidation in the neocortex?

A) the path of neural connectivity between the neocortex and hippocampus is completely reciprocal and therefore memory and systems consolidation happen in a cyclical strengthening
B) the neocortex informs the hippocampus that learns and remembers what happened in a consolidated memory
C) both the hippocampus and neocortex are responsible for the neuronal mechanisms of consolidation of short and long term memories
D) the hippocampus is responsible for the neurological mechanisms that form a new memory but the long term, stronger storage is in mediated by neurons of the neocortex

Question 33

In the image above is an autoradiograph of the left hemisphere of a mouse brain after radioactive 2-DG injections taken after the mouse had just completed a memory test in an 8-arm radial maze. Would you assume this mouse had just started training or was several days into the training to remember which arm contained food?

A) just started training
B) several days into training
C) the autoradiograph can not be used to determine this
D) somewhere between the first and last days of training

Question 34

Which of the below statements best described neocortical assembly speed and detail?

A) neocortical assemblies form more quickly, are less detailed but better integrated than hippocampal assemblies
B) neocortical assemblies form more slowly, are less detailed but better integrated than hippocampal assemblies
C) neocortical assemblies form more slowly, are better detailed but better integrated than hippocampal assemblies
D) neocortical assemblies form more quickly, are less detailed but better integrated than hippocampal assemblies

Question 35

Which of the following observations helps explain why we can recall memories for years even if we don't recall them frequently?

A) it only takes one stiulation episode of hippocampal cells to form a strong neocortical pathway of memory consolidation
B) neocortical activity can be strengthened by similar stimuli that reinstates several distint memories
C) hippocampal cell assemblies strengthen neocortical activity subconsciously throughout the day
D) hippocampal cell assemblies can strengthen neocortical activity patters when we are asleep as well as when we are awake
Answer :

Question 36

Chapter 13 stated that one of the symptoms of excessive sleep deprivation is problems with memory. How could you explain this based on neural activity experiments of hippocampal neurons during sleep?

Question 37

Memory consolidation requires relocation to the neocortex, which is termed ___________ consolidation.

Question 38

We tend to recognize traumatic or threatening situations very vividly. What neuronal mechanisms explain this?

A) when we are in these situations, we have heightened sensory awareness and therefore the loecus coeruleus directly stimulates LTP in the hippocampus
B) behavioral arousal creates neocortical cell assemblies directly, bypassing the hippocampus
C) these situations release gluccocorticoids (stress hormones), which stimulate the formation of hippocampal cell assemblies
D) the more strongly the input patter of stimulus is, especially with behavioral arousal, the more likely we are to form strong hippocampal cell assemblies

Question 39

Which of the following structures acts as a gate for information flow from the neocortex to the hippocampus

A) corpus collosum
B) area 35 of the perirhinal cortex
C) lateral amygdala
D) dentate gyrus
E) none of the above

Question 40

In which of the situations below would you expect memory to be enhanced of the situation as well as events proceeding the situation?

A) being involved in a car crash
B) receiving news that you have just won the lottery
C) watching a boxing match on television
D) a and b
E) none of the above

Question 41

Which of the following has been shown to enhance memory formation?

A) increases in adrenaline
B) inhibition of beta-adrenergic receptors
C) increases in dopamine
D) inhibition of dopaminergic receptors

Question 42

Match the following brain structures with their role in memory:
-_____ important in behaviorally aroused memory formation mediated by norepinephrine

A) basolateral amygdala
B) entorhinal cortex
C) dentate gyrus.

Question 43

Match the following brain structures with their role in memory:
-_____ plays a central role in pattern separation in the hippocampus

A) basolateral amygdala
B) entorhinal cortex
C) dentate gyrus.

Question 44

Match the following brain structures with their role in memory:
-_____ fundamental in long-term memory formation and orienting a memory in space and time

A) basolateral amygdala
B) entorhinal cortex
C) dentate gyrus.

Question 45

Briefly describe one of your most vivid memories in the last 5 years. Explain how the activity of distinct areas the brain affected forming and recalling this memory.

Question 46

How is Pavolovian fear conditioning in rats different from the original Pavlovian conditioning experiment with dogs?

A) they use conditioned stimuli that affect different sensory systems
B) one uses reward (food) and the other uses fear (pain) as the conditioning
C) they use completely different parts of the brain
D) only one of them is an affective conditioning technique

Question 47

What would be the most likely result of a lesion in the parabrachial nuclei in a rat being tested for their Pavlovian fear conditioning?

A) the rat would have reduced freezing behavior in response to the tone because of a lack of input central nucleus of the amydala
B) the rat would have increased freezing behavior in response to the tone because of an increase of input central nucleus of the amydala
C) the rat would have no change or very little change in their freezing behavior because of multiple inputs to the central nucleus of the amydala
D) the rat would have an inability to sense pain and therefore be conditioned with a foot shock

Question 48

In rat experiments, it has been shown that the conditioned fear response is mediated predominantly by the ___________, while the contextual fear response also involves the ______________ .

A) neocortex, amydala
B) hippocampus, amydala
C) amydala, hippocampus
D) thalamus, hippocampus

Question 49

Which of the following experimental setups would be appropriate for inhibitory avoidance training with a rat?

A) a rat swims for a hidden platform (Morris Water Maze)
B) a rat investigates a radial maze with food in select arms of the maze (8-arm radial maze)
C) a rat receives a small foot shock after a tone is sounded
D) a rat receives a foot shock when it enters a dark compartment of a two-chambered setup where the other chamber is lit

Question 50

Compare auditory fear conditioning, contextual fear conditioning, and inhibitory avoidance training in a rat to scenarios a you might experience that cause this similar type of learned behavior.

Question 51

Rats employ ___________________of food preferences by smelling the breath of other rats as a primary way of distinguishing what foods are safe to eat.

Question 52

Lesion of the basolateral amygdala would likely _____________the association between taste and nausea in mice.

Question 53

The hippocampus is especially important in associated learning when the unconditioned and conditioned stimulus

A) involve the auditory system only
B) are separated by very short intervals
C) are separated by long intervals
D) do not activate the basolateral amygdala

Question 54

Design an experiment using rats in which you could determine if the hippocampus contributes to conditioned taste aversion.

Question 55

Based on your knowledge of how rats learn to avoid certain foods, what would be key components of a rat poison used for home pest control?

A) the poison should be odorless
B) the poison should be fast acting
C) the poison should induce fatal toxicity even with small doses
D) all of the above

Question 56

You have been recently diverted due to road construction to take a different route to work, requiring you to remember to enter the freeway at a new entrance from your home. What parts of your brain become active to learn this new route and what parts of your brain eventually turn this into a new habit during your morning commute?

Question 57

How would you predict rats with a lesioned hippocampus perform on the Tolman's cross-maze?

A) on day 16, rats would likely demonstrate habit learning
B) on day 8, rats would likely demonstrate habit learning
C) on day 16, rats would likely demonstrate place learning
D) on day 8, rats would likely demonstrate place learning

Question 58

Explain the differences in neural activity in novel object recognition versus fear learning in rats.