Deck 9: Regulating Vital Bodily Functions

Question 1

Comparing the regulation of our bodies' internal temperature to the regulation of temperature in a classroom, what would be an appropriate description of what happens when body temperature gets too high?

A) excitatory signals are sent to turn on physiological processes that increase body temperature and inhibitory signals are sent to those that decrease body temperature
B) excitatory signals are sent to turn on physiological processes that decrease body temperature and inhibitory signals are sent to those that increase body temperature
C) both excitatory and inhibitory signals are sent to physiological processes that decrease body temperature
D) the body changes it's set point for body temperature

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Name the brain structure that contains the largest number of neurons that control the autonomic nervous system.

A) cerebellum
B) hypothalamus
C) hippocampus
D) caudate putamen
E) prefrontal cortex

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Using the example of cruise control in a car to explain the idea of push-pull regulation using the words set point, negative feedback, positive feedback, and command signal in your answer.

Answer 3

No Answer.

Question 4

Describe three physiological processes that are regulated in fundamentally opposing ways by the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the nervous system.

Question 5

During a sympathetic nervous system response the bladder is more relaxed / constricted (circle one) and the bronchial muscles are more relaxed / constricted (circle one).

Question 6

All of the following cell bodies of the autonomic nervous system originate exclusively in the spinal cord, except.

A) sympathetic preganglionic
B) parasympathetic preganglionic
C) sympathetic postganglionic
D) parasympathetic postganglionic

Question 7

Which of the following is true of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system?

A) its activation results in physiological changes consistent with "rest and digest"
B) the cell bodies of sympathetic neurons are located near their target structures
C) the neurotransmitter acetylcholine is widely used by sympathetic neurons
D) none of the above are true statements

Question 8

The main neurotransmitter used for signaling in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is ____________and that of the parasympathetic division is _____________.

A) glutamate, GABA
B) norepinephrine, glutamate
C) norephinephrine, acetylcholine
D) acetylcholine, norepinephrine
E) acetylcholine, dopamine

Question 9

Which of the following statements is true regarding the enteric nervous system?

A) neurons in the enteric nervous system respond to both mechanical and chemical stimuli
B) enteric nervous system neurons release norepinephrine to stimulate the contraction of smooth muscles in the gut
C) the enteric nervous system is independent of both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system divisions
D) important enzymes and mucous that maintain the gut microenvironment are modulated by sensory of the enteric nervous system

Question 10

Which of the following provide stimuli to vagal afferent neurons?

A) a lowering of blood pH
B) increase in pressure of the carotid artery
C) activation of mechanical stretch receptors in the small intestine
D) decreased blood flow through the aorta
E) all of the above

Question 11

All of the following would be an expected result of alpha-adrenergic receptor activation during a fight or flight response of the sympathetic nervous system, except.

A) vasoconstriction
B) vasodilation
C) increased levels of insulin in the circulation
D) increased levels of glucagon in the circulation
E) increased blood pressure

Question 12

Match each term with its appropriate location (a-f) in the diagram above)
Use the diagram above to Answer the following questions .
-_____Intermediolateral column

Question 13

Match each term with its appropriate location (a-f) in the diagram above)
Use the diagram above to Answer the following questions .
-_____Motor neuron axon

Question 14

Match each term with its appropriate location (a-f) in the diagram above)
Use the diagram above to Answer the following questions .
-_____Sensory neuron axon

Question 15

Match each term with its appropriate location (a-f) in the diagram above)
Use the diagram above to Answer the following questions .
-_____Sympathetic ganglion

Question 16

Match each term with its appropriate location (a-f) in the diagram above)
Use the diagram above to Answer the following questions .
-The neurotransmitter released from the postganglionic neurons labeled e above is _______________.

Question 17

Match each term with its appropriate location (a-f) in the diagram above)
Use the diagram above to Answer the following questions .
-The neurotransmitter released from the motor neurons labeled f above is _______________.

Question 18

The binding of the neurotransmitter released in f. might result in which of the following?

A) skeletal muscle relaxation
B) skeletal muscle contraction
C) either skeletal muscle contraction or relaxation depending on the type of receptor it binds to
D) none of the above

Question 19

A patient that has suffered a major spinal cord injury between the T1 and L3 segment of their spinal column might experience which of the following symptoms?

A) loss of skeletal muscle control
B) loss of smooth muscle regulation
C) changes in blood pressure
D) decreased responsiveness to sympathetic nervous system stimuli
E) all of the above

Question 20

Axons of the parasympathetic preganglionic neurons may exit the brain via which of the following cranial nerves?

A) hypoglossal (XII)
B) vagus (X)
C) olfactory (I)
D) trigeminal (V)
E) trochlear (IV)

Question 21

Describe an experiment you could perform to determine if epinephrine was binding to alpha or beta adrenergic receptors in cardiac muscle cells to increase contraction.

Question 22

Place the following events in the baroreflex response in the correct order by numbering from 1-5:
_____ Neurons of the nucleus ambiguous are activated
_____ Heart rate is decreased
_____ Postganglionic cardiac neurons are activated
_____ Blood pressure increases causing baroreceptor activation
_____ Neurons of the nucleus tractus solitarius are activated

Question 23

A decrease in baroreceptor excitation due to a drop in blood pressure would result in which of the following?

A) increased release of GABA from the neurons in the cVLM
B) inhibition of the rVLM neurons
C) decrease in heart rate
D) release of norepinephrine from the sympathetic postganglionic neurons
E) all of the above

Question 24

Tonic activity of the rVLM neurons that keep blood vessels in a slightly constricted state is highly regulated by which neurotransmitter?

A) dopamine
B) acetycholine
C) norepineprine
D) glutamate
E) GABA

Question 25

Which of the following stimuli would elicit an increase in heart rate and blood pressure?

A) a decrease in glutamate in the rVLM neurons
B) an increase in GABA in the rVLM neurons
C) increased stimulation of the cVLM neurons
D) decreased norepinephrine release from the synaptic terminal of rVLM neurons
E) none of the above

Question 26

Artificial vagal nerve stimulation might be an appropriate treatment for all of the following neurological disorders, except?

A) depression
B) epilepsy
C) Alzheimer's disease
D) tinnitus
E) vasovagal syncope

Question 27

Given your knowledge of the mechanism of action of sildenafil citrate (Viagra), what would be the most important factor to consider before in assessing if a patient has the adequate medical profile for this drug?

A) a family history of prostate cancer
B) if the patient experiences chronic hypertension
C) the age of the patient
D) the sperm count of the patient
E) all of the above

Question 28

Parasympathetic vasodilation is under the control of which of the following?

A) Nitric oxide
B) cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)
C) guanylate cyclase
D) degradation enzymes that target cGMP
E) all of the above

Question 29

Which of the following are the major muscles that control respiration?

A) diaphram
B) upper abdominal
C) laryngeal
D) a and c
E) all of the above

Question 30

Severing the vagus nerve could result in which of the following?

A) complete loss of respiration
B) arrhythmia
C) Parkinson's disease
D) myocardial infarction
E) all of the above

Question 31

Place the following events in response to decreased blood oxygen levels in order by numbering from 1-4.
_____ NTS cells neurons increase their firing rate
_____ Activation of glomus cells
_____ Respiration rate increases
_____ Central pattern generator increases in rate

Question 32

Predict what would happen if someone is exposed to a drug that artificially bound oxygen in the blood).

A) hyperventilation
B) hypoventilation
C) inhibition of the chemoreflex
D) inhibition of glomus cells
E) none of the above

Question 33

The small brain region in the ventral medulla that responds to neural input from the NTS under conditions of low O2 or high CO2 is the ______________________.

Question 34

The mechanism of nonshivering thermogenesis in brown fat includes all of the following, except.

A) reversal of the electron gradient in the mitochondria
B) expression of uncoupling protein 1
C) activation of cold sensors in the skin
D) inhibition of neurons in the preoptic area
E) inhibition of neurons in the preoptic nucleus

Question 35

When the immune system stimulates pyrogenic molecules to be released, the result is an __________in the set point for body temperature that stimulates behaviors that __________body temperature).

A) increase, decrease
B) decrease, increase
C) increase, increase
D) decrease, decrease

Question 36

Explain in your own words how non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reduce fevers. What could be the positive and negative effects of taking such drugs in terms of body temperature and fighting off pathogens?

Question 37

Choose a vegetative or vital process (respiration, blood pressure, heart rate, or maintenance of body temperature) and explain in your own words the neurological push-pull regulation mechanisms that keep it stable or homeostatic)

Question 38

Which of the following would be true of a person who had been diagnosed with diabetes insipidus?

A) reduced blood vasopressin levels
B) reduced blood insulin levels
C) a reduction in water intake because of decreased thirstiness
D) abnormally high blood sugar levels
E) all of the above

Question 39

If a patient with diabetes insipidus were to be misdiagnosed with diabetes mellitus, what would you expect to be some of the symptoms of them being treated with the wrong pharmaceutical intervention?

Question 40

All of the following brain structures contain cell bodies important in regulating fluid balance, except?

A) supraoptic nuclei (SON)
B) paraventricular nuclei (PVN)
C) subfornical organ (SFO)
D) organ of the lamina terminalis (OVLT)
E) anterior pituitary (AP)

Question 41

To shrink the size and increase the number of action potentials elicited by a magnocellular vasopressin neuron, it should be placed in a solution _______________to it's intracellular environment.

Question 42

A trauma to which of the following brain regions would result in the most severe increase in thirst and water intake?

A) subfornical organ (SFO)
B) median preoptic nucleus (MnPO)
C) septum
D) vascular organ of the lamina terminalis (OVLT)
E) a and b

Question 43

Peristaltic contractions of the intestines is primarily regulated by which of the following mechanisms?

A) enteric stretch receptor activation
B) gastric acid secretion
C) release of glucagon from the liver
D) release of insulin from the pancreas
E) all of the above

Question 44

The term "butterflies in your stomach" when you are in a stress response such as during public speaking is partially explained by which neurophysiological mechanism?

A) a decrease in digestive activity during sympathetic nervous system activation
B) an increase in digestive activity during sympathetic nervous system activation
C) a decrease in digestive activity during parasympathetic nervous system activation
D) an increase in digestive activity during parasympathetic nervous system activation
E) more than one of the above

Question 45

All of the following would be considered orexigenic stimuli, except.

A) decrease in stretch receptor activity in the stomach
B) decrease in blood glucose levels
C) increase in blood ghrelin levels
D) increase in blood cholecystokinin levels
E) more than one of the above

Question 46

Match the times below with the peptide hormone you would expect to be the highest in concentration in the blood
-_______________immediately before eating breakfast in the morning

A) cholecystokinin
B) ghrelin
C) leptin.

Question 47

Match the times below with the peptide hormone you would expect to be the highest in concentration in the blood
-_______________after eating a hamburger and French fries

A) cholecystokinin
B) ghrelin
C) leptin.

Question 48

Match the times below with the peptide hormone you would expect to be the highest in concentration in the blood
-_______________in the middle of the night

A) cholecystokinin
B) ghrelin
C) leptin.

Question 49

Why is activation of the orexigenic neurons a more powerful stimulus that activation of anorexigenic neurons? Explain how this may have been evolutionarily advantageous for humans thousands of years ago but is potentially maladaptive in modern society.

Question 50

One of the most efficacious medical interventions for morbidly obese patients to reduce food consumption and suppress appetite is gastric bypass surgery. Explain the mechanism by which this procedure reduces food consumption and suppresses appetite)

Question 51

Regulation of blood glucose is under the control of hormones that affect glucose storage and breakdown. What might be the result of a drug that inhibits glucagon secretion from the pancreas?

A) high blood glucose levels
B) low blood glucose levels
C) no change in blood glucose
D) low levels of glycogen in the liver
E) none of the above

Question 52

Predict what might be some consequences of mutated or reduced numbers of leptin receptors in the hypothalamus.

A) obesity due to a chronic appetite
B) anorexia due to a loss of appetite
C) an increase in white fat
D) a decrease in brown fat
E) all of the above

Question 53

If a drug was designed that increased storage of fat as brown fat over white fat, what might be the pros and cons of prescribing this to obese patients trying to lose weight?

Question 54

The regulation of appetite is under the control of several neurotransmitters and hormones although of these signals, the stimulation of the ________________neurons overrides that of the ______________neurons.

Question 55

Which of the following vegetative processes are under the regulation of circadian rhythms?

A) sex hormone release
B) sleep cycles
C) digestion
D) body temperature
E) all of the above

Question 56

The brain region primarily responsible for circadian and seasonal rhythms is the ________________.

Question 57

Inhibition of the formation of the Per/Cry protein complex in the suprachiasmatic nucleus would most likely result in which of the following?

A) continuous translation of the Per and Cry proteins
B) inhibition of translation of the Per and Cry proteins
C) activation of Bmal and Clock transcription
D) inhibition of Bmal and Clock transcription
E) re-establishment of circadian rhythms

Question 58

Activation of the central amygdala results in an increase in all of the following neurotransmitters and neurohormones, except

A) glutamate
B) norepinephrine
C) epinephrine
D) cortisol.

Question 59

Which of the following brain regions are associated with the fight, flight, or freeze acute stress response?

A) central amygdala
B) hippocampus
C) septal nuclei
D) periaqueductal gray
E) all of the above

Question 60

The freeze response is physiologically different than the fight or flight response) You would expect an animal experiencing a freeze response to a predator to have a ___________blood pressure than when in a flee response)

Question 61

Repeatedly cramming for exams, so that you're under a state of chronic stress, instead of studying in smaller increments throughout the semester can actually reduce your ability to retain the information. This is supported by which of the following neurological phenomena during chronic stress?

A) high levels of circulating cortisol levels causes hippocampal dendrites to shrink
B) high levels of circulating cortisol levels causes dendrites in the amygdala to shrink
C) high levels of circulating cortisol inhibit the activity of excitatory neurotransmitter
D) high levels of circulating cortisol stimulate inhibitory neurotrasmitter release
E) more than one of the above

Question 62

When preparing for an international trip where you will need to shift your sleeping schedule by several hours due to a change in time zone, it might be helpful to take _____________5 hours before you try to go to sleep.

Question 63

Explain how severe damage to the spinal cord above the C4 vertebrae might affect a person's ability to urinate and defecate) What procedures would be necessary to ensure these bodily functions are maintained?

Question 64

Give an example of an acute versus chronic stress stimulus and explain in your own words how the response is physiologically distinct.