Deck 11: Emotion and Health

Question 1

Which of the following is not an essential component of the psychological state known as emotion?

A) subjective feeling
B) cognitive changes
C) behavioral responses
D) irrational thinking

Answer 1

D

Question 2

These psychological states are typically less intense than emotions, but may pervade a person's life for days, weeks, months, or possibly even years at a time.

A) affects
B) feelings
C) moods
D) arousals

Answer 2

C

Question 3

From an evolutionary perspective, it makes sense that many of our basic emotions are negative rather than positive because

A) harmful situations may have commanded our attention to a greater degree than situations that were benign or helpful
B) the only helpful situation that resulted in an emotion was sexual intercourse
C) humans that displayed more aggressiveness tended to pass on more of their emotional traits to future generations
D) the likelihood of experiencing a harmful situation is less than experiencing a helpful situation

Answer 3

A

Question 4

According to Damasio (1994), after Elliot suffered damage to a circuit between the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala, and his emotional experiences were blocked from consciousness, Elliot's decision making

A) became more rational and efficient
B) led to a promotion at work
C) became dysfunctional and unintelligent
D) stayed relatively the same as before his injury

Question 5

The ability to identify, manage, and express one's emotions constructively and to empathize with the emotions of others has been termed

A)intrapersonal intelligence
B) emotional intelligence
C) intersocial intelligence
D) social intelligence

Question 6

Members of all nationalities, cultures, and both sexes agree on this dimension of ideal affect, that is, we all want to "feel good" rather than "feel bad."

A) valence
B) activation
C) arousal
D) excitement

Question 7

Which of the following descriptions of ideal affect describes the dimension known as activation?

A) Bob enjoys stamp collecting because he likes the colors of the stamps.
B) Emily enjoys action movies mainly because they are exciting and stimulating.
C) Mary hardly every calls her parents for fear that they might intrude on her happiness.
D) Jackson prefers to listen to music that matches his mood.

Question 8

According to basic emotion theorists, basic emotions are innate, entirely distinct, and can be compared to

A) the set of primary colors that can be blended to make other colors
B)the multitude of traits that make up the human personality
C) the number of cells in the retina of each eye
D) the distinctiveness of individual snowflakes

Question 9

Emotions like annoyance and rage, which are derived from anger, are referred to by some researchers as

A) secondary emotions
B) emotion schemas
C) reaction formations
D) emotional units

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT considered to be a basic emotion by most psychologists?

A) fear
B) surprise
C) disgust
D) anxiety

Question 11

Paul Ekman eventually discovered that specific facial muscles were involved in creating the expressions of basic emotion, and he has catalogued these muscular configurations into a coding scheme known as the

A) facial action coding system
B) emotion representation system
C) facial manipulation schema
D) system of orbicularis oculi

Question 12

In certain cultures or subcultures one is expected to express grief at funerals of loved ones by wailing, weeping, and pounding the coffin. The cultural standards for such behavior are called

A) emotion schemas
B) facial recognition
C) display rules
D) activation displays

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT among Ekman's dimensions of variation for display rules?

A) intensifying
B) neutralizing
C) masking
D) elaborating

Question 14

The average American college student tells at least how many lies a day?

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four

Question 15

According to research, people can tell when someone is lying about

A) 50% of the time
B) 10% of the time
C) 90% of the time
D) 75% of the time

Question 16

All of the following are reasons why lie detection is difficult, EXCEPT:

A) the cues that a person is lying are faint
B) the cues that a person is lying are obvious
C) a person may be nervous when telling the truth and when lying
D) people are not easy to lie to under laboratory conditions

Question 17

Cognitive psychologists have determined that telling a lie is more demanding such that it increases a person's

A) perception threshold
B) just-noticeable difference
C) cognitive load
D) affective reasoning

Question 18

This early theory of emotion asserts that we are happy because we are smiling, sad because we are crying, and frightened because our hearts are racing and our palms are sweating.

A) James-Lange theory
B) Cannon-Bard theory
C) two-factor theory
D) cognitive appraisal theory

Question 19

This theory of emotion asserts that when some sort of emotion-laden event is perceived, the sensory impulses are relayed to the thalamus first. The thalamus in turn stimulates both the autonomic nervous system and the cerebral cortex at about the same time.

A) James-Lange theory
B) Cannon-Bard theory
C) two-factor theory
D) cognitive appraisal theory

Question 20

The main weakness of both the James-Lange theory and the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion is that neither theory addressed

A) the implicit memory that we have for emotional situations
B)the input of the emotional environment on our well-being
C) the cognitive activity that must take place to experience an emotion
D) the nature of the emotional response in terms of motivation

Question 21

Researchers found that injecting people with stimulant drugs that simulate the physiological fight-or-flight response led to different emotional experiences when participants were exposed to an agitated experimenter or a humorous experimenter. This is consistent with which theory of emotion?

A) James-Lange theory
B) Cannon-Bard theory
C) two-factor theory
D) cognitive appraisal theory

Question 22

According to the cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotion, the cognitive appraisal of an event

A) precedes the emotional or physiological changes
B)counteracts the emotional or physiological changes
C) is often confused with the physiological changes
D) is directly related to the motivation that one has to change the event

Question 23

According to research by LeDoux, the amygdala is activated during many emotions, but appears to be the most important brain region responsible for

A)sexual responses
B) fear responses
C) anger responses
D) approach responses

Question 24

This direct pathway from this area of the brain to the amygdala accounts for the fact that we can respond instantly with fear to the appearance of potentially threatening visual or auditory stimuli.

A) corpus callosum
B) hypothalamus
C) thalamus
D) prefrontal cortex

Question 25

The human fear response is regulated by two pathways, one of which runs to the cerebral cortex. This pathway is

A) highly sensitive to fear-provoking stimuli
B) highly specific so that it responds to only certain fear-provoking stimuli
C) often hijacked by the activity in the thalamus
D) only sensitive to visual fear-provoking stimuli

Question 26

According to this view of emotion, the sights, sounds, physiological processes, and patterns of body movement that occur during experience of the emotion are encoded in clusters of neurons assigned to each of these various sensory modalities.

A)sensory emotion
B) physiological theory
C) embodied emotion
D) reactivating emotion

Question 27

According to this hypothesis, activating the muscles that form facial expressions associated with basic emotions can sometimes create the experience of having an emotion.

A) orbicularis oculi hypothesis
B) imitation hypothesis
C) facial feedback hypothesis
D) facial empathy hypothesis

Question 28

Researchers found that simply having the muscles of the cheeks associated with smiling lifted with bandages increased happiness ratings in a group of volunteers. This study is consistent with this theory of emotion

A) James-Lange theory
B) Cannon-Bard theory
C) two-factor theory
D) embodied emotion theory

Question 29

This emotion is generally the reaction to an unpleasant event or idea, but can also be a personality trait.

A) anxiety
B) fear
C) anger
D) contempt

Question 30

Anger can be considered the most dangerous of all of the emotions because it is linked to this motivated behavior.

A) risk-taking
B) aggression
C) self-starvation
D) avoidance

Question 31

According to this notion, you may be able to push anger around and situate it in various places in your mind, but you cannot get rid of it without expressing it.

A)two-factor theory
B) hydraulic model of emotion
C) general aggression model
D) psychoanalytic release

Question 32

This term, derived from the Greek word for "cleansing," was first described by Sigmund Freud and is usually referred to as venting.

A) catharsis
B) Oedipus complex
C) anima
D) animus

Question 33

Recent studies suggest that venting at something other than the specific person who angered you is likely to

A) make you feel relaxed
B) enhance your catharsis technique
C) enhance your physique
D) make you feel more angry

Question 34

Studies of spinal injury patients, substance abusers, victims of terrorism, and married couples reported that the best way to deal with the anger associated with study participants' experiences was for the victims to

A) punch a pillow while thinking about the object of their anger
B)forgive the person that caused their anger
C) rehearse the confrontation that resulted from the incident
D) ruminate about the sources of the anger until catharsis was complete

Question 35

When psychologists refer to happiness, they are talking about

A)specific instances of intense joy
B)the basic emotion of enjoyment
C) general fulfillment and well-being
D) the prospect of attaining eternal joy

Question 36

Responses to public opinion polls and results of psychological surveys indicate that relatively few people report being

A) generally happy
B) generally very satisfied with their lives
C) generally unhappy
D) reasonably content

Question 37

When researchers asked a large sample of people to rate their "subjective well-being" on a scale of 1 to 10, participants' average score was

A) 6.75
B) 3.5
C) 9.0
D) 4.75

Question 38

Most people rate themselves as being happy and believe that other people are

A)as happy as they are
B) less happy than they are
C) generally unhappy
D) not as interested in happiness

Question 39

Since the 1950s, psychological surveys about happiness have suggested that people believe that they would be happier if they had more

A) sex
B) intimate friendships
C) money
D) social resources

Question 40

All of the following statements support the idea that money does not necessarily translate into happiness, EXCEPT:

A) Residents of poor nations like Nigeria and El Salvador report high levels of happiness.
B)All nations whose inhabitants report the least happiness are also among the poorest.
C) There is very little difference in happiness ratings for Americans earning $100,000 annually compared with people who earn $50,000 annually.
D) Though the United States GDP has grown substantially since 1950, happiness ratings have not changed.

Question 41

Psychologist Ed Diener has found that income is related to happiness primarily in terms of a person's

A) emotional well-being
B) social psychological prosperity
C) standard of living
D) respect in the community

Question 42

One reason why wealthy people may not experience an enhanced level of happiness is because those individuals often judge their progress in terms of

A)total wealth
B) wealth compared to an ideal standard
C) respect of the community
D) intrinsic value of their homes

Question 43

Having a lot of money may increase your level of happiness if you often spend your money on

A) charitable giving
B) lifestyle and travel
C) material possessions
D) food and drink

Question 44

There is strong evidence that a tendency toward happiness is inherited and is related to

A) neuroticism
B) temperament
C) attachment style
D) parenting

Question 45

Over our lifetimes, the level of happiness we experience tends to

A)be fixed from birth
B) vary around a "set point," similar to our baseline body weight
C) vary wildly, especially during later life
D) decrease as we enter old age

Question 46

Research suggests that about 50% of one's level of happiness is determined by one's

A) intentional activities
B) life circumstances
C) happiness set point
D) social development

Question 47

When researchers measure the quality of various aspects of people's lives, the most important factors that determine individual levels of happiness are

A)social
B) innate
C) familial
D) sexual

Question 48

In a 2004 study, investigators measured women's levels of positive feeling at the time they engaged in specific activities, and taking care of their children was ranked

A)higher than having sex
B) lower than watching TV and eating
C) higher than sleeping
D) much lower than housework

Question 49

This is the interdisciplinary field that examines the ways that health and illness interact with psychology, biology, and society.

A) psychopathology
B) psychoneuroimmunology
C) health psychology
D) stress psychology

Question 50

Any adaptive neurobiological response that allows an organism to regain homeostasis in the face of changing circumstances is then termed a(n)

A) emotion
B) stress response
C) immunoresponse
D) affect

Question 51

Psychologists define stress mainly in terms of threats to

A) neurology
B) homeostasis
C) coping and well-being
D) stressors

Question 52

The death of a loved one, divorce, starting a career, and even marriage are among the life events known as

A) motivators
B) homeostasis
C) hassles
D) stressors

Question 53

In general, our biological and psychological stress-response mechanisms are most adaptive for handling

A) chronic stress
B) psychological stress
C) acute stress
D) transient stress

Question 54

Even survivors of experiences of intense trauma and torment exhibit this typical outcome of a period of stress.

A) resilience
B) disease
C) exhaustion
D) tend and befriend

Question 55

Walter Cannon coined this term to describe the process that biologically prepares the animal to respond to acute, short-term stressors.

A)fight or flight
B) tend and befriend
C) opponent process
D) sympathetic inhibition

Question 56

Hans Selye developed a model of effects of chronic stress activation known as the

A) general aggression model
B) opponent process model
C) Chronic Stress Syndrome
D) General Adaptation Syndrome

Question 57

In the alarm phase of the GAS model of stress responses, the activity of this autonomic system is suppressed.

A) sympathetic nervous system
B) parasympathetic nervous system
C) reticular activation system
D) anterior cingulate cortex

Question 58

In addition to adrenaline, this hormone is released in large quantities during the alarm phase of the stress response.

A) oxytocin
B) progesterone
C) cortisol
D) testosterone

Question 59

This state of the stress response is characterized by moderate levels of stress hormones in the blood, but also by various coping mechanisms.

A) alarm
B) resistance
C) exhaustion
D) inhibition

Question 60

In terms of physiology, the third phase of the GAS, exhaustion, results from the fact that the prolonged stress event has

A) disrupted the metabolism of cortisol
B) increased the level of oxytocin in the brain
C) depleted energy stores and compromised homeostasis
D) depleted psychological resources for coping

Question 61

Shelly Taylor used this term to describe the mainly female tendency to provide care and obtain support from others under conditions of stress.

A)tend and befriend
B) hunt and gather
C) friend or foe
D) blend and diminish

Question 62

All of the following statements are consistent with the evolution of the tend-and-befriend response, EXCEPT:

A) Fleeing was not easy for a woman who was pregnant or nursing.
B) Women spent a good portion of their lives finding mates and competing with each other.
C) Fighting endangers a woman and also her unborn child or nursing offspring.
D) Women increase their chances of survival by facilitating social relationships.

Question 63

Just as specific hormones characterize the experience of fight-or-flight, this hormone is the mechanism governing tend-and-befriend.

A) oxytocin
B) cortisol
C) adrenaline
D) estrogen

Question 64

All of the following are examples of unique stressors experienced by minority groups, EXCEPT:

A) stereotype threat
B) own-group conformity pressure
C) ethnic discrimination
D) reaction formation

Question 65

Researchers have found that the standardized test performance of African Americans and women may decrease if they are exposed to information suggesting that members of their gender or ethnic group don't generally perform as well as others on such tests. This effect is known as

A) stereotype threat
B) own-group conformity pressure
C) ethnic discrimination
D) reaction formation

Question 66

Which of the following is the best example of own-group conformity pressure?

A)Darnell is African American and is often stopped by police for "routine" traffic violations.
B) Though Jill's teacher was mistaken in telling her that girls aren't supposed to be good at math, Jill's test performance was negatively affected by the comment.
C) Johnny's parents are Italian immigrants and are disappointed if he dates any women who are not Italian.
D) Jagdish has just moved to the United States from India and is finding it hard to find a job.

Question 67

Epidemiological studies show that this ethnic group has lower rates of all types of serious mental health problems than European Americans.

A) Asian-Americans
B) Mexican-Americans
C) African-Americans
D) Native Americans

Question 68

Scientists working in this field study the effects of stress and other psychological variables on the weakening of immune resistance and resultant illnesses.

A)health psychology
B) psychoneuroimmunology
C) pathological psychology
D) neuropsychology

Question 69

Which of the following was NOT a result of Sheldon Cohen's research on the effects of stress on the common cold?

A) People who are under stress catch colds more often.
B) Positive emotional style protects against catching the common cold.
C) People who are exposed to high levels of stress in a laboratory are more likely to feel the effects of cold viruses.
D) People with high risk for heart disease have a low susceptibility to cold viruses.

Question 70

In a longitudinal study involving 12,000 healthy male volunteers, those facing chronic work and marital stressors were 30% more likely to die of this disease than men who did not experience chronic stress.

A) coronary heart disease
B) congestive heart failure
C) lung cancer
D) diabetes

Question 71

Which of the following characteristics of the so-called "Type A" personality is most related to increased risk of heart disease?

A) exaggerated urgency about time
B) intense ambition
C) competitiveness
D) tendency toward hostility and anger

Question 72

The psychological disorder most commonly associated with stress is

A) generalized anxiety
B) panic disorder
C) major depression
D) bipolar depression

Question 73

Although placebo treatments are used to treat a variety of physical and psychological symptoms, the primary symptom treatable with placebos is

A) depression
B) chest congestion
C) pain
D) panic attack

Question 74

Research shows that people are more likely to experience pain relief from placebo pills if they believe that the pills are

A) actually pain-relief tablets
B) very expensive
C) not related to pain relief
D) likely to increase pain

Question 75

Research shows that some side effects that people experience while taking prescribed medications may actually be

A) placebo effects
B) nocebo effects
C) responses to inactive drug ingredients
D) voodoo death

Question 76

The complex and highly variable processes by which we ensure that the demands of potentially stressful situations do not overwhelm our psychological or material resources is called

A) fight-or-flight
B) coping
C) pain management
D) psychosomatosis

Question 77

According to Martin Seligman, an optimistic person can be distinguished from a pessimistic person based on the person's

A) stress-response
B) explanatory style
C) placebo response
D) depression risk

Question 78

All of the following statements are consistent with the pessimistic explanatory style, EXCEPT:

A) "It was my fault that I got fired."
B) "I'll never be able to get a job like this again."
C) "My life is ruined now that I have no job."
D) "My boss has a hard time dealing with assertive employees."

Question 79

Which of the following is NOT a dimension along which explanatory style can vary?

A) internal/external
B) permanent/temporary
C) catastrophic/surmountable
D) stable/global

Question 80

Optimists tend to see bad events as resulting from causes that are

A)external, temporary, and catastrophic
B)internal, permanent, and surmountable
C) external, permanent, and catastrophic
D) external, temporary, and surmountable