Deck 4: Human Lifespan Development

Question 1

The traditional focus of many western developmental psychologists was research on changes that occur

A) from infancy to childhood
B) from infancy to adulthood
C) from infancy through childhood and adolescence
D) throughout the entire lifespan

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The major influence of the lifespan perspective on developmental psychology was

A)the notion that development continues "from womb to tomb"
B) the idea that development begins and ends in childhood
C) the notion that development begins with conception
D) the idea that development accelerates throughout adulthood

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The sperm of a male must reach this reproductive cell in the woman's uterus for conception to occur.

A) ovum
B) secondary oocyte
C) primary oocyte
D) zygote

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Once a sperm penetrates the oocyte, it divides into the _________ and secondary polar body.

A) primary oocyte
B) ovum
C) endometrium
D) zygote

Question 5

Fertilization of an egg is said to occur when

A) the sperm penetrates the oocyte
B) the egg attatches itself to the endometrium
C) the nuclei of the sperm merges with the ovum
D) the zygote enters the uterus

Question 6

The first stage of human development is the fused nucleus of a sperm cell and an ovum, also called a(n)

A) oocyte
B) zygote
C) fetus
D) embryo

Question 7

The lining of a woman's uterus to which a zygote attaches is known as the

A)endoplasmic reticulm
B) placenta
C) atrium
D) endometrium

Question 8

The zygote enters this stage of development after a period of rapid cell division

A) embryonic stage
B) fetal stage
C) placental stage
D) preborn stage

Question 9

Which of the following is true regarding the embryonic stage?

A) It is the point of rapid cell division that immediately follows fertilization.
B) It is when the second polar body fuses with the endometrium.
C) It is a stage when miscarriage might occur without the mother knowing she was pregnant.
D) It is the point at which the teratogens have the least amount of effect on development.

Question 10

An embryo receives oxygen and nutrients from the mother via the

A) placenta
B) cervix
C) planum temporale
D) atrial wall

Question 11

This part of the womb connects the embryo with the uterus and is the eventual source of the baby's naval.

A) placenta
B) umbilical cord
C) uvula
D) navel cord

Question 12

This is the term for the developing baby at the end of the embryonic stage, about eight to nine weeks after conception.

A) fetus
B) ovum
C) embryo
D) zygote

Question 13

These harmful agents, sometimes in the form of drugs and alcohol, increase the likelihood of a child being born with a congenital malformation.

A) teratogens
B) bacteria
C) estrogens
D) terroragens

Question 14

Approximately 15 percent of infants are born with problems resulting from teratogens. These and other physical abnormalities present at birth are called

A) carcinogens
B) congenital malformations
C) developmental retardations
D) innate deprivations

Question 15

Which of the following is true regarding the effect of prenatal tobacco exposure?

A)It increases the likelihood of baby born dependent on nicotine.
B)It leads to increases in childhood obesity.
C) It decreases the likelihood of congenital malformations.
D) It increases the odds of sudden infant death syndrome.

Question 16

Babies born with this congenital malformation, caused by a teratogen, typically have small heads, low birth weights and facial abnormalities.

A)Teratogen syndrome
B) Fetal alcohol effect
C) Fetal alcohol syndrome
D) Cleft palate

Question 17

All of the following statements regarding babies born to crack addicted mothers are FALSE, except

A) They are incapable of bonding with any family member.
B) The parts of their brains involved in reasoning are malformed.
C) They sometimes exhibit short-lived motor disturbances as infants.
D) They are born addicted to cocaine and crack.

Question 18

A baby is born with a number of innate, involuntary responses to stimli, called

A) behaviors
B) reflexes
C) responses
D) rootings

Question 19

Which of the following is not an example of a survival reflex exhibited by a human infant?

A) The plantar reflex
B) the sucking reflex
C) the rooting reflex
D) the swallowing reflex

Question 20

Though newborn babies require a long period of time to develop language skills, evidence suggests that, while in the womb

A) they begin to distinguish language sounds from non-language sounds
B)they can identify the scent of their mother while she is reading
C) they can distinguish between their mother's and father's voices
D) they can distinguish betweein their mother's voice and a strange female's voice

Question 21

The brain grows quickly in size as the child develops, but at the same time, seldom-used neurons are lost in order to facilitate functioning of other neurons. This process is called

A)axon myelination
B) apoptosis
C) dendritic spining
D) synaptic pruning

Question 22

The windows of opportunity in which the brain is particularly sensitive to specific types of stimulation or exposure are called

A) critical periods
B) synaptic periods
C) plastic periods
D) dendritic periods

Question 23

Rutter and collegues (2004) found that the longer the period of institutionalization that Romanian orphans endured after six months of life

A) the greater was the extent of their developmental recover after adoption
B) the greater was the extent of their developmental impartment after adoption
C) the less likely they were to be adopted by foreign families
D) the less likely they were to receive post-adoption medical care

Question 24

Which of the following is true regarding the milestones of an infant's motor development?

A) At least 50 percent of babies will have attempted walking by 6 months.
B) The age at which one child achieves a milestone does not necessarily predict the age that he or she will achieve the next.
C) The age at which a child first begins to walk predicts the sequence of the rest of their motor developmental trajectory.
D) There is cause for concern if one twin's motor development lags less than a month behind the other.

Question 25

This tendency to respond in relatively consistent ways (i.e. calm, or fussy) by infants throughout the first years of life is called

A) personality
B) extraversion
C) anxiety
D) temperament

Question 26

Which of the following is not a dimension of temperament proposed by Buss and Plomin (1984)?

A) anxious avoidance
B) effort control
C) negative emotionality
D) extraversion

Question 27

Which of the following is true regarding sex differences in temperament?

A) girls tend to score more highly on extraversion while boys score high on negative emotionality
B) boys tend to score more highly on extraversion while girls score high on effort control
C) boys score more highly on extraversion while girls score highly on negative emotionality
D) girls score more highly on extraversion while boys score more highly on effort control

Question 28

An infant that is able to focus or shift attention as needed, inhibit inappropriate behavior and plan actions will measure high on

A) effort control
B) negative emotionality
C) secure attachement
D) extraversion

Question 29

When infants are easily frustrated, fearful, uncomfortable, sad, or unusually fussy, their temperament is high on

A) effort control
B) negative emotionality
C) secure attachement
D) extraversion

Question 30

Babies that score highly on this dimension of temperament are the most outgoing and least shy of the bunch.

A) effort control
B) negative emotionality
C) secure attachement
D) extraversion

Question 31

Which of the following results is true regarding the persistence of temperament dimensions beyond early childhood?

A) Children who were found to be introverted at age three were equally shy in young adulthood.
B) Impulsive children were found to develop into managers and exectuives at top companies.
C) Sociable and even tempered toddlers were the most likely to seek therapy for adult behavior problems.
D) Children who lacked emotional control at age three tended to improve as they progressed through elementary education.

Question 32

Most researchers believe that temperament is primarily a(n)

A) phenomenon unrelated to development
B) biologically-based phenomenon
C) phenomenon that predicts personality traits
D) unshared environmental influence

Question 33

The unique experiences of each infant that contribute to the environmental portion of temperament and other developmental phenomenon are termed the

A)shared environment
B) biological environment
C) unshared environment
D) ecological environment

Question 34

Beginning when the infant is about 6 months old, an intimate bond develops between caregivers and infants, called

A) temperament
B) assimilation
C) attachment
D) accommodation

Question 35

John Bowlby, the father of attachment theory, was influenced by Konrad Lorenz's research on ______________ in goslings

A) attachment
B) imprinting
C) ambivalence
D) sensitive periods

Question 36

According to attachment researchers, the child develops an understanding of his or her place in the world and arrives at expectations about the likely behavior of other people by developing a(n)

A) internal working model
B) expectation system
C) assimilation model
D) attachment paradigm

Question 37

Mary Ainsworth developed this research strategy to measure individual differences in the quality of infants' attachments with their caregivers.

A)the strange situation
B) the attachement buffer
C) the diathesis-stress situation
D) the internal working model

Question 38

In the strange situation task, attachment researchers are most interested in

A)the period of time the mother is away from the child
B) the reaction of the child when the mother returns to the child
C) the influence of the stranger on the child
D) the likelihood that a child will engage in play with the stranger

Question 39

Two- year old Anna is friendly to strangers if her mother is present, but wary of them when her mother is not around. Anna also reacts with joy when her mother returns home from work even though she may get upset throughout the day. What style of attachment does Anna best represent?

A) secure
B) avoidant
C) insecure-ambivalent
D) unorganized

Question 40

Eighteen-month old Ezra shows little distress when his mother leaves him with his grandmother, but also shows little interest in interacting with her when she returns. Ezra's attachment style is

A) secure
B) avoidant
C) insecure-ambivalent
D) unorganized

Question 41

Three-year old Tatiana is always on high alert. When her mother leaves her in the care of her baby-sitter, she is often unconsoloable, even when her mother returns to try and ease the stress of the situation. Tatiana exhibits this attachment style

A)secure
B) avoidant
C) insecure-ambivalent
D) unorganized

Question 42

Among the assertions by attachment theorists about the existence of the attachment styles and cultural significance, which of the following is best supported by research?

A) A child who is securely attached at one age will remain that way throughout life.
B) Forming attachment relationships in infancy is a universal human tendency.
C) The internal working model based on an infant's attachment with his or her mother is the only template for further social development.
D) Avoidant attachment styles lead to a greater likelihood that a child will develop behavior problems.

Question 43

Which of the following statements is true regarding the results of the longitudinal study of childcare conducted by the National Institute of Child Health and Development?

A) High-quality day care appears to be good for very young children's cognitive-intellectual development.
B) Children who experienced high-quality day care (but not low-quality care) showed lower levels of math achievement test scores.
C) High-quality day care appears to be good for very young children's social and emotional development.
D) Day-care quality had a greater impact on cognitive development than did parenting quality.

Question 44

All of the following statements are evidence that babies believe that objects are solid, EXCEPT:

A) Infants look longer at images of structurally impossible objects.
B) Infants expect different behaviors from solids and liquids.
C) Infants look longer at set-ups that appear to violate the solidity of objects.
D) Infants are surprised if objects move without being touched.

Question 45

In developmental psychology, empiricism refers to

A) the innate abilities or tendencies babies illustrate at birth
B)the mental characteristics acquired through experience
C) the interaction of genes and environments during infancy
D) the process of moving from reflexes to voluntary movements

Question 46

Nativism is the developmental view that babies enter the world

A)with a set of innate abilities
B) with a sensitivity to all environmental input
C) with a blank slate; ready to learn
D) with no awareness of the visual aspects of their environments

Question 47

To say that Jean Piaget's theories of cognitive development are "constructivist" means that a child

A) is pre-equipped with most of the knowledge he or she will need for early life
B)passively receives information through environmental sources
C) actively builds an understanding of the world based on his or her experience
D) procedes through a series of stages toward understanding quantities

Question 48

According to Piaget, these units of knowledge are cognitive models that children and adults construct of what the world is and how it works.

A) assimilations
B) schemas
C) accomodations
D) conservations

Question 49

When Genevieve, was about 12 months old, she had just learned the word "ball." One night she looked up, pointed to the moon and delightedly observed, "Ball!" This is an example of

A) assimilation
B) accommodation
C) schema acquisition
D) language detection

Question 50

When elementary school children's knowledge of birds is altered or expanded so that includes examples like penguin and ostrich, this developmental phenomena has probably occurred.

A) assimilation
B) accommodation
C) schema acquisition
D) language detection

Question 51

This stage of Piaget's developmental theory begins at birth and involves only simple responses to internal and external events.

A) pre-operations
B) sensorimotor
C) concrete operations
D) formal operations

Question 52

Two-month-old Jacqueline has some understanding of object permanence because she reacts to her mother's attempts to engage in games of peek-a-boo. According to Piaget Jacqueline is in this stage of development.

A) sensorimotor
B) pre-operations
C) concrete operations
D) formal operations

Question 53

When mom tries to play with seven-month-old Willie, she is frustrated because he won't reach for objects that she covers with her hands or a blanket. Willie has thus, not developed

A) sensorimotor skills
B) object permancence
C) concrete operations
D) formal logic

Question 54

Three-year-old Gustavo has begun to use two and three word sentences and is very good at explaining what activities he'd like to engage in when his baby-sitter arrives. Gustavo is in this stage of development.

A) pre-operations
B) sensorimotor
C) concrete operations
D) formal operations

Question 55

Many preoperational children are highly verbal but have trouble describing the world from any perceptual perspective but their own. This type of thinking is termed

A) conservative
B) unobjective
C) egocentric
D) data-driven

Question 56

As a child moves from the pre-operational to the concrete operational stage, they begin to develop the understanding that an object may retain its identity even if its appearance is changed for some reason. This ability is called

A) egocentrism
B) physicality
C) conservation
D) confirmation

Question 57

The false-belief task depicts a situation where children must understand that their own knowledge of the true facts of a situation may conflict with someone else's false beliefs about the situation. The task is used as a test of this.

A) conservation
B) theory of mind
C) egocentrism
D) concrete operations

Question 58

Theory of mind, or the ability for children to understand that other people think and have minds, just as they do, develops during this stage.

A) pre-operations
B) sensorimotor
C) concrete operations
D) formal operations

Question 59

Eight-year-old Simian knows that when his teacher pours liquid from one of two identical containers into a taller, slimmer container, the amount of liquid is the same in both containers. Simian is most likely in this developmental stage.

A) pre-operations
B) sensorimotor
C) concrete operations
D) formal operations

Question 60

The concrete operations stage differs from the formal operations stage in that

A)the child can only perform logic in the formal operations stage
B) the child can perform abstract logic only in the first stage
C) the child can perform abstract logic only in the second stage
D) the child can read and write only in the second stage

Question 61

Though there is considerable debate about this stage of Piaget's developmental theory, he asserted that all adolescents and adults live the rest of their lives within it.

A) pre-operations
B) sensorimotor
C) concrete operations
D) formal operations

Question 62

Which of the following is not a valid critique of Piaget's stage-theory of cognitive development?

A) Piaget's theory describes development, but does not explain how it happens.
B) Piaget did not sufficiently account for sociocultural influences on development.
C) Piaget overemphasized notion of stages of development.
D) Piaget's theory has not led to the development of any testable hypotheses.

Question 63

The clearest physical marker of adolescence begins when the adrenal glands first produce steroid hormones. This whole period is more commonly known as

A) puberty
B) spermarche
C) menarche
D) gonadarche

Question 64

The full maturation of the adrenal glands, known as____________ is associated with the onset of romantic and sexual feelings associated with puberty.

A) gonadarche
B) andrenarche
C) spermarche
D) menarche

Question 65

Puberty used to be considered the event marking the end of childhood because it was misattributed to the maturation of the sexual organs, known as

A) gonadarche
B) andrenarche
C) spermarche
D) menarche

Question 66

In adolescence, the brain is marked by an increase in the speed and efficiency of neural transmission in the brain, primarily associated with the expansion of the quantity of

A) white matter
B) gray matter
C) cerebrospinal fluid
D) temporal lobe matter

Question 67

One reason that risky behavior is common in adolescence stems from the fact that

A) while the brain systems associated with emotion, reward, and gratification are fully functional, the frontal lobe is continuing to develop
B) while the brain systems associated with logic, reason, and decision-making are fully functional, the limbic system is continuing to develop
C) while the brain is sensitive to emotion, reward, and gratification, it is less sensitive to pain
D) while the brain systems associated with emotion, reward, and gratification are fully functional, the parietal lobe is continuing to develop.

Question 68

The illusory effect of parenting styles on an adolescent's development has been called

A) the nurture assumption
B) the nature assumption
C) the authoritative assumption
D) the empiricist assumption

Question 69

According to Baumrind, this parenting style is characterized by strict rules, and a "shut-up-and-do-what-you're-told" approach to discipline, with severe punishments.

A) permissive
B) authoritarian
C) authoritative
D) neglectful

Question 70

According to Baumrind, this parenting style is both firm and flexible, and includes mutual respect between children and parent in a relatively warm environment.

A) permissive
B) authoritarian
C) authoritative
D) neglectful

Question 71

According to Baumrind, this parenting style is characterized by warmth and highly accepting environments, but also the lack of boundaries, limits, and rules on behavior.

A) permissive
B) authoritarian
C) authoritative
D) neglectful

Question 72

One problem with conclusions about the benefits of the authoritative parenting style is that

A) the effects of parenting styles cannot be separated from the effects of shared environmental influences
B) the personality characteristics that led to the parenting style may have also been passed to the offspring.
C) the physical characteristics of children may lead to a more relaxed approach to parenting when the child resembles one of the parents.
D) the flexibility of the authoritative style means that it is sometimes hard to distinguish from the authoritarian style.

Question 73

Though research illustrates that parenting styles may cause children to develop in certain ways, they often underestimate this influence on parenting styles.

A) parent-to-teacher effect
B) child-to-parent effect
C) action-reaction effect
D) parent-to-child effect

Question 74

According to research, adolescents in the United States spend more time doing this than any other activity, besides schoolwork.

A) talking with peers
B) talking with parents
C) quietly reading
D) spending time alone

Question 75

Only about half of adolescents self identify as members of these small groups of peers whom generally share common interests and attitudes.

A) crowds
B) cliques
C) dyads
D) sects

Question 76

Paolo's is thirteen and his clique is very close-knit; the boys have been friends for quite a while. One day the other boys decide to try alcohol and Paolo has a drink too. This is an example of

A) peer selection
B) peer influence
C) peer neglect
D) peer bonding

Question 77

According to Kohlberg's cognitive developmental theory of moral reasoning, younger adolescents should demonstrate this level of morality.

A) preconventional
B) conventional
C) postconventional
D) epiconventional

Question 78

The most important scientific criticism leveled at Kohlberg's cognitive developmental theory of moral reasoning is that

A) the tests of moral reasoning do not predict moral behavior
B) the views about morality have changed since Kohlberg's model was described
C) the theory is biased toward adolescents and adults
D) the tests are better representations of how children and adults will act than how they feel about morality.

Question 79

Haidt (2001) stated that moral judgments are frequently intuitive and emotional rather than rational, and so his theory is called

A) intuitive positive psychology
B) social Darwinism
C) social intuitionism
D) intuitive morality

Question 80

Haidt (2001) proposed that members of western cultures often utilized this foundation of morality when evaluating moral scenarios.

A) respect for authority
B) loyalty to one's group
C) purity and sanctity
D) fairness and justice