Deck 7: Generic Memory

Question 1

Generic memory is ________.

A) knowledge of facts
B) a type of implicit memory
C) context-based and associated with a particular point in time
D) also known as systematic memory

Answer 1

A

Question 2

A concept is ________.

A) a word
B) an abstraction
C) an object
D) a verbal entity

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The anterior frontal lobe is linked to ________.

A) both generic and episodic memories
B) episodic memories but not to generic memories
C) generic memories but not to episodic memories
D) neither generic nor episodic memories

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Generic memory is comprised of ________.

A) flashbulb memories
B) concepts
C) events
D) highly-practiced skills

Question 5

People who acquire retrograde amnesia due to damage to the medial temporal lobe exhibit loss of ________.

A) generic memories going back several years, but only exhibit loss of episodic memories acquired shortly before the onset of amnesia
B) episodic memories going back several years, but only exhibit loss of generic memories acquired shortly before the onset of amnesia
C) both episodic and generic memories going back several years
D) both episodic and generic memories acquired shortly before the onset of amnesia

Question 6

In ________ of generic memory, concepts are arranged from the most general at the top to the most specific at the bottom, and facts related to concepts are stored at the highest level to which they apply.

A) the hierarchical-network model
B) the spreading-activation model
C) the compound-cue model
D) the hub-and-spoke model

Question 7

The hierarchical model of generic memory makes predictions about how long it will take for a person to verify different types of sentences using ________.

A) a paired-comparison task
B) associative priming
C) contextual cues
D) a sentence-verification task

Question 8

Using their hierarchical model of generic memory, Collins and Quillian (1969) found that ________.

A) when the participants had to traverse fewer levels in the hierarchy, they were slower to verify that a sentence was true
B) when the participants had to traverse more levels in the hierarchy, they were slower to verify that a sentence was true
C) the only determinant of the speed of response was the length of the sentence used
D) the only determinant of the speed of response was the IQ of the participant

Question 9

The hierarchical model of generic memory does not really explain how participants are able to respond to a sentence as false; for example, when asked if the statement "Salmon have fur" is true or false, ________.

A) participants slowly respond that this sentence is false; however, the model seems to predict that participants would need to consult only a portion of the hierarchy
B) some participants respond that this sentence is true because they are under the effect of various cognitive biases
C) participants quickly respond that this sentence is false; however, the model seems to predict that participants would need to consult the entire hierarchy
D) some participants respond that this sentence is false, based on incorrect information and seemingly "compensating" for their error

Question 10

In a critique to the hierarchical model of generic memory, Conrad (1972) found that high-frequency properties ________,

A) were verified more quickly than moderate-frequency properties
B) were verified more slowly than moderate-frequency properties
C) were verified at the same speed as moderate-frequency properties
D) were often ignored

Question 11

The ________ is based on the ideas that related concepts are connected in a network, and that concepts that share more properties will have more links between them.

A) hierarchical-network model
B) spreading-activation model
C) compound-cue model
D) hub-and-spoke model

Question 12

The compound-cue model suggests that generic memories are accessed when there is a match between cues in short-term memory and items in generic memory. ________ are not critical to the model.

A) Context cues
B) Inter-item cues
C) Cultural cues
D) Self-self cues

Question 13

According to the hub-and-spoke model, six types of modality-specific representations (or spokes) all meet at a central hub in the ________.

A) anterior thalamus
B) corpus callosum
C) anterior temporal lobe
D) inferior parietal lobule

Question 14

Dagenbach et al. (1990) argued that associative priming is only observed for items that are part of ________.

A) working memory
B) sensory memory
C) episodic memory
D) generic memory

Question 15

Wagner et al. (2001) found that the ________ is involved with controlled searches of generic memory.

A) basal ganglia
B) left inferior prefrontal cortex
C) neocortex
D) thalamus

Question 16

Lashley (1929) was ________.

A) able to eliminate a learned behaviour and eventually concluded that generic memories were not distributed across the brain but localized
B) never able to eliminate a learned behaviour and eventually concluded that generic memories were distributed across the brain and not localized
C) able to eliminate a learned behaviour but only initially, before consolidation
D) never able to eliminate a learned behaviour initially, but only later after consolidation

Question 17

When a person incurs damage to one of the sensory or motor areas, he or she develops ________.

A) simultaneous anterograde and retrograde amnesia
B) sensory and/or motor deficits will invariably prevent testing the memory of concepts
C) problems that revolve around losing access to conceptual knowledge in general
D) problems that revolve around that type of sensory or motor information

Question 18

Concepts ________.

A) indicate what objects, events, and abstract ideas mean
B) are needed for object recognition, action planning, language, and thought
C) are fundamental to all cognitive tasks
D) all of the above

Question 19

In their research on concepts, Kiefer and Pulvermüller (2012) argue that their results suggest that ________.

A) access to concepts does not involve partial reinstatement of the same perceptual processes that occurred during object perceptions
B) access to concepts involves partial reinstatement of the same perceptual processes that occurred during object perceptions
C) access to concepts involves reinstatement of separate perceptual processes, distinct from those that occurred during object perceptions
D) concepts are located across the entire cortex and cannot be pinpointed by neuroimaging techniques

Question 20

According to Caramazza and Shelton's (1998) domain-specific knowledge hypothesis, evolutionary pressures have led the human brain to develop specialized mechanisms for ________.

A) distinguishing between moving and non-moving things
B) distinguishing between living and nonliving things
C) rapid escape from dangerous objects
D) rapid recognition of potentially dangerous objects

Question 21

Warrington and Shallice (1984) argue that our generic memories for objects are generally divided into ________.

A) two broad categories: knowledge that is primarily related to what objects do and knowledge that is primarily related to what objects look like
B) three broad categories: knowledge that is primarily related to what objects do, knowledge that is primarily related to what objects look like, and knowledge that is primarily related to whether objects are useful to the subject
C) two broad categories: knowledge that is primarily related to what objects do and knowledge that is primarily related to whether objects are useful to the subject
D) two broad categories: knowledge that is primarily related to what objects look like and knowledge that is primarily related to whether objects are useful to the subject

Question 22

In Kiefer et al.'s (2007) research investigating the role of learning in concept development, participants were shown novel objects, and some participants were asked to pantomime interacting with the objects. When the objects were shown again, pantomimed interacting with the objects showed ________.

A) greater activation in the frontotemporal lobe and occipital parietal visual-motor regions than controls
B) a smaller activation in the frontotemporal lobe and occipital parietal visual-motor regions than controls
C) greater activation in the parietal regions than controls
D) a smaller activation in the parietal regions than controls

Question 23

There is ________ evidence supporting the notion that concept categories are innate; ________.

A) substantial; in fact, conceptual features are largely innate since they were refined through evolution
B) very little; instead, evidence suggests that conceptual features are modality specific and coded from direct perceptual and action-based experiences
C) very little; instead, evidence suggests that conceptual features are modality-independent and acquired through procedural learning
D) substantial; in fact, conceptual features are largely innate and hardwired in the basic synaptic network

Question 24

Recent neuroimaging studies have found that sensory and motor areas are ________ when participants are processing abstract concepts, ________.

A) inactive; suggesting that abstract concepts are in not linked to concrete sensory and motor representations
B) active; suggesting that abstract concepts are in fact linked to concrete sensory and motor representations
C) active; but only for novel concepts
D) active; but only during sleep

Question 25

Synesthesia ________.

A) occurs when a stimulus triggers an enhanced perceptual experience
B) is an acquired, very unique deficit in generic memory, e. e.g., being unable to name an object
C) is an innate failure in generic memory, e. e.g., being unable to name an object
D) occurs when a stimulus triggers a perceptual experience that isn't actually associated with the stimulus

Question 26

The current view on the mechanism of synesthesia is that ________.

A) it is triggered very early in processing, when incoming information is perceptual but still lacks meaning
B) it occurs late in processing, after the concept is activated-further, what synesthetes experience is the concept of the added feature, not the sensation of it
C) it is closely related to optical illusions and it is a learned process
D) it is closely related to dreams and it is essential for consolidation of learning

Question 27

Tanaka and Taylor (1991) assembled a group of birdwatchers and dog experts and presented them with line drawings of birds and dogs embedded with distractors, and participants were asked to name the object in the picture as quickly and accurately as possible. Birdwatchers used the subordinate category name on ________.

A) 99 per cent of the time when naming dogs, and dog experts used the subordinate category name 85 per cent of the time when naming birds
B) 99 per cent of the time when naming dogs, and dog experts used the subordinate category name 85 per cent of the time when naming birds, but only if distractors were congruent with the main item
C) 74 per cent of trials showing birds and dog experts used the subordinate category on 40 per cent of trials showing dogs, but only if distractors were congruent with the main item
D) 74 per cent of trials showing birds and dog experts used the subordinate category on 40 per cent of trials showing dogs

Question 28

While some concrete categories have clear-cut criteria, many categories do not (e.g. Wittgenstein notes that even though games have no defining or characteristic features, we can easily judge the sentence "Writing a test is a game" as untrue ). In the latter case, categorization of a category ________.

A) is innate and refined through evolution
B) instead of directly matching an example to a sample or criteria, revolves around the theories that people form about the world around them
C) directly matches an example to a sample or criteria and makes a decision based on probability
D) directly matches an example to a sample or criteria and makes a decision based on context

Question 29

Schemas ________.

A) are most often a source of distraction and error
B) allow us to make predictions and help us organize information so we can better remember it
C) cannot be learned and are innate
D) allow us to make predictions but only if the context remains constant

Question 30

Patients with damage to ________ have difficulty with the sequence of scripts.

A) the prefrontal cortex
B) the anterior temporal lobe
C) the neocortex
D) the medial thalamus

Question 31

What empirical evidence supports the notion that generic memory is distinct from episodic memory?

Question 32

What are the main problems with the hierarchical-network model of generic memory?

Question 33

What is associative priming? How is it accounted for by the spreading-activation model of generic memory?

Question 34

What is the compound-cue model of generic memory and what are the three types of cues?

Question 35

What is the hub-and-spoke model of generic memory and what are the six spokes?

Question 36

What is the role of concepts in cognitive tasks?

Question 37

Why do we categorize objects?

Question 38

What are schemas and scripts? What do they do?

Question 39

The hierarchical-network model, the spreading-activation model, and the compound-cue model are all based on behavioural data. Briefly outline each of the three behavioural models. What are the strengths and weaknesses of each? Why is one model now preferred over the others?

Question 40

What areas of the brain are associated with generic memories?

Question 41

According to Kiefer and Pulvermüller, what are the four issues that are central to the debate concerning how concepts are represented the brain? Explain each issue in detail.