Deck 12: Human-Automation Interaction

Question 1

The exponential rate of changes over the years in the speed and capacity of computers is known as:

A) Fitts Law
B) Yerkes Dodson Law
C) Moore's Law
D) Power Law

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Many factors are responsible for the widespread implementation of automation. An example of a benefit is:

A) reduced labor costs
B) enhanced safety
C) increasing efficiency
D) all of these

Answer 2

D

Question 3

An automated system is developed to provide medical diagnoses of patients to the physician. This is an example of automation being implemented because:

A) humans cannot perform the task
B) humans are not smart enough
C) human performance can be assisted or augmented
D) it is cheaper to use automation

Answer 3

C

Question 4

An automated system is developed to control the guidance of a rocket. This is an example of automation being implemented because:

A) humans cannot perform the task
B) humans are not smart enough
C) it is cheaper to use automation
D) any of these

Question 5

Automation is often implemented in the work place because of:

A) human performance limitations
B) economic factors
C) safety factors
D) any of these

Question 6

The grounding of the cruise ship Royal Majesty off the coast of Nantucket is often cited as an example of an automation-related accident associated with:

A) automation-related complacency
B) reduced trust in automation
C) poor navigation skill
D) fatigue

Question 7

A system in which a human operator does not directly operate on the physical process being controlled but does so through a computer that has effectors to act on the environment based on information obtained from sensors, is called:

A) direct control
B) supervisory control
C) indirect control
D) remote control

Question 8

A computerized diagnosis system that offers a complete set of decision/action alternatives to the human decision maker is an example of automation at a relatively _______ level.

A) low
B) medium
C) high
D) autonomous

Question 9

In the levels and stages model of automation proposed by Parasuraman, Sheridan, and Wickens (2000), automation at the information analysis stage is proposed to support the _______ stage of human information processing.

A) action selection
B) decision choice selection
C) sensory memory
D) working memory

Question 10

Automation of information acquisition applies to the ____, _______and ______. Which of the following is NOT one of the three.

A) sensing
B) gathering
C) separating
D) filtering of input data

Question 11

Airborne traffic warning systems that provide a resolution advisory to pilots to avoid a collision are an example of _______ automation.

A) decision making and action selection
B) information acquisition
C) information analysis
D) action implementation

Question 12

Remote, robotic surgery is an example of _______ automation.

A) decision making and action selection
B) information acquisition
C) information analysis
D) action implementation

Question 13

The final stage, ________, refers to the physical accomplishment of the decision choice, or response execution in the context of the model of information processing

A) decision making and action selection
B) action implementation
C) information analysis
D) information acquisition

Question 14

The cockpit Flight Management System (FMS) occasionally leads pilots to ask the question "why is it doing this?" This phenomenon has been called:

A) automation-related complacency
B) automation surprises
C) human-centered automation
D) none of these

Question 15

Deficiencies in the feedback that automated systems provide to the human operator can impair performance. An example of such a deficiency is:

A) no feedback
B) feedback with low salience
C) ambiguous feedback (not presented in a coherent easy-to-interpret display)
D) all of these

Question 16

There is probably no variable more important in human-automation interaction than that of ____.

A) feedback
B) transparency
C) trust
D) automation dependence

Question 17

One of the most critical factors influencing trust in automation is:

A) automation reliability
B) operator workload
C) automation feedback
D) operator fatigue

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT one of the three types of trust. Hoff and Bashir (2015)

A) experimental trust
B) dispositional trust
C) situational trust
D) learned trust

Question 19

Which of the types of trust relates to the trust of a particular system in a particular context.

A) experimental trust
B) dispositional trust
C) situational trust
D) learned trust

Question 20

Which of the types of trust refers to the development of trust with experience

A) experimental trust
B) dispositional trust
C) situational trust
D) learned trust

Question 21

Which is the type of trust which is considered a trait-like individual difference factor

A) experimental trust
B) dispositional trust
C) situational trust
D) learned trust

Question 22

It is easier to remember an action if a person choses it than if the person passively views another agent (another person, or automation) choose the action. This phenomenon is known as the:

A) memory effect
B) generation effect
C) attention effect
D) none of these

Question 23

In the study by Parasuraman and colleagues (1993) on automation-related complacency, participants were _______ at detecting engine malfunctions when using automation than when they did the task manually, but only under _______ conditions.

A) poorer, multi-task
B) poorer, single-task
C) better, multi-task
D) better, single-task

Question 24

The reliance-compliance model of automation dependence proposes that as the threshold for an alert provided by an automated system is reduced, compliance will _______ and reliance will _______.

A) decrease, decrease
B) decrease, increase
C) Increase, increase
D) increase, decrease

Question 25

Bahner and colleagues conducted a study in which they related complacency to the degree to which participants verified information before accepting automated advisories. They found that _______ participants verified _______ information parameters than optimally required.

A) some, fewer
B) all, fewer
C) some, more
D) all, more

Question 26

People have a tendency to accept advice provided by automated decision aids without verifying the information sources relevant to the decision. This phenomenon is known as:

A) over-trust
B) decision bias
C) first failure effect
D) automation bias

Question 27

In _____, the operator is simply given the flexibility to choose when (or whether) to implement automation, or to choose the degree of automation with which to implement it.

A) adaptive automation
B) adaptable automation
C) reliable automation
D) automation bias

Question 28

In contrast to adaptable automation, in adaptive automation, an _____ itself makes the decision of when or to what degree to implement automation.

A) adaptive agent
B) adaptable agent
C) automated agent
D) expert

Question 29

Concerning adaptive automation, there are at least four critical elements in such a system as well articulated in aviation systems by Dorneich et al (2016).

A) The task manager that does the allocation
B) Identifying what components of the task to automate
C) Unambiguous communications from the task manager to the human regarding "whose in charge" at the moment
D) the aspect of human performance, system performance, or cognition upon which to base the task manager's decision to implement automation or change its degree
E) all of the above

Question 30

"Out of the loop unfamiliarity" (OOTLUF) refers to:

A) complacency
B) reduced situation awareness
C) manual skill loss
D) all of these

Question 31

Automated systems that give frequent warnings that turn out to be false reduce operator trust and dependence, so that when a true alarm does occur, operators may ignore it . This phenomenon is known as:

A) Cry wolf effect
B) first failure effect
C) complacency
D) automation bias

Question 32

There is evidence that workers turn off automated alarms because of frequent false alarms. An example of an occupation where this has occurred is:

A) weather forecasting
B) air traffic controllers
C) anesthesiologists
D) all of these

Question 33

A high degree of automation involves a system design with a _______ level of automation and/or a _______ stage of automation.

A) high, later
B) high, earlier
C) low, later
D) low, earlier

Question 34

Which of the following is a good method for ensuring effective human-automation interaction?

A) providing feedback to the operator
B) training operators to calibrate their trust in automation
C) making automation transparent
D) all

Question 35

Wickens and colleagues (2010) proposed that as the degree of automation in a system is increased, workload _______ and loss of situation awareness _______.

A) increases, increases
B) increases, decreases
C) decreases, increases
D) decreases, decreases

Question 36

In their study of automation etiquette, Parasuraman and Miller (2004) found that as the etiquette displayed by a diagnostic decision aid increased, the operator's trust in the aid _______ and performance _______.

A) increased, increased
B) increased, decreased
C) decreased, increased
D) decreased, decreased

Question 37

Operator mistrust of automation can be reduced by:

A) making automation transparent
B) reducing automation complexity
C) training operators
D) all of these

Question 38

Automated alarm systems often provide false warnings because designers tend to set the criterion at a _______ so as to avoid misses:

A) low
B) high
C) maximum
D) none of these

Question 39

Pre-exposure to automation failures is a way to inoculate the user from the _______, in essence by getting it out of the way before performance starts (Bahner et al., 2008; Manzey Reichenbach & Onnasch, 2012).

A) automation bias
B) first failure effect
C) automation complacency
D) false-alarm-prone automation

Question 40

Automation complacency and bias can be reduced by providing operators:

A) information
B) pre-exposure to automation failures
C) motivating operators
D) none of these

Question 41

List three benefits that automation has provided for system perform in domains of work. Briefly describe the main features of any one of these benefits.

Question 42

Briefly describe an accident or incident that has been attributed to the effects of automation on human performance.

Question 43

Sheridan and Verplanck (1978) proposed a 10-level scale for levels of automation. Briefly describe the main characteristics of any two of these levels.

Question 44

Briefly outline the main features of the levels and stages model of automation of Parasuraman, Sheridan, and Wickens (2000).

Question 45

Give examples of automation for each of the four stages of the automation model of Parasuraman, Sheridan, and Wickens (2000).

Question 46

Define and briefly describe the concepts of (a) trust, (2) over-trust, (3) mistrust, and (4) calibrated trust.

Question 47

Briefly describe the "cry wolf" phenomenon with respect to automated alarms.

Question 48

Briefly describe the concept of ''deskilling''.

Question 49

List four approaches to designing for effective human-automation interaction. Briefly describe the main features of any one of these design considerations.

Question 50

List three human performance issues have arisen because automated systems have often been designed from a technology-centered perspective.

Question 51

Compare and contrast the benefits and costs of automation for human performance.

Question 52

Discuss the links between stages of human information processing and the automation model of Parasuraman, Sheridan, and Wickens (2000).

Question 53

Describe the empirical evidence in support of the phenomenon of automation-related complacency. Briefly discuss how it may be mitigated. Describe seven mitigating solutions for the many problems with imperfectly reliable automation. Briefly describe each solution.

Question 54

Describe the main differences and similarities between adaptable automation and adaptive automation.

Question 55

Describe the four general categories that different purposes of automation are assigned to. Give an example for each of the four categories.