Deck 8: Emotion and Cognition

Question 1

According to appraisal theories, what is the relationship between cognitive and emotion processes?

A)Emotion and cognition are not distinguishable, as they are both determined by cultural learning
B)Emotion precedes cognition, since it is a more automatic process
C)Particular cognitions cause an emotion state
D)Emotion and cognition are separate and parallel processes that do not interact

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following is a definition for the mood state-dependent memory effect?

A)People tend to remember details of events more accurately when they are in a negative mood compared to a positive mood because it enhances their focus
B)People tend to have enhanced memory retrieval during a specific emotional state of any information that was learned during that same state
C)People tend to remember more false memories when they are in a happy state because their positive mood signals that the imagined events were true
D)People do not store emotional information with memories for events, so in order to remember how they felt during an event, they have to mentally recreate the event and imagine what emotion state would accompany it

Answer 2

B

Question 3

If you are interested in studying mood state-dependent memory effects, should you use a recognition task or a free recall task, and why?

A)A recognition task because the word list will remind participants of their prior emotion states, reactivating them and the accompanying memories
B)A recognition task because it gives participants minimal retrieval cues, allowing them to focus more on the information they are trying to remember
C)A free recall task because it gives participants greater context and retrieval cues about the learning environment, allowing them to mentally recreate their original moods
D)A free recall task because participants are given minimal retrieval cues, forcing participants to rely more on their emotion states as retrieval cues

Answer 3

D

Question 4

In a famous study, Johnson and Tversky (1983) put participants into either a negative, positive, or neutral mood and asked them to estimate the probabilities of various events. What did they find?

A)Compared to participants in a neutral state, participants in a negative state thought that negative events like diseases were more likely to happen
B)Compared to participants in a neutral state, participants in a positive state were more optimistic in their risk estimates
C)A positive mood caused optimistic people to be even more optimistic and caused pessimistic people to be even more pessimistic; the opposite was true for negative mood
D)Both A and B are true
E)All of the above

Question 5

Lerner and Keltner provided evidence for mood-congruent judgments, meaning people's emotions influence their judgments about how likely different emotional events are. What is the highest level of emotional specificity at which these mood-congruent effects occur?

A)Discrete emotions, such as sadness and anger, have specific effects on emotion-congruent event judgments
B)Valence is the highest level of specificity; positive emotions increase judgments of positive event likelihoods, and negative emotions increase likelihood estimates about negative events
C)Arousal is the highest level of specificity; high-arousal moods make people estimate high-intensity events as more likely
D)Mood-congruent effects are general to all emotions, meaning if someone is experiencing an intense emotion, they will judge all positive and negative emotional events to be more likely to occur

Question 6

Schwarz and Clore (1983) proposed a model of emotion that suggests people use their affective states as a guiding heuristic when making evaluative judgments. What is the name for their model?

A)Mood-congruent judgment model
B)Affect-as-information model
C)Somatic marker hypothesis
D)Affective heuristic hypothesis

Question 7

According to the affect-as-information model, what happens to a judgment when the person becomes aware that the true source of their current mood is unrelated to the judgment at hand?

A)They will continue to use their mood as guiding information just as they did before they became aware of its source
B)The person will rely even more heavily on their current mood as a guiding heuristic
C)The person will be less likely to let their current mood influence the judgment
D)The judgment will no longer take priority in their minds, since they are now focusing on the information related to their moods

Question 8

Lerner and Keltner (2001) observed effects of discrete emotion states on estimates of risk. What did they find?

A)Happiness makes people underestimate risk, whereas all negative emotions make people overestimate risk
B)Fear makes people overestimate risk, whereas anger and happiness make people underestimate risk
C)Fear makes people underestimate risk, and anger makes people ignore risk altogether
D)Happiness and fear make people more accurate at judging risk, while anger makes people more inaccurate

Question 9

Which type of appraisal from appraisa theory is particularly relevant in explaining the effects of discrete emotions on risk judgments, according to Lerner and Keltner?

A)Avoidance appraisal
B)Novelty appraisal
C)Optimism appraisal
D)Control appraisal

Question 10

People can evaluate the persuasiveness of an argument using superficial cues or heuristics, or they can deeply process and analyze it. According to the affect-as-information model, what effect does happiness have on depth of information processing?

A)Happiness makes people engage in more heuristic, superficial processing of information
B)Happiness makes people evaluate the strength of arguments more deeply
C)Happiness makes people agree with most arguments they are presented with
D)Happiness makes people more immune to persuasion, regardless of the strength of the argument

Question 11

According to the so-called ""hedonic"" view of emotion effects on information processing, people seek to experience and maintain positive affective states. What does this mean for depth of information processing?

A)People in a negative state will be unmotivated to engage in deep information processing because they expect any new information to be negative
B)People in a positive affective state will deeply analyze incoming information in the hopes of finding even more reason to be happy
C)People already in a positive affective state will not engage in careful information processing in order to protect and prolong their positive affect
D)People in a positive affective state will deeply analyze and question incoming positive information, because they are worried it will turn out to be wrong

Question 12

Damasio (1994) proposed that each alternative in a choice is ""marked"" by a particular emotional expectation stored in memory. When considering the alternatives, the simulated emotional outcomes for each choice guide the person's decision. What is this idea called?

A)Embodied choice estimation theory
B)Hedonic decision feedback hypothesis
C)Somatic marker hypothesis
D)Affect-as-information theory

Question 13

In a famous study, Bechara and colleagues (1996) had participants play a card game where they selected cards that were assigned different values. They rigged decks of cards so that two decks were overall beneficial (selecting cards from them would result in more gains than losses), and two were disadvantageous (selecting cards from them would result in relatively more losses) What did this study demonstrate?

A)Participants who learned to tell the difference between the good and bad decks more quickly had greater overall psychological well-being, suggesting the importance of this general ability
B)Participants' physiological reactions were tracking the value of the decks before participants were consciously able to indicate which decks were good and bad.
C)Participants could explicitly name the good and bad decks before they had differing physiological responses to them, suggesting high-level cognition controls emotional responding
D)Participants' physiological activity never correlated with their explicit knowledge of good and bad decks, suggesting an inherent dissocation between explicit knowledge and emotion responding

Question 14

Research on aging suggests that during late adulthood, people's attention to and memory for emotional information tends to shift. What is this phenomenon called?

A)Positivity effect
B)Negativity bias
C)Emotional memory decline
D)Attention drift

Question 15

Based on the findings of Halberstadt and colleagues (1995), which word from each of the following homophone pairs would you expect a sad participant to write down if the words were read aloud to them? Die, dye; poor, pore.

A)Die; poor
B)Die; pore
C)Dye; poor
D)Dye; pore

Question 16

What is the term that describes the tendency for individuals in a particular emotion state to retrieve information from memory that has the same affective tone?

A)Drive state phenomenon
B)Memory-appraisal specificity
C)Affect-as-information
D)Mood-congruent memory

Question 17

What do associative network models and embodied simulation models have in common?

A)They are models of how emotion concepts are stored and retrieved
B)They both propose that the process of thinking about an emotion concept involves the same brain areas involved in experiencing the emotion
C)They both involve abstract knowledge representation
D)Both A and B
E)All of the above

Question 18

Which statement about associative network models is accurate?

A)Information is stored as mental ""images"" of perceptual events that are connected to each other by common perceptual features
B)Information is summarized and stored as nodes, connected to each other via associative links
C)When emotional information is activated in memory, it causes bodily changes (like arousal) that signal the utility of different choices in a decision
D)Rather than being abstract, Information is grounded in the sensory and motor regions involved in perception and action

Question 19

What theory suggests remembering information relies on spreading activation?

A)associative network models
B)embodied simulation models
C)somatic marker hypothesis
D)affect-as-information theory

Question 20

According to Bower's (1981) associative network model of emotion, how are ""opposite"" states like happiness and sadness connected in memory?

A)The emotion concepts are grounded in bodily states, and the two emotions involve similar changes in autonomic nervous system activity that creates an association between them
B)By shared somatic markers that signal which emotion a person should be feeling
C)By spreading activation, so activation of one leads to increased activation of the other
D)By inhibitory links, so the activation of one inhibits the other

Question 21

What do psychologists mean when they say a mental representation is abstract?

A)The concept is ill-defined and fuzzy, and does not refer to a specific category
B)The concept is based on explicit memory rather than autobiographical memory
C)Concepts are represented symbolically in memory and do not directly preserve anything about the experience of the objects they refer to.
D)The concept representation involves mental images that rely on perceptual system activity

Question 22

Stephanie notices that when she is recalling details about what it feels like to be angry, her body tenses slightly and her heart rate increases. This bodily activity also seems to help her remember times she has felt angry. What theory best aligns with Stephanie's observations?

A)Embodied simulation Model
B)Appraisal Tendency Framework
C)Affect-as-information theory
D)Associative network model

Question 23

Which of the following statements about the effect of emotional objects on attention is true?

A)Emotional objects can cause an affective response before you are consciously aware of them
B)Emotional objects capture attention and it is more difficult to disengage attention from them compared to neutral objects
C)Threatening objects are especially attention-demanding when people are already in a fearful state
D)Both A and B
E)All of the above

Question 24

Which of the following statements about the relationship between emotion and attention is not true?

A)People detect threatening faces more rapidly than friendly faces in a crowd
B)Only biologically prepared stimuli capture attention, so objects that acquire emotional associations via learning do not demand attention more than neutral objects
C)People make more efficient eye movements towards fearful faces than neutral faces, even when they are presented very briefly
D)Highly arousing emotional objects narrow the scope of attention, focusing it on relevant cues
E)All of the above are true statements

Question 25

The phenomenon known as weapon focus is an example of what?

A)Mood-congruent memory, where people remember what weapon they saw at the scene of the crime when they are put back into a negative emotion state
B)Affect-as-information, where people use their negative emotion in response to seeing a weapon as a guide for evaluating the weapon
C)Affect-generated false memories, where people in a high-arousal negative state will tend to misremember negative details
D)How threatening stimuli like a gun narrow the scope of attention at the expense of processing and remembering other information

Question 26

What is the name of the hypothesis that says people can recognize objects or concepts with greater efficiency when their emotional significance matches people's current emotions?

A)Emotion-congruence hypothesis
B)Somatic marker hypothesis
C)Affect-as-information hypothesis
D)Appraisal tendency framework

Question 27

Jared designs a study in which participants have to decide as quickly as possible whether strings of letters are real words or not. What is this task called?

A)Word naming task
B)Go no-go task
C)Lexical decision task
D)Verbal efficiency task

Question 28

Niedenthal and colleagues put participants into either a sad, happy, or neutral state, and asked them to decide as quickly as possible whether strings of letters were words or not. Some of the words were emotionally laden, relating to sadness, anger, happiness, and love. What did they find?

A)Happy participants recognized words related to love and happiness faster than participants in neutral or sad states
B)Sadness had no effect on participants' speed of recognition, but happiness made participants faster to recognize all emotional words compared to participants in other emotion states
C)Happy participants recognized words with happy meaning faster than other participants, but they did not have a reaction time advantage for words related to love or negative emotions.
D)Sad participants were faster to recognize the positive emotion words compared to other participants, because the contrast between their own state and the words caused a pop-out effect

Question 29

Which of the following statements about emotion and memory is not true?

A)In general, people are more likely to remember emotional events than non-emotional events
B)People are more likely to remember positive details of an emotional event compared to negative details
C)People tend to remember the central features of an emotional event at the expense of peripheral details
D)People have a better memory for features of an emotional event that fit the general ""gist"" of the relevant emotion than for details that do not fit the emotional theme of the memory

Question 30

Which of the following statements about emotion-related memory biases in older adults is true?

A)Older adults tend to lose the ability to exert top-down control on emotion attention and memory, so the negativity bias becomes exaggerated with age.
B)Older adults tend to have a memory bias for self-relevant information compared to younger adults, and this information tends to be negative in valence
C)Older adults have an uncontrollable memory bias for positive information, possibly because their amygdalae deteriorate with age
D)Although they tend to remember positive stimuli better than negative stimuli, if they are constrained to paying attention to specific information, this bias will go away, suggesting it was motivated by a desire to be positive