Question 1

Lerner and Keltner (2001) observed effects of discrete emotion states on estimates of risk. What did they find?

Accepted Answer

A) Happiness makes people underestimate risk, whereas all negative emotions make people overestimate risk 
B) Fear makes people overestimate risk, whereas anger and happiness make people underestimate risk 
C) Fear makes people underestimate risk, and anger makes people ignore risk altogether 
D) Happiness and fear make people more accurate at judging risk, while anger makes people more inaccurate 
A) Happiness makes people underestimate risk, whereas all negative emotions make people overestimate risk 
B) Fear makes people overestimate risk, whereas anger and happiness make people underestimate risk 
C) Fear makes people underestimate risk, and anger makes people ignore risk altogether 
D) Happiness and fear make people more accurate at judging risk, while anger makes people more inaccurate B

Question 2

What do psychologists mean when they say a mental representation is abstract?

Accepted Answer

A) The concept is ill-defined and fuzzy, and does not refer to a specific category 
B) The concept is based on explicit memory rather than autobiographical memory 
C) Concepts are represented symbolically in memory and do not directly preserve anything about the experience of the objects they refer to. 
D) The concept representation involves mental images that rely on perceptual system activity 
A) The concept is ill-defined and fuzzy, and does not refer to a specific category 
B) The concept is based on explicit memory rather than autobiographical memory 
C) Concepts are represented symbolically in memory and do not directly preserve anything about the experience of the objects they refer to. 
D) The concept representation involves mental images that rely on perceptual system activity C

Question 3

Lerner and Keltner provided evidence for mood-congruent judgments, meaning people's emotions influence their judgments about how likely different emotional events are. What is the highest level of emotional specificity at which these mood-congruent effects occur?

Accepted Answer

A) Discrete emotions, such as sadness and anger, have specific effects on emotion-congruent event judgments 
B) Valence is the highest level of specificity; positive emotions increase judgments of positive event likelihoods, and negative emotions increase likelihood estimates about negative events 
C) Arousal is the highest level of specificity; high-arousal moods make people estimate high-intensity events as more likely 
D) Mood-congruent effects are general to all emotions, meaning if someone is experiencing an intense emotion, they will judge all positive and negative emotional events to be more likely to occur 
A) Discrete emotions, such as sadness and anger, have specific effects on emotion-congruent event judgments 
B) Valence is the highest level of specificity; positive emotions increase judgments of positive event likelihoods, and negative emotions increase likelihood estimates about negative events 
C) Arousal is the highest level of specificity; high-arousal moods make people estimate high-intensity events as more likely 
D) Mood-congruent effects are general to all emotions, meaning if someone is experiencing an intense emotion, they will judge all positive and negative emotional events to be more likely to occur A

Question 4

Which of the following statements about the effect of emotional objects on attention is true?

Accepted Answer

A) Emotional objects can cause an affective response before you are consciously aware of them 
B) Emotional objects capture attention and it is more difficult to disengage attention from them compared to neutral objects 
C) Threatening objects are especially attention-demanding when people are already in a fearful state 
D) Both A and B 
E) All of the above 
A) Emotional objects can cause an affective response before you are consciously aware of them 
B) Emotional objects capture attention and it is more difficult to disengage attention from them compared to neutral objects 
C) Threatening objects are especially attention-demanding when people are already in a fearful state 
D) Both A and B 
E) All of the above

Question 5

In a famous study, Johnson and Tversky (1983) put participants into either a negative, positive, or neutral mood and asked them to estimate the probabilities of various events. What did they find?

Accepted Answer

A) Compared to participants in a neutral state, participants in a negative state thought that negative events like diseases were more likely to happen 
B) Compared to participants in a neutral state, participants in a positive state were more optimistic in their risk estimates 
C) A positive mood caused optimistic people to be even more optimistic and caused pessimistic people to be even more pessimistic; the opposite was true for negative mood 
D) Both A and B are true 
E) All of the above 
A) Compared to participants in a neutral state, participants in a negative state thought that negative events like diseases were more likely to happen 
B) Compared to participants in a neutral state, participants in a positive state were more optimistic in their risk estimates 
C) A positive mood caused optimistic people to be even more optimistic and caused pessimistic people to be even more pessimistic; the opposite was true for negative mood 
D) Both A and B are true 
E) All of the above

Question 6

What is the name of the hypothesis that says people can recognize objects or concepts with greater efficiency when their emotional significance matches people's current emotions?

Accepted Answer

A) Emotion-congruence hypothesis 
B) Somatic marker hypothesis 
C) Affect-as-information hypothesis 
D) Appraisal tendency framework 
A) Emotion-congruence hypothesis 
B) Somatic marker hypothesis 
C) Affect-as-information hypothesis 
D) Appraisal tendency framework

Question 7

Which of the following statements about the relationship between emotion and attention is not true?

Accepted Answer

A) People detect threatening faces more rapidly than friendly faces in a crowd 
B) Only biologically prepared stimuli capture attention, so objects that acquire emotional associations via learning do not demand attention more than neutral objects 
C) People make more efficient eye movements towards fearful faces than neutral faces, even when they are presented very briefly 
D) Highly arousing emotional objects narrow the scope of attention, focusing it on relevant cues 
E) All of the above are true statements 
A) People detect threatening faces more rapidly than friendly faces in a crowd 
B) Only biologically prepared stimuli capture attention, so objects that acquire emotional associations via learning do not demand attention more than neutral objects 
C) People make more efficient eye movements towards fearful faces than neutral faces, even when they are presented very briefly 
D) Highly arousing emotional objects narrow the scope of attention, focusing it on relevant cues 
E) All of the above are true statements

Question 8

Which of the following statements about emotion and memory is not true?

Accepted Answer

A) In general, people are more likely to remember emotional events than non-emotional events 
B) People are more likely to remember positive details of an emotional event compared to negative details 
C) People tend to remember the central features of an emotional event at the expense of peripheral details 
D) People have a better memory for features of an emotional event that fit the general ""gist"" of the relevant emotion than for details that do not fit the emotional theme of the memory 
A) In general, people are more likely to remember emotional events than non-emotional events 
B) People are more likely to remember positive details of an emotional event compared to negative details 
C) People tend to remember the central features of an emotional event at the expense of peripheral details 
D) People have a better memory for features of an emotional event that fit the general ""gist"" of the relevant emotion than for details that do not fit the emotional theme of the memory

Question 9

According to Bower's (1981) associative network model of emotion, how are ""opposite"" states like happiness and sadness connected in memory?

Accepted Answer

A) The emotion concepts are grounded in bodily states, and the two emotions involve similar changes in autonomic nervous system activity that creates an association between them 
B) By shared somatic markers that signal which emotion a person should be feeling 
C) By spreading activation, so activation of one leads to increased activation of the other 
D) By inhibitory links, so the activation of one inhibits the other 
A) The emotion concepts are grounded in bodily states, and the two emotions involve similar changes in autonomic nervous system activity that creates an association between them 
B) By shared somatic markers that signal which emotion a person should be feeling 
C) By spreading activation, so activation of one leads to increased activation of the other 
D) By inhibitory links, so the activation of one inhibits the other

Question 10

In a famous study, Bechara and colleagues (1996) had participants play a card game where they selected cards that were assigned different values. They rigged decks of cards so that two decks were overall beneficial (selecting cards from them would result in more gains than losses), and two were disadvantageous (selecting cards from them would result in relatively more losses) What did this study demonstrate?

Accepted Answer

A) Participants who learned to tell the difference between the good and bad decks more quickly had greater overall psychological well-being, suggesting the importance of this general ability 
B) Participants' physiological reactions were tracking the value of the decks before participants were consciously able to indicate which decks were good and bad. 
C) Participants could explicitly name the good and bad decks before they had differing physiological responses to them, suggesting high-level cognition controls emotional responding 
D) Participants' physiological activity never correlated with their explicit knowledge of good and bad decks, suggesting an inherent dissocation between explicit knowledge and emotion responding 
A) Participants who learned to tell the difference between the good and bad decks more quickly had greater overall psychological well-being, suggesting the importance of this general ability 
B) Participants' physiological reactions were tracking the value of the decks before participants were consciously able to indicate which decks were good and bad. 
C) Participants could explicitly name the good and bad decks before they had differing physiological responses to them, suggesting high-level cognition controls emotional responding 
D) Participants' physiological activity never correlated with their explicit knowledge of good and bad decks, suggesting an inherent dissocation between explicit knowledge and emotion responding

Question 11

According to appraisal theories, what is the relationship between cognitive and emotion processes?

Accepted Answer

A) Emotion and cognition are not distinguishable, as they are both determined by cultural learning 
B) Emotion precedes cognition, since it is a more automatic process 
C) Particular cognitions cause an emotion state 
D) Emotion and cognition are separate and parallel processes that do not interact 
A) Emotion and cognition are not distinguishable, as they are both determined by cultural learning 
B) Emotion precedes cognition, since it is a more automatic process 
C) Particular cognitions cause an emotion state 
D) Emotion and cognition are separate and parallel processes that do not interact

Question 12

According to the affect-as-information model, what happens to a judgment when the person becomes aware that the true source of their current mood is unrelated to the judgment at hand?

Accepted Answer

A) They will continue to use their mood as guiding information just as they did before they became aware of its source 
B) The person will rely even more heavily on their current mood as a guiding heuristic 
C) The person will be less likely to let their current mood influence the judgment 
D) The judgment will no longer take priority in their minds, since they are now focusing on the information related to their moods 
A) They will continue to use their mood as guiding information just as they did before they became aware of its source 
B) The person will rely even more heavily on their current mood as a guiding heuristic 
C) The person will be less likely to let their current mood influence the judgment 
D) The judgment will no longer take priority in their minds, since they are now focusing on the information related to their moods

Question 13

Damasio (1994) proposed that each alternative in a choice is ""marked"" by a particular emotional expectation stored in memory. When considering the alternatives, the simulated emotional outcomes for each choice guide the person's decision. What is this idea called?

Accepted Answer

A) Embodied choice estimation theory 
B) Hedonic decision feedback hypothesis 
C) Somatic marker hypothesis 
D) Affect-as-information theory 
A) Embodied choice estimation theory 
B) Hedonic decision feedback hypothesis 
C) Somatic marker hypothesis 
D) Affect-as-information theory

Question 14

Stephanie notices that when she is recalling details about what it feels like to be angry, her body tenses slightly and her heart rate increases. This bodily activity also seems to help her remember times she has felt angry. What theory best aligns with Stephanie's observations?

Accepted Answer

A) Embodied simulation Model 
B) Appraisal Tendency Framework 
C) Affect-as-information theory 
D) Associative network model 
A) Embodied simulation Model 
B) Appraisal Tendency Framework 
C) Affect-as-information theory 
D) Associative network model

Question 15

Which of the following is a definition for the mood state-dependent memory effect?

Accepted Answer

A) People tend to remember details of events more accurately when they are in a negative mood compared to a positive mood because it enhances their focus 
B) People tend to have enhanced memory retrieval during a specific emotional state of any information that was learned during that same state 
C) People tend to remember more false memories when they are in a happy state because their positive mood signals that the imagined events were true 
D) People do not store emotional information with memories for events, so in order to remember how they felt during an event, they have to mentally recreate the event and imagine what emotion state would accompany it 
A) People tend to remember details of events more accurately when they are in a negative mood compared to a positive mood because it enhances their focus 
B) People tend to have enhanced memory retrieval during a specific emotional state of any information that was learned during that same state 
C) People tend to remember more false memories when they are in a happy state because their positive mood signals that the imagined events were true 
D) People do not store emotional information with memories for events, so in order to remember how they felt during an event, they have to mentally recreate the event and imagine what emotion state would accompany it

Question 16

Which statement about associative network models is accurate?

Accepted Answer

A) Information is stored as mental ""images"" of perceptual events that are connected to each other by common perceptual features 
B) Information is summarized and stored as nodes, connected to each other via associative links 
C) When emotional information is activated in memory, it causes bodily changes (like arousal) that signal the utility of different choices in a decision 
D) Rather than being abstract, Information is grounded in the sensory and motor regions involved in perception and action 
A) Information is stored as mental ""images"" of perceptual events that are connected to each other by common perceptual features 
B) Information is summarized and stored as nodes, connected to each other via associative links 
C) When emotional information is activated in memory, it causes bodily changes (like arousal) that signal the utility of different choices in a decision 
D) Rather than being abstract, Information is grounded in the sensory and motor regions involved in perception and action

Question 17

Research on aging suggests that during late adulthood, people's attention to and memory for emotional information tends to shift. What is this phenomenon called?

Accepted Answer

A) Positivity effect 
B) Negativity bias 
C) Emotional memory decline 
D) Attention drift 
A) Positivity effect 
B) Negativity bias 
C) Emotional memory decline 
D) Attention drift

Question 18

According to the so-called ""hedonic"" view of emotion effects on information processing, people seek to experience and maintain positive affective states. What does this mean for depth of information processing?

Accepted Answer

A) People in a negative state will be unmotivated to engage in deep information processing because they expect any new information to be negative 
B) People in a positive affective state will deeply analyze incoming information in the hopes of finding even more reason to be happy 
C) People already in a positive affective state will not engage in careful information processing in order to protect and prolong their positive affect 
D) People in a positive affective state will deeply analyze and question incoming positive information, because they are worried it will turn out to be wrong 
A) People in a negative state will be unmotivated to engage in deep information processing because they expect any new information to be negative 
B) People in a positive affective state will deeply analyze incoming information in the hopes of finding even more reason to be happy 
C) People already in a positive affective state will not engage in careful information processing in order to protect and prolong their positive affect 
D) People in a positive affective state will deeply analyze and question incoming positive information, because they are worried it will turn out to be wrong

Question 19

What do associative network models and embodied simulation models have in common?

Accepted Answer

A) They are models of how emotion concepts are stored and retrieved 
B) They both propose that the process of thinking about an emotion concept involves the same brain areas involved in experiencing the emotion 
C) They both involve abstract knowledge representation 
D) Both A and B 
E) All of the above 
A) They are models of how emotion concepts are stored and retrieved 
B) They both propose that the process of thinking about an emotion concept involves the same brain areas involved in experiencing the emotion 
C) They both involve abstract knowledge representation 
D) Both A and B 
E) All of the above

Question 20

What theory suggests remembering information relies on spreading activation?

Accepted Answer

A) associative network models 
B) embodied simulation models 
C) somatic marker hypothesis 
D) affect-as-information theory 
A) associative network models 
B) embodied simulation models 
C) somatic marker hypothesis 
D) affect-as-information theory

Lerner and Keltner (2001) observed effects of discrete emotion states on estimates of risk. What did they find?

What do psychologists mean when they say a mental representation is abstract?

Lerner and Keltner provided evidence for mood-congruent judgments, meaning people's emotions influence their judgments about how likely different emotional events are. What is the highest level of emotional specificity at which these mood-congruent effects occur?

Which of the following statements about the effect of emotional objects on attention is true?

In a famous study, Johnson and Tversky (1983) put participants into either a negative, positive, or neutral mood and asked them to estimate the probabilities of various events. What did they find?

What is the name of the hypothesis that says people can recognize objects or concepts with greater efficiency when their emotional significance matches people's current emotions?

Which of the following statements about the relationship between emotion and attention is not true?

Which of the following statements about emotion and memory is not true?

According to Bower's (1981) associative network model of emotion, how are ""opposite"" states like happiness and sadness connected in memory?

According to appraisal theories, what is the relationship between cognitive and emotion processes?

According to the affect-as-information model, what happens to a judgment when the person becomes aware that the true source of their current mood is unrelated to the judgment at hand?

Damasio (1994) proposed that each alternative in a choice is ""marked"" by a particular emotional expectation stored in memory. When considering the alternatives, the simulated emotional outcomes for each choice guide the person's decision. What is this idea called?

Stephanie notices that when she is recalling details about what it feels like to be angry, her body tenses slightly and her heart rate increases. This bodily activity also seems to help her remember times she has felt angry. What theory best aligns with Stephanie's observations?

Which of the following is a definition for the mood state-dependent memory effect?

Which statement about associative network models is accurate?

Research on aging suggests that during late adulthood, people's attention to and memory for emotional information tends to shift. What is this phenomenon called?

According to the so-called ""hedonic"" view of emotion effects on information processing, people seek to experience and maintain positive affective states. What does this mean for depth of information processing?

What do associative network models and embodied simulation models have in common?

What theory suggests remembering information relies on spreading activation?

Theories of Emotion

Methods for the Science of Emotion

The Emotional Brain

Functions of Emotion

Expression of Emotion

Self-Conscious Emotions

Happiness

Emotion Regulation

Emotion and Group Processes

Gender and Emotion

Universals and Cultural Differences in Emotions

Filters

Exam 8: Emotion and Cognition

Lerner and Keltner (2001) observed effects of discrete emotion states on estimates of risk. What did they find?

What do psychologists mean when they say a mental representation is abstract?

Lerner and Keltner provided evidence for mood-congruent judgments, meaning people's emotions influence their judgments about how likely different emotional events are. What is the highest level of emotional specificity at which these mood-congruent effects occur?

Which of the following statements about the effect of emotional objects on attention is true?

In a famous study, Johnson and Tversky (1983) put participants into either a negative, positive, or neutral mood and asked them to estimate the probabilities of various events. What did they find?

What is the name of the hypothesis that says people can recognize objects or concepts with greater efficiency when their emotional significance matches people's current emotions?

Which of the following statements about the relationship between emotion and attention is not true?

Which of the following statements about emotion and memory is not true?

According to Bower's (1981) associative network model of emotion, how are ""opposite"" states like happiness and sadness connected in memory?

According to appraisal theories, what is the relationship between cognitive and emotion processes?

According to the affect-as-information model, what happens to a judgment when the person becomes aware that the true source of their current mood is unrelated to the judgment at hand?

Damasio (1994) proposed that each alternative in a choice is ""marked"" by a particular emotional expectation stored in memory. When considering the alternatives, the simulated emotional outcomes for each choice guide the person's decision. What is this idea called?

Stephanie notices that when she is recalling details about what it feels like to be angry, her body tenses slightly and her heart rate increases. This bodily activity also seems to help her remember times she has felt angry. What theory best aligns with Stephanie's observations?

Which of the following is a definition for the mood state-dependent memory effect?

Which statement about associative network models is accurate?

Research on aging suggests that during late adulthood, people's attention to and memory for emotional information tends to shift. What is this phenomenon called?

According to the so-called ""hedonic"" view of emotion effects on information processing, people seek to experience and maintain positive affective states. What does this mean for depth of information processing?

What do associative network models and embodied simulation models have in common?

What theory suggests remembering information relies on spreading activation?

Theories of Emotion

Methods for the Science of Emotion

The Emotional Brain

Functions of Emotion

Expression of Emotion

Self-Conscious Emotions

Happiness

Emotion Regulation

Emotion and Group Processes

Gender and Emotion

Universals and Cultural Differences in Emotions

Filters