Deck 10: Emotion and Group Processes

Question 1

Which of the following scenarios is not an example of a group emotion in action?

A)Soccer fans in a pub cheer with joy when their team scores
B)Tensions build at an initially peaceful protest, and the protesters get progressively angrier and aggressive
C)People throughout a nation become progressively more contemptuous about political corruption, and this contempt spreads across the population
D)A student in an elementary school classroom starts behaving rambunctiously, and soon all the students are gleefully rebelling against the teacher
E)All of the above are instances of group emotions

Answer 1

E

Question 2

What happens to people's implicit prejudice when they are induced to feel a particular negative emotion like disgust or anger (Dasgupta et al., 2009)?

A)Negative emotions increase negative attitudes towards people in general, and this exacerbates all pre-existing prejudice
B)Prejudice increases primarily towards groups whose perceived threat is associated with the induced emotion
C)Anger increases prejudice towards outgroups, while disgust has no effect on prejudice
D)All of the above

Answer 2

B

Question 3

A person is prejudiced towards hippies and is disgusted by them. If they saw someone they categorized as a hippy engaging in the following transgressive behaviors, which behavior would they be most likely to want to punish?

A)Refusing to share lecture notes with a classmate
B)Making fun of other people
C)Watching X-rated adult videos
D)The person would want to punish all of the above behaviors equally

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following theories posits that when a person's group identity is made salient, they tend to evaluate and interact with outgroup members using group emotions?

A)Intergroup Emotions Theory
B)Sociofunctional Theory
C)Implicit Prejudice Theory
D)Behaviors from Intergroup Affect and Stereotypes Theory

Question 5

Which of the following emotions is not paired with the correct intergroup behavior, according to the Intergroup Emotion Theory (Smith, 1993)?

A)Guilt: disdain for the outgroup
B)Anger: aggression and discrimination towards the outgroup
C)Fear: avoidance of outgroup members
D)Disgust: rejection of the outgroup

Question 6

According to appraisal theories, the self must be involved in the emotion-eliciting situation in order for the individual to experience an emotion. How is this relevant to intergroup relations, according to Intergroup Emotion Theory?

A)People who do not have a clearly developed sense of self tend to be more prejudiced because the self is not perceived to be affected by others
B)The degree to which you identify with a social group will influence how strongly you feel emotions towards outgroups on behalf of your ingroup
C)People are unable to feel emotions on behalf of their social groups; instead, they will only experience an intergroup emotion when they are directly involved in interactions with the outgroup
D)All of the above

Question 7

Members of a social group believe that their fellow ingroup members are hindered in the attainment of a goal by an outgroup. They also believe that they have sufficient resources to confront the outgroup, which they perceive as less powerful than their ingroup. What emotion are they likely to experience towards the outgroup, according to Intergroup Emotion Theory?

A)Fear
B)Anger
C)Anxiety
D)Sadness

Question 8

Which of the following theories of prejudice takes an evolutionary perspective, recognizing that humans are a social species and should therefore experience emotions in response to group-level threats?

A)Implicit prejudice theory
B)Behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes theory
C)Intergroup emotions theory
D)Sociofunctional theory

Question 9

According to the Stereotype Content Model of behavioral tendencies, what are the two central dimensions around which stereotypes are organized?

A)Implicit and explicit prejudice
B)Approach and avoidance
C)Competence and warmth
D)Self- and group-relevant appraisals

Question 10

Cuddy and colleagues distinguished between two dimensions of intergroup behavior: active/passive and facilitation/harm. Where does physical aggression towards an outgroup fall on these two dimensions?

A)Passive harm
B)Passive facilitation
C)Active harm
D)Active facilitation

Question 11

What do the implicit prejudice theory, sociofunctional theory, and Behaviors from Intergroup Affect and Stereotypes (BIAS) theory all have in common?

A)They all argue that prejudice is more than general antipathy toward an outgroup; rather, there are different forms of prejudice that lead to specific intergroup behaviors
B)They all argue against the possibility that people can experience mixed emotions about an outgroup, suggesting only basic emotions underly prejudice
C)They all argue that intergroup conflict and prejudice are the results of human culture and learning, and have no evolutionary basis
D)Both A and B
E)All of the above

Question 12

Which of the following is a consequence of intergroup anxiety?

A)Anxiety during interactions with an outgroup member leads people to express more implicit prejudice
B)Intergroup anxiety can increase how homogeneous the outgroup seems
C)Intergroup anxiety results in fewer expressions of positive emotion
D)Both A and B
E)All of the above

Question 13

Anxiety during intergroup contact reduces people's attentional focus, preventing them from processing incoming information about individual members of an outgroup. What is one result of this?

A)Decreased negative affect
B)Perceived outgroup homogeneity
C)Stereotype disconfirmation
D)Increased identification with the outgroup

Question 14

What is it called when the physiology and emotion states of an infant and parent converge and become more similar?

A)Emotional synchrony
B)Infant attunement
C)Developmental drift
D)Affect alignment

Question 15

According to research by Cottrell and Neuberg (2005), what is the nature of the relationship between negative emotions and prejudice?

A)Social groups can elicit specific negative emotions, such as disgust or anger
B)The emotions elicited by a social group will predict people's attitudes toward policies relevant to the group
C)The emotion that is common to all forms of prejudice is pity, but it is often accompanied by other negative emotions
D)Both A and B
E)All of the above

Question 16

A researcher hypothesizes that if a person associates a social group with a particular set of attributes that are generally undesirable, this will trigger negative feelings towards the group. Which of the following sequences best characterizes this researcher's proposed causal relationship?

A)Negative emotion → stereotype/prejudice
B)Negative emotion → prejudice
C)Prejudice → negative stereotype
D)Stereotype → negative affect/prejudice

Question 17

After Gustave Le Bon and other early social scientists studied crowds and crowd behaviors, the study of group emotions fell out of fashion. What contributed to the neglect of group emotions by psychologists for much of the 20th century?

A)Defining and measuring a ""group emotion"" proved conceptually and methodologically challenging
B)After WWII, there was no more interest in general group processes or social influence
C)For a long time, psychologists agreed that Le Bon had done all the work that needed to be done and had ""solved"" the group emotions question
D)Both A and B
E)All of the above

Question 18

Researchers generally agree that a ""group emotion"" process is unfolding when what occurs?

A)Members of a group experience a highly homogeneous emotion state
B)One member of the group can be identified by the group as the ""instigator"" of the group emotion
C)After one emotion spreads throughout the group, a second reactionary emotion must spread as well
D)When an emotion occurs without any subsequent collective action
E)All of the above are necessary for a situation to be an instance of a group emotion

Question 19

What term is used to describe the ""tendency to catch another person's emotion and the associated emotion components, such as expression and behavior""?

A)Emotion on behalf of the group
B)Emotion contagion
C)Emotion exchange
D)Emotion catch

Question 20

What is/are the consequences of the tendency to automatically catch the emotions of people in your social group?

A)This process serves as a basis for empathy and perspective taking
B)Similarity in emotion responding strengthens social bonds in a group
C)Shared emotions can cause collective action in a group
D)Both A and B
E)All of the above

Question 21

""Canned laughter,"" or laugh tracks, on sitcoms take advantage of what phenomenon?

A)Excitation transfer
B)Emotions on behalf of the group
C)Emotion contagion
D)Rebound effect

Question 22

A controversial field experiment (Kramer, Guillory, and Hancock, 2014) manipulated people's Facebook newsfeeds in what way?

A)Some users saw more positive posts in their newsfeed, while others saw more negative posts in their newsfeed, which influenced the emotional content of the users' posts
B)Some users saw more posts from members of social outgroups while others saw more posts from ingroup members, which altered their social identities and their associated emotions
C)Some users saw more mentions of topics related to intergroup conflict, while some users saw more neutral content, which altered their intergroup anxiety
D)Some users saw more posts with emojis, while some users only saw posts with text, and the users

Question 23

Which of the following is not an explanation of the emotion contagion effect that was discussed in the book?

A)It is a learned response
B)It results when people attend to the same stimuli
C)It is a product of automatic imitation
D)It is the result of social comparison
E)All of the above are commonly accepted explanations

Question 24

Whenever Lola sees her mom looking fearful, she immediately notices something frightening in her environment. She comes to associate her mom's fearful expression with being afraid herself, resulting in emotion contagion. Which explanation of emotion contagion does this example best fit?

A)Communicative imitation
B)Learning
C)Empathy
D)Expressive masking

Question 25

In a study by Bavelas and colleagues (1986), participants who could make eye contact and be seen by a confederate in pain mimicked the pained expression more than participants who could not be seen by the confederate. This is an example of what emotion contagion process?

A)Communicative imitation
B)Learning
C)Social comparison
D)Co-attention

Question 26

Germans who were not even alive during WWII have experienced guilt on behalf of their country. This is best described as an example of what process?

A)Social comparison
B)Emotion contagion
C)Empathy
D)Emotions on behalf of the group

Question 27

Researchers distributed a questionnaire to Belgian and Dutch university students immediately after the September 11 terrorist attacks in the U.S. (Dumont et al., 2003) What did the researchers manipulate in order to better understand emotions on behalf of the group?

A)They manipulated how much prejudice the participants felt towards Americans to see how it changed their appraisal of the events
B)The made some of the participants feel afraid and some feel angry about the attacks to see which would lead to more collective action
C)They got participants to implicitly categorize Americans as ingroup or outgroup members to see how it changed their emotional reactions to the attacks
D)They told participants that the terrorists had been born in either Belgium or the Netherlands to see whether it caused them to reject their own ingroups

Question 28

What term is used to refer to coordinated or synchronized efforts by members of a group that lead to a single outcome or change?

A)Social referencing
B)Collective action
C)Empathy
D)Groupthink

Question 29

What term is used to refer to a global negative attitude towards an outgroup?

A)Prejudice
B)Group emotion
C)Stereotype
D)Collective action

Question 30

A study of mothers and infants by Waters, West, and Mendes (2014) put a group of mothers through a stressful public speaking experience. What happened to their babies when they were reunited after the speech?

A)Physical contact with the baby increased the mother's stress even more because she caught her baby's anxiety
B)The baby was unwilling to be reunited with the mother until the mother's stress levels subsided
C)The baby's cardiac responding converged with the mother's, suggesting the baby caught the mother's stress
D)The baby did not appear to catch the mother's stress, leading the researchers to conclude that emotion contagion is a learned response