Deck 33: Disordered Organ Functions

Question 1

Which of the following statements about cardiovascular disease (CVD) is FALSE?

A) In many low- and middle-income countries, the rise in the CVD prevalence is seen with a nutrition transition towards energy-dense diets, obesity and physical inactivity.
B) CVD is commonly associated with atherosclerosis or the inflammation of arteries resulting in endothelial dysfunction and narrowing of the arteries due to accumulation of plaque.
C) Dietary patterns for CVD prevention include gluten-free, kosher, Mediterranean, DASH and vegetarian diets.
D) Increased consumption of fruit and vegetables is recommended for preventing CVD because they provide fibre, folate, potassium, antioxidants and a variety of phytonutrients.
E) Alcohol consumption is not recommended for preventing CVD even though it could provide protection against coronary heart disease.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following statements about bone health and osteoporosis is FALSE?

A) Bone turnover is a dynamic process throughout life involving bone formation and bone resorption.
B) Peak bone mass is the maximum bone mass and strength achieved at the end of the growth period; the higher peak bone mass the lower risk of osteoporotic fractures in later life.
C) A dramatic reduction in bone density in women in the years following menopause explains the higher prevalence of primary osteoporosis compared to other age groups.
D) Prevention of fractures may be limited by genetic susceptibility to osteoporosis rather than proneness to falls.
E) Physical activity with weight bearing promotes bone formation, hence walking or jogging is better than swimming for reducing risk of osteoporosis.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Food intake may improve organ function EXCEPT that:

A) Fruit and vegetables protect against cardiovascular disease through provision of numerous bioactive components.
B) Fish and flaxseed (or linseed) provide neuroprotective n-3 fatty acids.
C) Enough natural vitamin D is obtainable from fish and eggs without sunlight.
D) Regular intake of tree nuts reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease.
E) Alcohol intake is a risk factor for several neoplastic diseases.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following features of diet and behaviours is LEAST likely to be associated with CVD?

A) biodiverse, ultra-processed foods
B) high dietary acid load
C) snacking on nutrient-dense foods
D) night shift work
E) the planetary health diet

Question 5

The following are recommendations for preventing osteoporosis and reducing risk for its related fractures EXCEPT:

A) varied plant-based diet with calcium supplements
B) increase consumption of fruit and vegetables
C) maintain a healthy body weight
D) increase physical activity especially weight-bearing.
E) avoid smoking and limit alcohol consumption

Question 6

The following food, nutrition and personal behavioural characteristics are generally associated with an increased risk of both CVD and reduced bone mass EXCEPT:

A) energy-dense, nutrient-poor diets
B) animal-based high acid load diets
C) being overweight or obese
D) sedentary behaviours
E) cigarette smoking

Question 7

Which of the following statements about sarcopenia is FALSE?

A) Although by definition, sarcopenia means muscle loss, the term is often extended to loss of muscle strength.
B) It is a condition of age-associated muscle degeneration and its cause is multifactorial.
C) Loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength in sarcopenia is irreversible.
D) Even highly trained athletes can experience loss of muscle mass and strength.
E) It can decrease quality of life and life expectancy.

Question 8

Which of the following statements about oral health is FALSE?

A) Although not life-threatening, dental diseases have a detrimental effect on quality of life in childhood through to old age.
B) The elderly, particularly those with metabolic syndrome, are at increased mortality risk if their chewing ability is compromised.
C) Consumption of certain foods such as unrefined plant foods, milk, cheese and tea, can help prevent the development of dental caries.
D) Dietary fluoride principally from drinking water can protect against dental caries because it stimulates the flow of saliva which promotes the teeth remineralisation.
E) Periodontal disease, which is an oral infection, may result from impaired immune function caused by malnutrition and possibly by dysbiosis of the oral microbiota.

Question 9

Identify the features of three dietary patterns that are recommended for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.

Question 10

Resistance exercise training is known to help preserve bone and muscle mass. What is resistance exercise? List 2 examples of this kind of exercise.