Deck 9: Understanding Speech

Question 1

Which interactive model of spoken word recognition emphasizes the role of top-down processing (context) on word recognition (lexical context can directly assist acoustic-perceptual processing, and information above the word level can directly influence word processing)?

A)TRACE
B)PERRY
C)ELIZA
D)SHORTLIST
E)SHRDLU

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Foss and Blank proposed a dual-code theory where speech processing employs:

A)An exclusive single route
B)A prelexical (phonetic) code and a postlexical (phonemic) code
C)A postlexical (phonemic) code only
D)An initial (semantic) code, a prelexical (phonetic) code, and a postlexical (phonemic) code
E)A prelexical (phonetic) code only

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The point at which all the information about a word-phonological, semantic, syntactic, pragmatic-becomes available following its recognition is known as:

A)Pragmatic access
B)Semantic blocking
C)Lexical access
D)Phonological blocking
E)Syntactic access

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Participants are willing to put a sound into a category they would not otherwise choose if the result makes a word: "kiss" is a word, "giss" is not, and this influences our categorical perception of the ambiguous phoneme. This is known as a:

A)Semantic dependence change
B)Phonological access shift
C)Phonological autonomy modification
D)Semantic autonomy transferal
E)Lexical identification shift

Question 5

Which position with regard to the role of context in recognition states that context cannot have an effect prior to word recognition; it can only contribute to the evaluation and integration of the output of lexical processing, not its generation?

A)Affirmative
B)Reliance
C)Interactionist
D)Autonomous
E)Acquisition

Question 6

Even though there is variation in the way phonemes can sound, we rarely, if ever, notice these differences. We classify speech sounds as one phoneme or another. This phenomenon is known as the categorical perception of:

A)Synonyms
B)Phonemes
C)Mispronunciations
D)Audiology
E)Syntax

Question 7

During word identification, after the listener has isolated a word candidate he or she then continues to monitor the sensory input until some level of confidence is reached; this is called the:

A)Recognition point
B)Segmentation point
C)Recall point
D)Isolation point
E)Uniqueness point

Question 8

At which of the following stages of identification does activation continue to accumulate until one lexical entry is selected, resulting in word recognition?

A)Selection phase
B)Grammatical phase
C)Acoustic phase
D)Initial contact phase
E)Telegraphic phase

Question 9

In the technique known as selective adaptation:

A)The feature detectors hypothesized to be responsible for categorical perception are fatigued by repeated exposure to a sound, and shift perception towards the other end of the continuum
B)Participants repeat back words as they hear them
C)Participants press a button as soon as they hear a particular sound
D)Participants identify a word as gradually increasing amounts of the word are presented
E)The amount of facilitation gained by repeating a word results in much greater and longer lasting remembrance

Question 10

Semantic context is based on:

A)Word meanings
B)Letter sound properties
C)Word recall
D)Letter-to-letter correspondences
E)Word sound properties

Question 11

Which model of speech perception proposes that the speech synthesizer models the articulatory apparatus and motor movements of the speaker, and effectively computes which motor movements would have been necessary to create the sounds?

A)Motor theory
B)Automata theory
C)Social interaction theory
D)Formal learning theory
E)Contrastive hypothesis

Question 12

What technique necessitates participants listening to speech over headphones, while simultaneously looking at a computer screen to perform a lexical decision task in response to visually presented words?

A)Gating
B)Syllable monitoring
C)Parallel transmission
D)Phoneme monitoring
E)Cross-modal priming

Question 13

We do not gather information about only one phoneme at any one time; we are provided with some information about the surrounding sounds, a feature known as:

A)Parallel transmission
B)Subtractive listening
C)Conservation
D)Analysis-by-separation
E)Motor theory

Question 14

During which task are participants asked to listen to speech where a sound is distorted (e.g., "boot" is changed to "poot"), and are also asked to detect these changes?

A)Cross-modal priming
B)Listening for mispronunciations task
C)Subtractive listening
D)Lexical decision
E)Conservation

Question 15

In the study in which participants were presented with sentences where a phoneme had been cut out and replaced with a cough, the results showed that the participants:

A)Correctly identified the exact phoneme that was missing from the sample
B)Could detect that a general sound was missing from the sample
C)Could not detect that a sound was missing from the sample
D)Reported that the deleted phoneme was not restored after they knew it was missing
E)Correctly located the area in which the cough appeared in the speech

Question 16

In which task did participants have to listen to continuous speech (which had deliberate mistakes in it-distorted sounds so that certain words were mispronounced), and had to repeat it back as they heard it, as quickly as possible?

A)Gating
B)Shadowing
C)Conservation
D)Naming
E)Lexical decision

Question 17

In the cohort model, the stage of processing at which the semantic and syntactic properties of the chosen word are utilized-for example, integrating the word into a complete representation of the whole sentence-is called the:

A)Access stage
B)Selection stage
C)Integration stage
D)Grammatical phase
E)Telegraphic phase

Question 18

In the cohort model, the stage of processing at which the perceptual representation of a word is used to activate lexical items, thereby generating a candidate set of items, is called the:

A)Integration stage
B)Access stage
C)Pragmatic stage
D)Semantic stage
E)Selection stage

Question 19

In a study by Savin and Bever, participants were asked to respond as soon as they heard a particular unit, which was either a single phoneme or a syllable. They found that participants:

A)Responded faster to phoneme targets than to syllable targets
B)Did not respond to the phoneme targets
C)Did not respond to the syllable targets
D)Responded to the phoneme and the syllable targets at the same rate
E)Responded more slowly to phoneme targets than to syllable targets

Question 20

A word's initial sequence is common to that word and no other at its:

A)Recognition point
B)Recall point
C)Segmentation point
D)Uniqueness point
E)Isolation point