Deck 7: Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Crime and Justice Research

Question 1

The group that does not get the treatment in experimental research is called the ______.

A) testable group
B) experimental group
C) research group
D) control group

Answer 1

D

Question 2

A pretest is _____________.

A) the measurement of the dependent variable of an experiment prior to the treatment
B) the measurement of the dependent variable of an experiment after the treatment
C) the measurement of the methodology
D) the scores that one is expecting to get from the subjects being studied

Answer 2

A

Question 3

A posttest is ______________.

A) the measurement of the dependent variable of an experiment prior to the treatment
B) the measurement of the dependent variable of an experiment after the treatment
C) the measurement of the methodology
D) the scores that one is expecting to get from the subjects being studied

Answer 3

B

Question 4

A classical experimental design is _______________.

A) type of experimental design that considers the impact of several independent variables simultaneously
B) an experimental design that has random assignment, a control group, and a pretest and posttest for each group
C) an experimental design used to examine whether the order of sequence in which subjects receive multiple versions of the treatment has an effect
D) an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to two control groups and two experimental groups

Question 5

A Solomon four-group design is ________________.

A) type of experimental design that considers the impact of several independent variables simultaneously
B) an experimental design that has random assignment, a control group, and a pretest and posttest for each group
C) an experimental design used to examine whether the order of sequence in which subjects receive multiple versions of the treatment has an effect
D) an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to two control groups and two experimental groups

Question 6

A Latin square design is _________________.

A) type of experimental design that considers the impact of several independent variables simultaneously
B) an experimental design that has random assignment, a control group, and a pretest and posttest for each group
C) an experimental design used to examine whether the order of sequence in which subjects receive multiple versions of the treatment has an effect
D) an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to two control groups and two experimental groups

Question 7

A factorial design is ____________________.

A) an experimental design that has all the parts of the classical design except a pretest
B) an experimental design that has random assignment, a control group, and a pretest and posttest for each group
C) an experimental design used to examine whether the order of sequence in which subjects receive multiple versions of the treatment has an effect
D) a type of experimental design that considers the impact of several independent variables simultaneously

Question 8

A two-group posttest-only design is ________________.

A) type of experimental design that considers the impact of several independent variables simultaneously
B) an experimental design that has all the parts of the classical design except a pretest.
C) an experimental design that has random assignment, a control group, and a pretest and posttest for each group
D) an experimental design used to examine whether the order of sequence in which subjects receive multiple versions of the treatment has an effect

Question 9

A one shot case study design is/are ____________________.

A) an effect of two independent variables operating simultaneously and in combination on a dependent variable. It is a larger effect than occurs from the sum of each independent variable working separately
B) experimental designs that lack random assignment or use shortcuts and are much weaker than the classical experimental design. They can be substituted in situations in which an experimenter cannot use all the features of a classical experimental design, but have weaker internal validity
C) an experimental design with only an experimental group and a posttest, no pretest.
D) a pre-experimental design that has one group, a pretest, treatment, and a posttest. It lacks a control group and random assignment

Question 10

A one-group pretest-posttest design is/are _________________.

A) an effect of two independent variables operating simultaneously and in combination on a dependent variable. It is a larger effect than occurs from the sum of each independent variable working separately.
B) experimental designs that lack random assignment or use shortcuts and are much weaker than the classical experimental design. They can be substituted in situations in which an experimenter cannot use all the features of a classical experimental design, but have weaker internal validity
C) an experimental design with only an experimental group and a posttest, no pretest
D) a pre-experimental design that has one group, a pretest, treatment, and a posttest. It lacks a control group and random assignment.

Question 11

Interrupted time-series design is/are _________________.

A) an experimental design in which the dependent variable is measured periodically across many time points, and the treatment occurs in the midst of such measures, often only once
B) an effect of two independent variables operating simultaneously and in combination on a dependent variable. It is a larger effect than occurs from the sum of each independent variable working separately
C) experimental designs that lack random assignment or use shortcuts and are much weaker than the classical experimental design. They can be substituted in situations in which an experimenter cannot use all the features of a classical experimental design, but have weaker internal validity
D) an experimental design with only an experimental group and a posttest, no pretest.

Question 12

Preexperimental designs is/are ___________________.

A) an effect of two independent variables operating simultaneously and in combination on a dependent variable. It is a larger effect than occurs from the sum of each independent variable working separately
B) experimental designs that lack random assignment or use shortcuts and are much weaker than the classical experimental design. They can be substituted in situations in which an experimenter cannot use all the features of a classical experimental design, but have weaker internal validity
C) an experimental design with only an experimental group and a posttest, no pretest.
D) a pre-experimental design that has one group, a pretest, treatment, and a posttest. It lacks a control group and random assignment

Question 13

An equivalent time-series design is ___________________.

A) an effect of two independent variables operating simultaneously and in combination on a dependent variable. It is a larger effect than occurs from the sum of each independent variable working separately
B) experimental designs that lack random assignment or use shortcuts and are much weaker than the classical experimental design. They can be substituted in situations in which an experimenter cannot use all the features of a classical experimental design, but have weaker internal validity
C) an experimental design in which there are several repeated pretests, posttest, and treatments for one group, often over a period of time
D) a pre-experimental design that has one group, a pretest, treatment, and a posttest. It lacks a control group and random assignment

Question 14

A ____________ is a threat to internal validity when groups in an experiment are not equivalent at the beginning of the experiment with regard to the dependent variable.

A) beginning error
B) selection error
C) pretest error
D) selection bias

Question 15

____________ is a threat to internal validity due to subjects quitting the experiment before the conclusion of the experiment.

A) instrumentation
B) experimental mortality
C) time series effects
D) experimental effects

Question 16

A threat to internal validity that occurs when the treatment "spills over" from the experimental group and control group subjects modify their behavior because they learn of the treatment is called ___________.

A) instrumentation
B) experimental mortality
C) "spill over effect"
D) diffusion of treatment

Question 17

A type of reactivity and threat to internal validity due to the experimenter indirectly making subjects aware of the hypothesis or desired results.

A) experimenter expectancy
B) external validity
C) cross over effect
D) Hawthorne Effect

Question 18

A __________________ is a type of experimental research in which neither the subjects nor the person who directly deals with the subjects for the experimenter knows the specifics of the experiment.

A) experimenter expectancy
B) external validity
C) Hawthorne Effect
D) double-blind experiment

Question 19

A general threat to external validity that arises because subjects are aware that they are in an experiment and being studied is called ________________.

A) experimenter expectancy
B) external validity
C) reactivity
D) double-blind experiment

Question 20

The ____________ is a reactivity effect name after a famous case in which subjects responded to the fact that they were in an experiment more than to the treatment.

A) Hawthorne Effect
B) experimenter expectancy
C) external validity
D) reactivity

Question 21

The ____________ is when subjects do not receive the real treatment and instead receive a placebo or imitation treatment but respond as though they have received the real treatment.

A) placebo effect
B) spill-over effect
C) sympathy effect
D) double-blind experiment

Question 22

This is an experimental design used to examine whether the order of sequence in which subjects receive multiple versions of the treatment has an effect:

A) Classical Experimental Design
B) Latin Square Design
C) Solomon Four-Group Design
D) Factorial Design

Question 23

The act of ____________ assigning research subjects to different groups is the defining feature of a true experiment.

Question 24

An experimental design that has random assignment, a control group, and a pretest and posttest for each group is called _______________.

Question 25

An experimental design that has all the parts of the classical design except a pretest is called _____________.

Question 26

An experimental design used to examine whether the order of sequence in which subjects receive multiple versions of the treatment has an effect is called _____.

Question 27

A type of experimental design that considers the impact of several independent variables simultaneously is called _________________.

Question 28

A ____________ is threat to internal validity when groups in an experiment are not equivalent at the beginning of the experiment with regard to the dependent variable.

Question 29

A _____________ is a threat to internal validity that occurs when the very process of measuring in the pretest can have an impact on the dependent variable.

Question 30

A threat to internal validity that occurs when the instrument or dependent variable measures changes during the experiment is called _____________.

Question 31

____________ is a threat to internal validity due to subjects quitting the experiment before the conclusion of the experiment.

Question 32

A type of reactivity and threat to internal validity due to the experimenter indirectly making subjects aware of the hypothesis or desired results is called __________.

Question 33

To make a causal inference from an experiment, we must meet the same requirements that are needed for any causal relationship: (1) cause must precede effect, (2) there must be an association between cause and effect; and (3) the researcher must eliminate plausible alternatives.

Question 34

Experimental research is fairly common now in criminal justice studies.

Question 35

The act of randomly assigning research subjects to different groups is the defining feature of a true experiment.

Question 36

There was no difference in crime rates between students who attended "head start" programs and those who did not.

Question 37

Crime control occurs whenever a child is cared for in a loving environment, successfully learns to empathize and treat others with respect, and enters into an adult community where people care about each other's well-being.

Question 38

Statistical regression is a problem of extreme values or a tendency for random errors to move group results toward the average.

Question 39

Internal validity is the ability to generalize findings beyond a specific study.

Question 40

The measurement of a variable before the treatment has been administered is called a pretest.

Question 41

Instrumentation refers to when a problem of extreme values or a tendency of random errors to move group results toward the average

Question 42

The control group is the group that does not get the treatment in experimental research.

Question 43

Identify and explain the three requirements needed to make a causal inference from an experiment?

Question 44

Identify and explain five of the eight principles for assessing the feasibility of crime and justice experiments.

Question 45

Identify and discuss five of the ten threats to internal validity?

Question 46

Identify and discuss two threats to external validity?

Question 47

Discuss why experiments are considered the gold standard of quantitative research?