Deck 2: The Nature of Science and Research

Question 1

Personal experience knowledge is __________.

A) a basis of knowledge in which we rely on what someone in a position of authority says
B) a basis of knowledge in which we accept something as being true because of a long-running custom or belief
C) a basis of knowledge in which we rely on commonly accepted, ordinary reasoning
D) a basis of knowledge in which we rely on our own lived experiences

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The concept that scientific knowledge must be shared, belongs to everyone, refers to which norm?

A) communalism
B) disinterestedness
C) universalism

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Traditional knowledge is ______________.

A) a basis of knowledge in which we rely on what someone in a position of authority says
B) a basis of knowledge in which we accept something as being true because of a long-running custom or belief
C) a basis of knowledge in which we rely on commonly accepted, ordinary reasoning
D) a basis of knowledge in which we rely on the media's construction of the truth, which often relies on claims made by politicians and government officials

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Authority knowledge is ______________.

A) a basis of knowledge in which we rely on what someone in a position of authority says
B) a basis of knowledge in which we accept something as being true because of a long-running custom or belief
C) a basis of knowledge in which we rely on commonly accepted, ordinary reasoning
D) a basis of knowledge in which we rely on the media's construction of the truth, which often relies on claims made by politicians and government officials

Question 5

A basis of knowledge in which we rely on the media's construction of the truth, which often relies on claims made by politicians and government officials is called ______.

A) authority knowledge
B) traditional knowledge
C) commonsense knowledge
D) media knowledge

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT part of Kuhn's progression of knowledge.

A) post paradigm
B) new paradigm
C) crisis
D) normal science

Question 7

The halo effect is _______________.

A) statements that go far beyond what can be justified based on the data or empirical observations that one has
B) making observations in a way that simply reinforces preexisting thinking, rather than attempting to observe in a balanced and critical manner
C) making a judgment or reaching a decision and ending in an investigation, before one has the amount or depth of evidence required by scientific standards
D) allowing the prior reputation of persons, places, or things to color one's evaluations, rather than attempting to evaluate in a neutral, equal manner

Question 8

The premature closure effect is _______________.

A) statements that go far beyond what can be justified based on the data or empirical observations that one has
B) making observations in a way that simply reinforces preexisting thinking, rather than attempting to observe in a balanced and critical manner
C) making a judgment or reaching a decision and ending in an investigation, before one has the amount or depth of evidence required by scientific standards
D) allowing the prior reputation of persons, places, or things to color one's evaluations, rather than attempting to evaluate in a neutral, equal manner

Question 9

The selective observation effect is _____________.

A) statements that go far beyond what can be justified based on the data or empirical observations that one has
B) making observations in a way that simply reinforces preexisting thinking, rather than attempting to observe in a balanced and critical manner
C) making a judgment or reaching a decision and ending in an investigation, before one has the amount or depth of evidence required by scientific standards
D) allowing the prior reputation of persons, places, or things to color one's evaluations, rather than attempting to evaluate in a neutral, equal manner

Question 10

Overgeneralization occurs when we have _______________.

A) statements that go far beyond what can be justified based on the data or empirical observations that one has
B) making observations in a way that simply reinforces preexisting thinking, rather than attempting to observe in a balanced and critical manner
C) making a judgment or reaching a decision and ending in an investigation, before one has the amount or depth of evidence required by scientific standards
D) allowing the prior reputation of persons, places, or things to color one's evaluations, rather than attempting to evaluate in a neutral, equal manner

Question 11

Making a judgment or reaching a decision and ending in an investigation before one has the amount or depth of evidence required by scientific standards is called ________.

A) halo effect
B) premature closure
C) selective observation
D) overgeneralization

Question 12

Statements that go far beyond what can be justified based on the data or empirical observations that one has is called _____________.

A) halo effect
B) premature closure
C) selective observation
D) overgeneralization

Question 13

Making observations in a way that simply reinforces preexisting thinking, rather than attempting to observe in a balanced and critical manner is called _________

A) halo effect
B) premature closure
C) selective observation
D) overgeneralization

Question 14

Which of the following is not a social science?

A) criminal justice/criminology
B) sociology
C) psychology
D) zoology

Question 15

Which of the following is not a natural science?

A) criminal justice
B) biology
C) chemistry
D) physics

Question 16

The Enlightenment believed in _______________.

A) logical reasoning
B) emphasis on experiences in the material world
C) a belief inhuman progress
D) all of the above

Question 17

The idea that scientific knowledge does not progress in a simple linear and cumulative fashion; rather, knowledge progresses in the context of a community, meaning that professional, personal, and cultural interests play important roles was known as _______________.

A) Kuhn's progression of knowledge
B) the scientific method
C) methodology
D) scientific inquiry

Question 18

A theory is _____________________.

A) the empirical evidence or information that one gathers carefully according to rules or procedures. Data can be quantitative (i.e., expressed as numbers) or qualitative (i.e., expressed as words, pictures, or objects)
B) a system of interconnected ideas that condenses and organizes knowledge for purposes of understanding and/or explanation
C) observations that people experience through the senses-touch, sight, hearing, smell, and taste
D) the scientific norm that says research should be judged only on the basis of scientific merit

Question 19

The word data means ________________.

A) the empirical evidence or information that one gathers carefully according to rules or procedures. Data can be quantitative (i.e., expressed as numbers) or qualitative (i.e., expressed as words, pictures, or objects)
B) a system of interconnected ideas that condenses and organizes knowledge for purposes of understanding and/or explanation
C) observations that people experience through the senses-touch, sight, hearing, smell, and taste
D) the scientific norm that says research should be judged only on the basis of scientific merit

Question 20

Empirical evidence is defined as _________________.

A) the empirical evidence or information that one gathers carefully according to rules or procedures. Data can be quantitative (i.e., expressed as numbers) or qualitative (i.e., expressed as words, pictures, or objects)
B) a system of interconnected ideas that condenses and organizes knowledge for purposes of understanding and/or explanation
C) observations that people experience through the senses-touch, sight, hearing, smell, and taste
D) the scientific norm that says research should be judged only on the basis of scientific merit

Question 21

Universalism is ___________________.

A) the empirical evidence or information that one gathers carefully according to rules or procedures. Data can be quantitative (i.e., expressed as numbers) or qualitative (i.e., expressed as words, pictures, or objects)
B) a system of interconnected ideas that condenses and organizes knowledge for purposes of understanding and/or explanation
C) observations that people experience through the senses-touch, sight, hearing, smell, and taste
D) the scientific norm that says research should be judged only on the basis of scientific merit

Question 22

Disinterestedness is _______________.

A) the scientific norm that mandates researchers should strive to be impartial and open to unexpected finding and new ideas
B) the scientific norm says that producing knowledge is a public act and the finding should be available for all to use. In order for it to be accepted into the community, it must be rigorously reviewed
C) the scientific norm that demands utmost honesty in all aspects of the research process; dishonesty, fraud, or cheating is a major taboo
D) the scientific norm that says research should be judged only on the basis of scientific merit

Question 23

Communalism means _____________________.

A) the scientific norm that mandates researchers should strive to be impartial and open to unexpected finding and new ideas
B) the scientific norm says that producing knowledge is a public act and the finding should be available for all to use. In order for it to be accepted into the community, it must be rigorously reviewed
C) the scientific norm that demands utmost honesty in all aspects of the research process; dishonesty, fraud, or cheating is a major taboo
D) the scientific norm that says research should be judged only on the basis of scientific merit

Question 24

Research honesty means ____________________.

A) the scientific norm that mandates researchers should strive to be impartial and open to unexpected finding and new ideas
B) the scientific norm says that producing knowledge is a public act and the finding should be available for all to use. In order for it to be accepted into the community, it must be rigorously reviewed
C) the scientific norm that demands utmost honesty in all aspects of the research process; dishonesty, fraud, or cheating is a major taboo
D) the scientific norm that says research should be judged only on the basis of scientific merit

Question 25

A process of judging the merits of a research report in which the peer researchers do not know the identity of who conducted a study and the researcher does not know the identity of the evaluators in advance is called ________________.

A) peer pressure
B) peer objectivity
C) objectivity
D) blind review

Question 26

A cohort study...

A) examines the same people over time with check up points
B) examines a different group of people with similar characteristics over time
C) examines different people at multiple times
D) examines a group of people at once

Question 27

In Rebellon's and Gundy's study they found a relationship between ___________.

A) drugs usage and crime
B) parental abuse and crime
C) race and crime
D) sex and crime

Question 28

Lonnie Athens used what type of research in his study?

A) quantitative research
B) qualitative research
C) experimentation
D) large questionnaires

Question 29

A cohort study is _____________.

A) any study that examines information on many cases at one point in time
B) any research that examines information from many units or cases across more than one point in time
C) longitudinal research in which information can be about different cases or people in each of several time periods
D) longitudinal research in which information about a category of cases or people that shared a common experience at one time period is traced across subsequent time periods

Question 30

A cross-sectional study is _______________.

A) any study that examines information on many cases at one point in time
B) any research that examines information from many units or cases across more than one point in time
C) longitudinal research in which information can be about different cases or people in each of several time periods
D) longitudinal research in which information is about the identical cases or people in each of several time periods

Question 31

A longitudinal study is _____________________.

A) any study that examines information on many cases at one point in time
B) any research that examines information from many units or cases across more than one point in time
C) longitudinal research in which information can be about different cases or people in each of several time periods
D) longitudinal research in which information is about the identical cases or people in each of several time periods

Question 32

A time-series study is ___________________.

A) any study that examines information on many cases at one point in time
B) any research that examines information from many units or cases across more than one point in time
C) longitudinal research in which information can be about different cases or people in each of several time periods
D) longitudinal research in which information is about the identical cases or people in each of several time periods

Question 33

A panel study is ________________.

A) any study that examines information on many cases at one point in time
B) any research that examines information from many units or cases across more than one point in time
C) longitudinal research in which information can be about different cases or people in each of several time periods
D) longitudinal research in which information is about the identical cases or people in each of several time periods

Question 34

What people now call science grew from a major shift in thinking that began with the _____ __ _______ or the Enlightenment.

Question 35

The process of conducting a quantitative study begins with a researcher selecting a ____________.

Question 36

The book, The Creation of Dangerous Violent Criminals was authored by ________.

Question 37

The book, Why They Kill: the discoveries of a Maverick Criminologist, was authored by Richard Rhodes about the research of _________________.

Question 38

Foucault characterized his work as a "history of the _______?"

Question 39

Any study that examines information on many cases at one point in time is called ____________.

Question 40

Any research that examines information from many units or cases across more than one point in time is called ____________.

Question 41

Longitudinal research in which information can be about different cases or people in each of several time periods is called _________________.

Question 42

Longitudinal research in which information is about the identical cases or people in each of several time periods.

Question 43

Longitudinal research in which information about a category of cases or people that shared a common experience at one time period is traced across subsequent time periods is called ______________.

Question 44

A cohort study is a form of longitudinal research in which information is about the identical cases or people in each of several time periods. This approach observes the same people, group, or organization over time.

Question 45

The crime fighting show CSI is a fairly accurate portrayal of policing in most cities.

Question 46

The most famous study on the effects of random patrolling on crime was done in New York City.

Question 47

Most, but not all, scholars consider Lombroso's Criminal Man to be the defining work in the origin of scientific criminology.

Question 48

The "age of reason" and the "Enlightenment" are two differ periods of time on two different continents.

Question 49

The idea that scientific knowledge does not progress in a simple linear and cumulative fashion is associated with Thomas Kuhn.

Question 50

Data include a system of interconnected ideas that condenses and organizes knowledge for purposes of understanding and/or explanation. Theory is like a map. It helps people to visualize and understand their complex surroundings and attempt to explain why things happen.

Question 51

An overgeneralization is a statement that goes far beyond what can be justified based on the data or empirical observations that one has.

Question 52

Qualitative research is generally geared toward exploratory, descriptive, and theoretical research objectives.

Question 53

Universalism is the scientific norm that mandates researchers should strive to be impartial and open to unexpected findings and new ideas.

Question 54

What are the four alternatives to research-based science?

Question 55

What are the seven steps in the quantitative research process? Explain each.

Question 56

What are the four stages of violentization that Lonnie Athens found in his research?

Question 57

What are the four errors of personal experience that reinforce each other in a person's life.

Question 58

Discuss why longitudinal research is so important to both evaluative and explanatory studies in criminology/criminal justice.