Deck 3: Infancy: The Psychological World

Question 1

Bowlby noted that newborn babies are equipped with behavioral mechanisms for ensuring ___ to the mother or primary caretaker.

Answer 1

proximity

Question 2

Infants show an innate preference for the mother's face, smell and ___.

Answer 2

voice

Question 3

According to Gergely, infants by 3 months of age begin to prefer ___ contingencies in their interactions with social partners.

Answer 3

imperfect

Question 4

According to Meltzoff, infants realize through early interactions with other agents that the other person is "just like ___".

Question 5

Behne et al. (2005) showed that by 9-months, infants could distinguish between different types of human intentional actions, for example whether an experimenter was distracted, unwilling or ___ to give them a toy.

Question 6

By 14 months, infants are more likely to imitate ___, goal-directed acts rather than accidental acts.

Question 7

According to Gergely and Csibra, infants adopt a "___ stance" to the representation of action, which does not include a representation of the mental states of the agent.

Question 8

The rich or ___ interpretation views infants as able to understand that others have mental states that cause them to act to achieve certain goals.

Question 9

Tomasello describes joint attention episodes as "___" for learning.

Question 10

In Scaife and Bruner's gaze-following experiment, they found that older infants showed social ___ by looking back to the experimenter and then again at the wall.

Question 11

It has been argued that infants' gaze following could be a result of ___ learning, rather than infants being able to represent that the other person is choosing to look at the object.

Question 12

Infants interpret adult gaze as volitional and ___, they understand that adult looking behavior is a mental act of seeing some particular thing.

Question 13

Infants understand gazing and pointing as ___ gestural cues, and can use these as clues to find the location of hidden objects.

Question 14

A classic apparatus used to study social referencing is the "visual ___" where infant crawling behavior is measured.

Question 15

Infants' pointing can either be protodeclarative or ___ in function.

Question 16

The goal of protodeclarative pointing is joint ___.

Question 17

In Woodward and Guajardo's (2002) study, even 9-month-old infants can use pointing as an effective ___ for attention.

Question 18

Having an understanding of false belief is taken as evidence for understanding that others have mental ___.

Question 19

In adults, the area of the brain that responds selectively to faces is the ___ gyrus.