Deck 2: Njuries in Sport: How the Body Behaves Under Load

Question 1

Which type of bone tissue is laid down where no bone tissue has existed before, and comprises of several types of bone that differ morphologically, physiologically and in their mechanical properties?

A) Secondary bone.
B) Primary bone.
C) Mononuclear bone.
D) Woven bone.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Because of its rapid growth and its high cell-to-bone volume ratio, it is believed that the purpose of _______bone is to provide a mechanical support to a fractured bone by way of splint.

A) Secondary bone.
B) Primary bone.
C) Mononuclear bone.
D) Woven bone.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

From a mechanical perspective bone fails secondary to shear, tension, compression, bending, torsion, or combined loading and the fracture morphology reflects the failure mode. In a transverse fracture what is the common failure mode?

A) Compression loads.
B) Twisting loads.
C) Bending loads.
D) Shearing loads.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

From a mechanical perspective bone fails secondary to shear, tension, compression, bending, torsion, or combined loading and the fracture morphology reflects the failure mode. In a diaphyseal impaction fracture what is the common failure mode?

A) Axial compression loads.
B) Twisting loads.
C) Bending loads.
D) Shearing loads.

Question 5

The cross sectional area and distribution of bone about the neutral axis affect the bone's mechanical behaviour, specifically affecting the bones resistance to bending moments. A bone with greater resistance to bending moments is said to have a greater ___________.

A) moment of inertia
B) second polar moment
C) area moment of inertia
D) polar area moment

Question 6

Due to its lack of vascular, nerve and lymphatic supply, articular cartilage is dependent on exchange of _______________ for nutrients, oxygen and repair.

A) proteoglycans
B) pericellular matrix
C) lymphatic supply
D) synovial fluid

Question 7

A progressive disorder of the joints caused by gradual wearing of cartilage with eventual exposure of subchondral bone which leads to the development of bony spurs and cysts at the margins of the joints is typically referred to as____________.

A) osteochondritis
B) osteoarthritis
C) reactive arthritis
D) psoriatic arthritis

Question 8

Tendinopathies and incidence of tendon rupture have a propensity to increase with age. Which of the following statements regarding the aging tendon are true?

A) The tendon begins to lose viscosity and gain more collagen cross-bridges, making the collagen fibres more compliant. However, while collagen becomes more compliant the elastin component decreases, which makes the tendon itself less compliant when compared to younger tendons.
B) The increased tendon compliance in older adults may slow the rate of force development in the muscle, affecting the time necessary to decelerate a moving limb.
C) The decreased tendon compliance in older adults may slow the rate of force development in the muscle, affecting the time necessary to decelerate a moving limb.
D) Decreased tendon compliance would result in larger strains at any given force, which could increase the risk of tendon strain injury in older athletes.

Question 9

Our muscle strength tends to peak between age 20 and 30 then plateaus until around age 50 where strength begins to decline. The strength loss between ages 20 and 70 has been estimated to be around, what percentage?

A) 0.2
B) 0.5
C) 0.1
D) 0.3

Question 10

When there is a direct impact to a muscle, that muscle experiences a large compression force as it is compressed between the impacting object and the underlying bone. What is this type of direct impact injury called?

A) sprain
B) bruise
C) contusion
D) hematoma

Question 11

A muscular strain occurs when the load applied to a muscle exceeds the tissue tolerance and is most often associated with eccentric muscle activity. What two factors are positively correlated with the magnitude of tissue damage?

A) Number of fibres being contracted while under passive stretch and rate of loading of the eccentric force.
B) Cross sectional area of the muscle and magnitude of load.
C) Amount of blood flow and range of motion.
D) None of the above.

Question 12

A fatigued muscle has a reduced capacity for energy absorption during the early stages of muscle stretching, as compared to non-fatigued muscle (Mair et al., 1996)Thus, a fatigued muscle will_______ to absorb the same amount of energy.

A) undergo greater contraction
B) undergo no change in length
C) undergo greater lengthening
D) undergo faster lengthening

Question 13

An intramuscular contusion is most problematic because the build up of fluid within the muscle sheath can lead to increased pressure within the muscle, known as?

A) strain
B) DOMS
C) compartment syndrome
D) contusion

Question 14

It has been hypothesised that the hamstrings are most susceptible to injury during which phase of running.

A) stance
B) terminal swing
C) heal strike
D) toe off

Question 15

This condition and may be caused by the muscles of the tensor fascia lata or gluteus maximus translating back and forth over the greater trochanter.

A) runners hip
B) jumpers hip
C) snapping hip
D) trick hip

Question 16

As the knee reaches full extension the tibia externally rotates to lock the knee into the meniscus, the ACL acts to resist hyperextension and becomes taught. What is the common anatomical term for this phenomenon?

A) The lock and Key mechanism.
B) The screw home mechanism.
C) The locking mechanism.
D) The rotation locking mechanism

Question 17

Which knee ligament protects the knee against valgus directed forces and consists of three layers; superficial, deep, and posterior.

A) MCL
B) ACL
C) PCL
D) LCL

Question 18

Jumper's knee is a common tendinopathy in volleyball, basketball and netball caused by chronic overuse of the __________.

A) Iliotibial band
B) semitendinosus and gracilis
C) quadriceps
D) biceps femoris

Question 19

The knee is a simple hinge joint that is subject to compression and shear forces during everyday activities. Which of the following anatomical facts regarding the knee joint is correct?

A) The medial and lateral tibial plateaus are equal in size.
B) The meniscus is estimated to absorb 55% of the load through the knee.
C) Flexion of the knee is initiated via the popliteus muscle.
D) The iliotibial band is responsible for extension of the knee.

Question 20

The bone-patellar tendon-bone graft is considered the gold standard in ACL reconstruction but it does have its disadvantages, which include:

A) A slower rate of bone-to-bone healing.
B) Patellar tendons do not grow back.
C) Has a greater risk for infection.
D) Inability to kneel comfortably for one year or more.

Question 21

The Achilles tendon is one of the largest and strongest tendons in the body and is responsible for transmitting large loads. What is the range of loads reported for the Achilles?

A) 850N walking to 3786N running
B) 850N walking to 3786N single leg hopping
C) 850N walking to 3786N jumping
D) 850N running to 3786N single leg hopping

Question 22

The most common inciting incident for injuries to the wrist and forearm is FOOSH. What does FOOSH stand for?

A) Falling on a single hand.
B) Frequent overuse of single hand.
C) Falling off object of small height.
D) Falling on an outstretched hand.

Question 23

Impingement syndrome is a common overuse injury of the shoulder. There are several mechanisms that may lead to this condition including:

A) Too much swimming.
B) Reduction in the amount of scapular retraction and downward rotation of the glenoid cavity during movements of the arm into elevation.
C) Weakness and poor coordinated scapular stabilizers: subscapularis, supraspinatus Teres major and Pectoralis minor.
D) Weakness and poor coordinated scapular stabilizers: Serratus anterior, Rhomboids (major/minor) and Pectoralis minor.

Question 24

This elbow injury is caused by repetitive microtrauma to the insertion of the extensor muscles?

A) Medial epicondylitis.
B) Golfers elbow.
C) Little league elbow.
D) Tennis elbow.

Question 25

Rupture of the flexor digitorum profundus tendon from its insertion on the distal phalanx is called:

A) Mallet finger.
B) Game keepers finger.
C) Jersey finger.
D) Boutonniere deformity.