Deck 5: Learning Theories

Question 1

Which of the following is the best definition of learning?

A) the relatively permanent changes in behavior that occur as a result of experience
B) the information acquired from attendance in school
C) the ability to remember and recall information
D) activities that form habits without the need for thought

Answer 1

A

Question 2

In his research on the digestive system, Pavlov discovered that the sight of food, the sight of the person delivering food, or the sounds typically associated with the delivery of food produced a digestive response. He called these associations ___________?

A) operant conditioning
B) behavior
C) conditioned reflexes
D) reactive conditioning

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In classical conditioning the stimulus that naturally produces a reflexive response is called the ____. The natural reflexive response is called the _____________?

A) neutral stimulus; neutral response
B) unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response
C) lasting stimulus; lasting response
D) higher order stimulus; higher order response

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What is the adaptive value of classical conditioning?

A) it suggests a process by which one stimulus provides information about another
B) it is a model for understanding how multiple associations can be established and triggered in the process of concept formation, memory, and problem solving
C) it helps explain that when conditions change, the learner is capable of revising responses to reflect those changes
D) all of the above

Question 5

When a bell that used to signal food is no longer followed by food, the salivation response to the bell will eventually fade. This is called ____________?

A) recall
B) extinction
C) repression
D) short-term memory

Question 6

According to Thorndike, a bond is established between a situation and a response depending on the feeling state accompanying the reaction. Other things being equal, when a response is followed by a positive feeling state, it strengthens the bond between the stimulus and the response. What did Thorndike call this bond?

A) the Law of the Survival of the Fittest
B) the Law of Emotions
C) the Law of Effect
D) the Law of Relative Motion

Question 7

Skinner's theory of operant conditioning was very similar to that of Thorndike. He found that learning is guided by which of the following?

A) the role of reflexes
B) stimulus control
C) the events preceding the response
D) the consequences of the behavior

Question 8

What is a negative reinforcer? A stimulus that ___________?

A) increases the likelihood of a response
B) increases the likelihood of a response when it is removed
C) has the same meaning as the ongoing behavior
D) is associated with fear and dread

Question 9

In the theory of operant conditioning, what is the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?

A) punishment leads to more lasting changes in behavior than negative reinforcement
B) negative reinforcements decrease the likelihood of responses; punishments increase the likelihood of responses when they are removed
C) punishment is an unpleasant consequence that follows an undesired behavior; a negative reinforcement increases the likelihood of a response when it is removed
D) punishment and negative reinforcement are different terms for the same thing

Question 10

Much learning takes place because of the person's tendency to observe and imitate others. This idea is fundamental to which theory of learning?

A) social learning theory
B) classical conditioning
C) operant conditioning
D) trial-and-error learning

Question 11

Children are most likely to imitate models who are __________?

A) prestigious
B) in control of resources
C) rewarded
D) all of the above

Question 12

Which theory of learning focuses on the many internal mental activities and mental representations that influence learning?

A) classical conditioning
B) cognitive behaviorism
C) operant conditioning
D) zone of universal proximity

Question 13

A key element in the cognitive basis of behavior is the sense of confidence that one can perform the behaviors demanded by a situation. This is known as _________?

A) self-efficacy
B) lucid awareness
C) creative imitation
D) mirror imaging

Question 14

Which theory of learning provides most insight into the outlook that learners have about the learning situation, including their goals, values, and their expectations about possibilities for success?

A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) cognitive behaviorism
D) the theory of mindfulness

Question 15

According to social cognitive learning theory, the sense of agency is central to the capacity for learning. Which of the following is not a component of the sense of agency?

A) intentionality
B) forethought
C) self-reactiveness
D) reversibility

Question 16

Which statement below accurately reflects the view of the environment in social cognitive theory?

A) environments are imposed and have fixed schedules of reinforcement
B) environments can vary from imposed to modifiable to self-constructed
C) because environments are so varied, they are not relevant in the learning process
D) knowing about the demands of the environment leads to an accurate prediction about learning and behavior

Question 17

Experiential learning theory suggests two different ways of knowing, and two different ways of making use of knowledge. From these four dimensions, the theory predicts a person's preferred ____________?

A) learning style
B) sense of agency
C) resistance to extinction
D) capacity for generalization

Question 18

__________ is defined as an expectation that an outcome will not be influenced by any response that a learner make?

A) discrimination
B) learned convergence
C) resourcefulness
D) learned helplessness

Question 19

Which of the following forms of therapy is based on the scientifically supported assumption that most emotional and behavioral reactions are learne?

A) psychoanalytic therapy
B) cognitive behavioral therapy
C) shock therapy
D) play therapy

Question 20

Describe the basic features of cognitive behavioral therapy. Explain at least three principles of the learning theories discussed in the chapter that underlie cognitive behavioral therapy.

Question 21

Compare and contrast the role of the environment in the four different learning theorie? classical conditioning, operant conditioning, social learning theory, and cognitive behaviorism.

Question 22

Explain the differences between the focus of the cognitive developmental theories presented in Chapter 4 and the learning theories presented in this chapter. Why are the cognitive developmental theories included in Part I, theories that emphasize biological factors, and the learning theories included in Part II, theories that emphasize environmental factors?

Question 23

According to the learning theories, what factors are most likely to place a person at risk for subsequent development and learning? How would the various learning theories address this issue?