Question 1

When a bell that used to signal food is no longer followed by food, the salivation response to the bell will eventually fade. This is called ____________?

Accepted Answer

A)  recall 
B)  extinction 
C)  repression 
D)  short-term memory 
A)  recall 
B)  extinction 
C)  repression 
D)  short-term memory B

Question 2

__________ is defined as an expectation that an outcome will not be influenced by any response that a learner make?

Accepted Answer

A)  discrimination 
B)  learned convergence 
C)  resourcefulness 
D)  learned helplessness 
A)  discrimination 
B)  learned convergence 
C)  resourcefulness 
D)  learned helplessness D

Question 3

Compare and contrast the role of the environment in the four different learning theorie? classical conditioning, operant conditioning, social learning theory, and cognitive behaviorism.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, social learning theory, and cognitive behaviorism are all learning theories that have different perspectives on the role of the environment in learning.

In classical conditioning, the environment plays a significant role in shaping behavior through the association of stimuli. This theory, pioneered by Ivan Pavlov, suggests that an individual learns to associate a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus, leading to a conditioned response. The environment in classical conditioning is crucial in creating these associations and shaping behavior.

Operant conditioning, on the other hand, focuses on the role of reinforcement and punishment in shaping behavior. According to B.F. Skinner, the environment plays a key role in providing consequences for behavior, which in turn influences the likelihood of that behavior occurring again. The environment in operant conditioning is instrumental in providing the reinforcement or punishment that shapes behavior.

Social learning theory, proposed by Albert Bandura, emphasizes the role of observation and imitation in learning. In this theory, the environment provides opportunities for individuals to observe and model the behavior of others, which can then be reinforced or punished. The environment in social learning theory is important in providing the models and opportunities for observational learning to occur.

Cognitive behaviorism, as proposed by theorists like Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis, focuses on the role of cognitive processes in learning and behavior. The environment in cognitive behaviorism is seen as influencing an individual's thoughts, beliefs, and interpretations, which in turn shape their behavior. The environment provides the stimuli and experiences that individuals interpret and respond to cognitively.

In comparing and contrasting the role of the environment in these four learning theories, it is clear that while they all acknowledge the influence of the environment on learning and behavior, they do so in different ways. Classical conditioning emphasizes the association of stimuli, operant conditioning focuses on reinforcement and punishment, social learning theory highlights observational learning, and cognitive behaviorism emphasizes the cognitive interpretation of the environment. Each theory offers a unique perspective on how the environment shapes learning and behavior.

Question 4

A key element in the cognitive basis of behavior is the sense of confidence that one can perform the behaviors demanded by a situation. This is known as _________?

Accepted Answer

A)  self-efficacy 
B)  lucid awareness 
C)  creative imitation 
D)  mirror imaging 
A)  self-efficacy 
B)  lucid awareness 
C)  creative imitation 
D)  mirror imaging

Question 5

Much learning takes place because of the person's tendency to observe and imitate others. This idea is fundamental to which theory of learning?

Accepted Answer

A)  social learning theory 
B)  classical conditioning 
C)  operant conditioning 
D)  trial-and-error learning 
A)  social learning theory 
B)  classical conditioning 
C)  operant conditioning 
D)  trial-and-error learning

Question 6

What is the adaptive value of classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)  it suggests a process by which one stimulus provides information about another 
B)  it is a model for understanding how multiple associations can be established and triggered in the process of concept formation, memory, and problem solving 
C)  it helps explain that when conditions change, the learner is capable of revising responses to reflect those changes 
D)  all of the above 
A)  it suggests a process by which one stimulus provides information about another 
B)  it is a model for understanding how multiple associations can be established and triggered in the process of concept formation, memory, and problem solving 
C)  it helps explain that when conditions change, the learner is capable of revising responses to reflect those changes 
D)  all of the above

Question 7

According to social cognitive learning theory, the sense of agency is central to the capacity for learning. Which of the following is not a component of the sense of agency?

Accepted Answer

A)  intentionality 
B)  forethought 
C)  self-reactiveness 
D)  reversibility 
A)  intentionality 
B)  forethought 
C)  self-reactiveness 
D)  reversibility

Question 8

In classical conditioning the stimulus that naturally produces a reflexive response is called the ____. The natural reflexive response is called the _____________?

Accepted Answer

A)  neutral stimulus; neutral response 
B)  unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response 
C)  lasting stimulus; lasting response 
D)  higher order stimulus; higher order response 
A)  neutral stimulus; neutral response 
B)  unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response 
C)  lasting stimulus; lasting response 
D)  higher order stimulus; higher order response

Question 9

Which statement below accurately reflects the view of the environment in social cognitive theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  environments are imposed and have fixed schedules of reinforcement 
B)  environments can vary from imposed to modifiable to self-constructed 
C)  because environments are so varied, they are not relevant in the learning process 
D)  knowing about the demands of the environment leads to an accurate prediction about learning and behavior 
A)  environments are imposed and have fixed schedules of reinforcement 
B)  environments can vary from imposed to modifiable to self-constructed 
C)  because environments are so varied, they are not relevant in the learning process 
D)  knowing about the demands of the environment leads to an accurate prediction about learning and behavior

Question 10

Which theory of learning provides most insight into the outlook that learners have about the learning situation, including their goals, values, and their expectations about possibilities for success?

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning 
B)  operant conditioning 
C)  cognitive behaviorism 
D)  the theory of mindfulness 
A)  classical conditioning 
B)  operant conditioning 
C)  cognitive behaviorism 
D)  the theory of mindfulness

Question 11

In the theory of operant conditioning, what is the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?

Accepted Answer

A)  punishment leads to more lasting changes in behavior than negative reinforcement 
B)  negative reinforcements decrease the likelihood of responses; punishments increase the likelihood of responses when they are removed 
C)  punishment is an unpleasant consequence that follows an undesired behavior; a negative reinforcement increases the likelihood of a response when it is removed 
D)  punishment and negative reinforcement are different terms for the same thing 
A)  punishment leads to more lasting changes in behavior than negative reinforcement 
B)  negative reinforcements decrease the likelihood of responses; punishments increase the likelihood of responses when they are removed 
C)  punishment is an unpleasant consequence that follows an undesired behavior; a negative reinforcement increases the likelihood of a response when it is removed 
D)  punishment and negative reinforcement are different terms for the same thing

Question 12

In his research on the digestive system, Pavlov discovered that the sight of food, the sight of the person delivering food, or the sounds typically associated with the delivery of food produced a digestive response. He called these associations ___________?

Accepted Answer

A)  operant conditioning 
B)  behavior 
C)  conditioned reflexes 
D)  reactive conditioning 
A)  operant conditioning 
B)  behavior 
C)  conditioned reflexes 
D)  reactive conditioning

Question 13

Children are most likely to imitate models who are __________?

Accepted Answer

A)  prestigious 
B)  in control of resources 
C)  rewarded 
D)  all of the above 
A)  prestigious 
B)  in control of resources 
C)  rewarded 
D)  all of the above

Question 14

Experiential learning theory suggests two different ways of knowing, and two different ways of making use of knowledge. From these four dimensions, the theory predicts a person's preferred ____________?

Accepted Answer

A)  learning style 
B)  sense of agency 
C)  resistance to extinction 
D)  capacity for generalization 
A)  learning style 
B)  sense of agency 
C)  resistance to extinction 
D)  capacity for generalization

Question 15

Describe the basic features of cognitive behavioral therapy. Explain at least three principles of the learning theories discussed in the chapter that underlie cognitive behavioral therapy.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a

Question 16

Which theory of learning focuses on the many internal mental activities and mental representations that influence learning?

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning 
B)  cognitive behaviorism 
C)  operant conditioning 
D)  zone of universal proximity 
A)  classical conditioning 
B)  cognitive behaviorism 
C)  operant conditioning 
D)  zone of universal proximity

Question 17

Which of the following is the best definition of learning?

Accepted Answer

A)  the relatively permanent changes in behavior that occur as a result of experience 
B)  the information acquired from attendance in school 
C)  the ability to remember and recall information 
D)  activities that form habits without the need for thought 
A)  the relatively permanent changes in behavior that occur as a result of experience 
B)  the information acquired from attendance in school 
C)  the ability to remember and recall information 
D)  activities that form habits without the need for thought

Question 18

According to Thorndike, a bond is established between a situation and a response depending on the feeling state accompanying the reaction. Other things being equal, when a response is followed by a positive feeling state, it strengthens the bond between the stimulus and the response. What did Thorndike call this bond?

Accepted Answer

A)  the Law of the Survival of the Fittest 
B)  the Law of Emotions 
C)  the Law of Effect 
D)  the Law of Relative Motion 
A)  the Law of the Survival of the Fittest 
B)  the Law of Emotions 
C)  the Law of Effect 
D)  the Law of Relative Motion

Question 19

What is a negative reinforcer? A stimulus that ___________?

Accepted Answer

A)  increases the likelihood of a response 
B)  increases the likelihood of a response when it is removed 
C)  has the same meaning as the ongoing behavior 
D)  is associated with fear and dread 
A)  increases the likelihood of a response 
B)  increases the likelihood of a response when it is removed 
C)  has the same meaning as the ongoing behavior 
D)  is associated with fear and dread

Question 20

According to the learning theories, what factors are most likely to place a person at risk for subsequent development and learning? How would the various learning theories address this issue?

Accepted Answer

According to learning theories, several

When a bell that used to signal food is no longer followed by food, the salivation response to the bell will eventually fade. This is called ____________?

__________ is defined as an expectation that an outcome will not be influenced by any response that a learner make?

Compare and contrast the role of the environment in the four different learning theorie? classical conditioning, operant conditioning, social learning theory, and cognitive behaviorism.

A key element in the cognitive basis of behavior is the sense of confidence that one can perform the behaviors demanded by a situation. This is known as _________?

Much learning takes place because of the person's tendency to observe and imitate others. This idea is fundamental to which theory of learning?

What is the adaptive value of classical conditioning?

According to social cognitive learning theory, the sense of agency is central to the capacity for learning. Which of the following is not a component of the sense of agency?

In classical conditioning the stimulus that naturally produces a reflexive response is called the . The natural reflexive response is called the _________?

Which statement below accurately reflects the view of the environment in social cognitive theory?

Which theory of learning provides most insight into the outlook that learners have about the learning situation, including their goals, values, and their expectations about possibilities for success?

In the theory of operant conditioning, what is the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?

In his research on the digestive system, Pavlov discovered that the sight of food, the sight of the person delivering food, or the sounds typically associated with the delivery of food produced a digestive response. He called these associations ___________?

Children are most likely to imitate models who are __________?

Experiential learning theory suggests two different ways of knowing, and two different ways of making use of knowledge. From these four dimensions, the theory predicts a person's preferred ____________?

Describe the basic features of cognitive behavioral therapy. Explain at least three principles of the learning theories discussed in the chapter that underlie cognitive behavioral therapy.

Which theory of learning focuses on the many internal mental activities and mental representations that influence learning?

Which of the following is the best definition of learning?

What is a negative reinforcer? A stimulus that ___________?

According to the learning theories, what factors are most likely to place a person at risk for subsequent development and learning? How would the various learning theories address this issue?

Introduction

Evolutionary Theory

Psychoanalytic Theory

Cognitive Developmental Theory

Social Role Theory

Life Course Theory

Psychosocial Theory

Cognitive Social Historical Theory

Bioecological Theory

Dynamic Systems Theory

Epilogue

Filters

Exam 5: Learning Theories

When a bell that used to signal food is no longer followed by food, the salivation response to the bell will eventually fade. This is called ____________?

__________ is defined as an expectation that an outcome will not be influenced by any response that a learner make?

Compare and contrast the role of the environment in the four different learning theorie? classical conditioning, operant conditioning, social learning theory, and cognitive behaviorism.

A key element in the cognitive basis of behavior is the sense of confidence that one can perform the behaviors demanded by a situation. This is known as _________?

Much learning takes place because of the person's tendency to observe and imitate others. This idea is fundamental to which theory of learning?

What is the adaptive value of classical conditioning?

According to social cognitive learning theory, the sense of agency is central to the capacity for learning. Which of the following is not a component of the sense of agency?

In classical conditioning the stimulus that naturally produces a reflexive response is called the ____. The natural reflexive response is called the _____________?

Which statement below accurately reflects the view of the environment in social cognitive theory?

Which theory of learning provides most insight into the outlook that learners have about the learning situation, including their goals, values, and their expectations about possibilities for success?

In the theory of operant conditioning, what is the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?

In his research on the digestive system, Pavlov discovered that the sight of food, the sight of the person delivering food, or the sounds typically associated with the delivery of food produced a digestive response. He called these associations ___________?

Children are most likely to imitate models who are __________?

Experiential learning theory suggests two different ways of knowing, and two different ways of making use of knowledge. From these four dimensions, the theory predicts a person's preferred ____________?

Describe the basic features of cognitive behavioral therapy. Explain at least three principles of the learning theories discussed in the chapter that underlie cognitive behavioral therapy.

Which theory of learning focuses on the many internal mental activities and mental representations that influence learning?

Which of the following is the best definition of learning?

What is a negative reinforcer? A stimulus that ___________?

According to the learning theories, what factors are most likely to place a person at risk for subsequent development and learning? How would the various learning theories address this issue?

Introduction

Evolutionary Theory

Psychoanalytic Theory

Cognitive Developmental Theory

Social Role Theory

Life Course Theory

Psychosocial Theory

Cognitive Social Historical Theory

Bioecological Theory

Dynamic Systems Theory

Epilogue

Filters

In classical conditioning the stimulus that naturally produces a reflexive response is called the . The natural reflexive response is called the _________?