Deck 7: Negative Reinforcement

Question 1

The electric shock stays on until the rat presses the lever, and then it goes off. As a result, the rat presses the lever every time the shock comes on. Which procedure is operating on the rat's behavior?

A) punishment
B) negative punishment
C) reinforcement
D) negative reinforcement
E) Avoidance
F) negative avoidance

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Dr. Yealland turned on the electric shock. When the soldier moved his leg, Yealland turned off the shock. Which procedure is operating on the soldier's behavior?

A) punishment
B) negative punishment
C) reinforcement
D) negative reinforcement
E) Avoidance
F) negative avoidance

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The following contingency is an example of.

A) punishment
B) negative punishment
C) reinforcement
D) negative reinforcement
E) Avoidance
F) negative avoidance

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The following contingency is an example of.

A) positive punishment
B) negative punishment
C) positive reinforcement
D) negative reinforcement
E) Avoidance
F) negative avoidance

Question 5

Which of the following contingencies are involved in the sick social cycle (victim's escape model)?

A) positive reinforcement
B) negative reinforcement
C) positive punishment
D) A & B
E) B & C

Question 6

What kind of contingency is reinforcement by the presentation of a reinforcer?

A) Negative reinforcement
B) Positive punishment
C) Positive reinforcement
D) Negative punishment
E) Avoidance
F) negative avoidance

Question 7

What is the negative reinforcer in a Skinner-box escape experiment?

A) The shock
B) The food
C) The termination of the shock
D) The termination of the food

Question 8

What is the standard term for reinforcement by the removal of an aversive stimulus?

A) Positive punishment
B) Negative punishment
C) Positive reinforcement
D) Negative reinforcement

Question 9

In a negative reinforcement contingency, what kind of stimulus is in the before condition?

A) A positive reinforcer
B) A negative reinforcer
C) Nothing
D) A neutral stimulus

Question 10

In the diagram below, what is the shock?

A) Negative reinforcer
B) Negative reinforcement
C) Punisher
D) Neutral stimulus

Question 11

All harmful stimuli are negative reinforcers?

Question 12

All negative reinforcers are harmful stimuli?

Question 13

In a negative reinforcement contingency, what is the shock?

A) Adversive
B) Aversive

Question 14

There are two Basic Reinforcement Contingencies. One is positive reinforcement and the other is ____________________________.

A) Penalty
B) Respondent Conditioning
C) Negative Reinforcement
D) Punishment

Question 15

Grace's disruptive swearing was maintained by which type of contingency?

A) Negative punishment
B) Negative reinforcement
C) Positive punishment
D) Positive reinforcement

Question 16

Grace said the f-word because she knew it would get her relatives to shut up.

Question 17

According to PoB, Grace's Tourette syndrome reflected an inner psychic force that had gone haywire and forced this abnormal behavior out of her.

Question 18

Each time Jimmy would swipe procedure materials off the table, Sue would let him work on an easier task. What is going to happen to the frequency of Jimmy's swiping behavior?

A) Increase
B) Decrease
C) Stay the same

Question 19

Contingencies can control our behavior, even when we are unaware of those contingencies.

Question 20

Instead of saying "At one year, a child becomes particularly fearful of strangers," a behavior analyst should say "Strangers become particularly aversive for a one-year-old child." This restatement makes fear and fearfulness unneeded concepts. Which principle does this exemplify?

A) Reinforcement
B) Parsimony
C) Sick social cycle
D) Functional assessment
E) Neuro dynamic
F) The dumbass award

Question 21

What strategy can one use to identify the contingencies responsible for problem behavior

A) Functional assessment
B) Respondent conditioning
C) Behavioral skills training
D) Pairing
E) Psychoanalysis

Question 22

The terminology Dumbass Award is so offensive that it should be removed from PoB 9e.

Question 23

In order to decrease escape behavior, some have tried decreasing the aversiveness of the negative reinforcer. But that's a mistake, because that intervention simply reinforces the escape behavior.

Question 24

Match the number in the boxes to the correct term. (Be careful on this one. The components in this table may not be arranged as they were in the text, so the answers aren't in the same positions as in the text.)

-positive reinforcement
B) negative reinforcement
C) negative punishment
D) positive punishment

Question 25

Match the number in the boxes to the correct term. (Be careful on this one. The components in this table may not be arranged as they were in the text, so the answers aren't in the same positions as in the text.)

-positive reinforcement
B) negative reinforcement
C) negative punishment
D) positive punishment

Question 26

Match the following definitions with the technical terms below. (Not all of the terms will necessarily be used. In fact, some may be fictitious.)
-An assessment of the contingencies responsible for problem behaviors.

A)Negative consequential
B)Negative reinforcer
C)Termination reinforcer
D)Negative consequential contingency
E)Negative reinforcement contingency
F)Problem assessment
G)Functional assessment
H)Unintentional reinforcement contingency
I)The sick social cycle

Question 27

Match the following definitions with the technical terms below. (Not all of the terms will necessarily be used. In fact, some may be fictitious.)
-A stimulus that increases the future frequency of a response that its removal (termination) follows.

A)Negative consequential
B)Negative reinforcer
C)Termination reinforcer
D)Negative consequential contingency
E)Negative reinforcement contingency
F)Problem assessment
G)Functional assessment
H)Unintentional reinforcement contingency
I)The sick social cycle

Question 28

Match the following definitions with the technical terms below. (Not all of the terms will necessarily be used. In fact, some may be fictitious.)
-The response contingent removal of a negative reinforcer resulting in an increased frequency of that response.

A)Negative consequential
B)Negative reinforcer
C)Termination reinforcer
D)Negative consequential contingency
E)Negative reinforcement contingency
F)Problem assessment
G)Functional assessment
H)Unintentional reinforcement contingency
I)The sick social cycle

Question 29

Match the following definitions with the technical terms below. (Not all of the terms will necessarily be used. In fact, some may be fictitious.)
-In escaping the perpetrator's aversive behavior, the victim unintentionally reinforces that aversive behavior.

A)Negative consequential
B)Negative reinforcer
C)Termination reinforcer
D)Negative consequential contingency
E)Negative reinforcement contingency
F)Problem assessment
G)Functional assessment
H)Unintentional reinforcement contingency
I)The sick social cycle

Question 30

Fill in the Blank

-Negative Reinforcement Contingency
$\bullet$ The response-contingent
$\bullet$ ____________ of
$\bullet$ an ______________ stimulus
$\bullet$ resulting in an ______________ frequency of that response.

Question 31

Fill in the Blank

-Negative Reinforcer (aversive stimulus)
$\bullet$ A ______________
$\bullet$ that _____________ the future frequency of a response
$\bullet$ its ______________ follows.

Question 32

Fill in the Blank

-Functional Assessment
$\bullet$ An assessment
$\bullet$ of the _______________responsible for
$\bullet$ ____________ behaviors.

Question 33

Fill in the Blank

-The sick social cycle
$\bullet$ In ____________
$\bullet$ the perpetrator's ______________ behavior,
$\bullet$ the victim unintentionally _____________
$\bullet$ the ___________________ behavior

Question 34

Define the following concepts:
-Negative reinforcer

Question 35

Define the following concepts:
-Negative reinforcement contingency

Question 36

Define the following concepts:
-Functional assessment

Question 37

Define the following concepts:
-The sick social cycle (victim's negative reinforcement model)

Question 38

Give a brief example of each of the following
-Negative reinforcer

Question 39

Give a brief example of each of the following
-Negative reinforcement contingency

Question 40

Give a brief example of each of the following
-Functional assessment

Question 41

Give a brief example of each of the following
-The sick social cycle (victim's negative reinforcement model)

Question 42

Explain how you could use a negative reinforcer to modify behavior.

Question 43

Give an example of
$\bullet$ A negative reinforcer harmful to you.
$\bullet$ A harmful stimulus that is not a negative reinforcer.
$\bullet$ A negative reinforcer that is not harmful.

Question 44

Give an example of an unacceptable behavior maintained by a negative reinforcement contingency and show how you might get rid of the bad behavior by substituting a more acceptable escape response.
$\bullet$ What is the unacceptable behavior?
$\bullet$ What is the negative reinforcer?
$\bullet$ What do you think would be the undesirable outcome of that behavior?
$\bullet$ What is the acceptable alternative response?
$\bullet$ What is the role of awareness in all this?

Question 45

Please say a little bit about why the principle of negative reinforcement is so much better an explanation of Grace's behavior than the common notion that she's releasing a built-up pressure.

Question 46

What are the three functional assessment strategies?

Question 47

Please describe a couple interventions designed to decrease the aversiveness of the negative reinforcers that were reinforcing a student's escape behavior.

Question 48

Give an example of the sick social cycle, using the sick-social-cycle diagram:

Question 49

Describe an experiment that demonstrated learning without awareness
$\bullet$ What species were the subjects?S
$\bullet$ What was the response?
$\bullet$ What were the contingencies?
$\bullet$ What were the differences in the procedures for the four groups?
$\bullet$ What were the results for the four groups?

Question 50

Diagram a negative reinforcement contingency in the Skinner box.

Question 51

Please diagram two negative reinforcement contingencies, either from the book or original:
$\bullet$ One reinforcing a child's disrupting.

$\bullet$ And one reinforcing a behavior technician's coping out.

Question 52

Diagram a victim's negative-reinforcement model of a sick social cycle for a parent-child interaction, Rod and Dawn's or an original one, as you choose.